discussed about newer chemical entities in the cancer treatment such as ibrutinib, avastin, nolvadex, mozobil, xeloda, jevtana,femara,letrozole,sutent etc and mechanism of action of various drugs used under there categories.
Watch the slideshow: https://youtu.be/TP7iP1HEVps
Learn key concepts:
Hallmarks of cancer, Angiogenic switch, Tumor Angiogenesis
VEGF family i.e ligand and receptors, Effect of VEGF
VEGF Inhibitors or angiogenic
Bevacizumab, Ramucirumab, Ziv-Aflibercept
Introduction to Targeted Therapies in OncologyMohamed Abdulla
Describes the molecular background which represents the core for developing targeted therapies against specific biological events in malignant cellular clones.
Development of biopharmaceuticals based on cloning technology.Bevacizumab is derived from the murine VEGF monoclonal antibody A4.6. It is ∼93% human and 7% murine protein sequence, producing an agent with the same biochemical and pharmacologic properties as the parental antibody, but with reduced immunogenicity, and a longer biological half-life.
Watch the slideshow: https://youtu.be/TP7iP1HEVps
Learn key concepts:
Hallmarks of cancer, Angiogenic switch, Tumor Angiogenesis
VEGF family i.e ligand and receptors, Effect of VEGF
VEGF Inhibitors or angiogenic
Bevacizumab, Ramucirumab, Ziv-Aflibercept
Introduction to Targeted Therapies in OncologyMohamed Abdulla
Describes the molecular background which represents the core for developing targeted therapies against specific biological events in malignant cellular clones.
Development of biopharmaceuticals based on cloning technology.Bevacizumab is derived from the murine VEGF monoclonal antibody A4.6. It is ∼93% human and 7% murine protein sequence, producing an agent with the same biochemical and pharmacologic properties as the parental antibody, but with reduced immunogenicity, and a longer biological half-life.
Principles of cancer chemotherapy: a deep insight by RxVichuZ!RxVichuZ
This powerpoint deals with principles of cancer chemotherapy, that includes headings regarding cancer definition, its etiology, diagnostic measures and general considerations to be observed while initiating anti-cancer regimens in patients.
Principles of cancer chemotherapy: a deep insight by RxVichuZ!RxVichuZ
This powerpoint deals with principles of cancer chemotherapy, that includes headings regarding cancer definition, its etiology, diagnostic measures and general considerations to be observed while initiating anti-cancer regimens in patients.
A Comprehensive Guide to ADC Payload Classes.pdfDoriaFang
ADC payloads are critical components of the ADC structure, and their selection and design are crucial for achieving optimal therapeutic efficacy and minimizing toxicity.
Modern Strategies in Cancer Study: Drug Repositioning in Colorectal Cancer Tr...CrimsonpublishersCancer
Colorectal cancer is one of the most fatal cancers in the world because most of cases are diagnosed in advanced stages, when the development of resistance to chemotherapy is more frequent. To face this situation, new drugs and drug combinations would be necessary. Drug discovery is a very costly process; although efforts in drug discovery have been amplified in recent decades the success rate of approved FDA drugs continues being low. In response to this situation the repositioning of drugs proposes to delve into the genetic, epigenetic and metabolic differences to discover new targets and redirect drugs already approved to the treatment of other diseases and conditions. In this minireview we discuss the main avenues in which repositioning can occur and we cite some examples of repositioning drugs in colorectal cancer treatment that are being tested in clinical trials in the past years.
Lung cancer is one of the most common types of cancer in the world and accounts for the most cancer-related deaths. Because of this, it is continuously studied for advancements in how to treat and manage it. This involves improved detection, which facilitates better treatment outcomes, and developments in the direct treatment of lung cancer.
pathology and Complications of type 2 diabetes mellitusAiswarya Thomas
explains in detail abou various complications of diabetes mellitus and its pathophysiology. Described about the peripheral, microvascular, macrovascular comlpication
discusses about the effect of radiation that is hazardous to man and other living beings, how does these effects occur, and the necessity of minimizing the exposure to harmfull radiation
Syphilis and gonorrhea - Its etiology, pathophysiology, signs and symptoms,di...Aiswarya Thomas
Discussed about Syphilis and gonorrhea - Its etiology, pathophysiology, signs and symptoms,diagnosis and prevention. Also dicussed about the classifications of both STDs and its diagnostic tests
Malaria, its pathology, epidemiology and clinical manifestationsAiswarya Thomas
discussed about what is malaria, what are the causetive organisms of malaria, what are the reasons for malaria, what are the symptoms of malaria, how can it be diagnosed, what are the risk factors, how can it be prevented etc. also dicusses about the life cycle of malaria
This presentation include a short description about the importance of family planning, various methods such as biological, mechanical, chemical and biological methods that are adopted in family planning and role of pharmacist in family planning etc.methods include mainly usage of pills, condoms, abstinance, withdrawal, IUDs, and terminational methods such as vasectomy and tubectomy
discuss about the need for pediatric pharmacists. explains about the pharmacological and physiological factors such as dose of drug, dosage forms, weight of child, age of child, BSA of child that have to be considered on prescribing a pediatric patient
discusses about the interaction of certain drugs with some food materials and explains in detail about the effect of food on absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion. Also dicsussed about the pharmacodynamic and pharmacogenomic aspects
balanced diet preventions and treatments. malnutrion and associatedd conditions. importaance of maintainind ideal ffood habits etc. discussed under gwhere
explained about the reasons for obesity, its pathology, how to prevent obesity and how to overcome it. also discussed about the genes, receptors, enzymes and hormones involved in obesity.
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
Pulmonary Thromboembolism - etilogy, types, medical- Surgical and nursing man...VarunMahajani
Disruption of blood supply to lung alveoli due to blockage of one or more pulmonary blood vessels is called as Pulmonary thromboembolism. In this presentation we will discuss its causes, types and its management in depth.
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
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Prix Galien International 2024 Forum ProgramLevi Shapiro
June 20, 2024, Prix Galien International and Jerusalem Ethics Forum in ROME. Detailed agenda including panels:
- ADVANCES IN CARDIOLOGY: A NEW PARADIGM IS COMING
- WOMEN’S HEALTH: FERTILITY PRESERVATION
- WHAT’S NEW IN THE TREATMENT OF INFECTIOUS,
ONCOLOGICAL AND INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISEASES?
- ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ETHICS
- GENE THERAPY
- BEYOND BORDERS: GLOBAL INITIATIVES FOR DEMOCRATIZING LIFE SCIENCE TECHNOLOGIES AND PROMOTING ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE
- ETHICAL CHALLENGES IN LIFE SCIENCES
- Prix Galien International Awards Ceremony
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
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8. newer chemical entities for cancer treatment
1. Recent development in cancer research; A critical review on new chemical Entities New Chemical Entities
NEW DRUGS OF CANCER IN THE RECENT YEAR [10]
1) Ibrutinib
This drug used for the treatment of patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia
(CLL). Treatment of activated CLL cells with ibrutinib resulted in inhibition of Btk
tyrosine phosphorylation and also effectively abrogated downstream survival
pathways activated by this kinase including ERK, PBK and Nf-KB. It also inhibited
proliferation of CLL cells invitro.[11]
This drug is used for the treatment of
chronic lymphocytic leukemia.
2) Avastin
This drug used for treatment of renal cell carcinoma. Avastin is a recombinant
humanized monoclonal antibody that produces angiogenesis. Acts by inhibiting
vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF-A). VEGF-A is a chemical signal that
stimulates angiogenesis in variety of disease especially cancer. [12]
APSC, Pariyaram 28
2. Recent development in cancer research; A critical review on new chemical Entities New Chemical Entities
3) Nolvadex (Tamoxifen)
This drug used for breast cancer. Tamoxifen itself is a prodrug. It is
metabolized in liver cytochrome p450 isoform CYP2D6 and CYP3A4 in to active
metabolites such as 4-hydroxy tamoxifen. It acts as estrogen receptor antagonist so
that transformation of estrogen responsive gene is inhibited. 4-hydroxy tamoxifen
bind to ER, the ER / tamoxifen complex recruits other protein known as co-repressor
and then bind to DNA to gene expression.[13]
4) Mozobil
This drug is used for treatment of non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma and multiple
myeloma. Mozobil is a hematopoietic stem cell mobilizer and inhibitor of the CXCR4
chemokine receptor. It blocks the binding of the CXCR4 cognate ligand, stromal cell-
derived factor-1a (SDF-1a). SDF-1a and CXCR4 are recognized to play a role in the
trafficking and homing of human hematopoietic stem cells to the marrow
compartment. Once in the marrow, stem cell CXCR4 can act to help anchor these
cells to the marrow matrix, either directly via SDF-1a or through the induction of
other adhesion molecules. [14]
APSC, Pariyaram 29
3. Recent development in cancer research; A critical review on new chemical Entities New Chemical Entities
5) Xeloda
This drug is used for the treatment of metastatic colorectal cancer
.Capecitabine is metabolized to 5-FU which in turn is a thymidylate synthase
inhibitor, hence inhibiting the synthesis of thymidine monophosphate (ThMP), the
active form of thymidine which is required for the de novo synthesis of DNA and
RNA during gene expression. [15]
6) Jevtana (cabazitaxel)
This drug is used for the treatment of prostate cancer. They bind to
tubulin and promote its assembly into microtubules while simultaneously inhibiting
disassembly. Stabilizes microtubules, which results in the inhibition of mitotic and
interphase cellular function.
APSC, Pariyaram 30
4. Recent development in cancer research; A critical review on new chemical Entities New Chemical Entities
7) Femara (Letrozole)
This drug is used for treatment of breast cancer. Estrogens are
produced by the conversion of androgens through the activity of the aromatase
enzyme. Estrogens then bind to an estrogen receptor, which causes cells to divide.
Letrozole prevents the aromatase from producing estrogens by competitive, reversible
binding to the heme of its cytochrome P450 unit. The action is specific, and letrozole
does not reduce production of mineralocorticosteroids. [16]
8) Sutent (Sunitinib)
This drug is used for treatment of kidney cancer and GI stromal tumors.
Sunitinib inhibits cellular signaling by targeting multiple receptor tyrosine kinases
(RTKs). These include all receptors for platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF-Rs) and
vascular endothelial growth factor receptors (VEGFRs), which play a role in both
tumor angiogenesis and tumor cell proliferation. The simultaneous inhibition of these
targets therefore leads to both reduced tumor vascularization and cancer cell death,
and ultimately tumor shrinkage. Sunitinib also inhibits KIT (CD117) the RTK that
(when improperly activated by mutation) drives the majority of gastrointestinal
stromal cell tumors.
APSC, Pariyaram 31
5. Recent development in cancer research; A critical review on new chemical Entities New Chemical Entities
9) Camptosar (Iriotecan)
This drug is used for the treatment of colon of rectal cancer. Iriotecan
is activated by hydrolysis to SN-38, an inhibitor of topoisomerase I. This is then
inactivated by glucouridination by uridine diphosphate glucoronosyltransferase 1A1
(UGT1A1). The inhibition of topoisomerase I by the active metabolite SN-38
eventually leads to inhibition of both DNA replication and transcription.
10) Zytiga (Abiraterone acetate)
This drug is used for the treatment of prostate cancer. Abiraterone
inhibits 17 α-hydroxylase/C17,20 lyase (CYP17A1), an enzyme which is expressed in
testicular, adrenal, and prostatic tumor tissues. CYP17 catalyzes two sequential
reactions: (a) the conversion of pregnenolone and progesterone to their 17-α-hydroxy
derivatives by its 17 α-hydroxylase activity, and (b) the subsequent formation of
dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) and androstenedione, respectively, by its C17,20
lyase activity.
11) Sensipar (Cinacalcet)
This drug is used for the treatment of secondary hyper parathyroidism and
hyper calcemia in parathyroid carcinoma patients. The calcium-sensing receptors
onthe surface of the chief cell of the parathyroid gland is the principal regulator of
parathyroid hormone secretion (PTH). Cinacalcet increases the sensitivity of calcium
APSC, Pariyaram 32
6. Recent development in cancer research; A critical review on new chemical Entities New Chemical Entities
receptors on parathyroid cells to reduce parathyroid hormone (PTH) levels and thus
decrease serum calcium levels.
12) Ethyol (Amifostine)
This drug is used for the treatment for xerostomia (dry mouth) due to
radiation. Instead cells, amifostine detoxifies reactive metabolites of platinum and
alkylating agents, as well as scavenges free radicals. Other possible effects include
accelerated DNA repair, induction of cellular hypoxia, inhibition of apoptosis,
alteration of gene expression and modification of enzyme activity.
13) Gemzar ( gemcitabine Hcl)
This drug is used for the treatment of lung cancer. Gemcitabine is
metabolized by nucleoside kinases to diphosphate (dFdCDP) and triphosphate
(dFdCTP) nucleosides. Gemcitabine diphosphate inhibits ribonucleotide reductase, an
enzyme responsible for catalyzing the reactions that generate deoxynucleoside
triphosphates for DNA synthesis, resulting in reductions in deoxynucleotide
concentrations, including dCTP.
APSC, Pariyaram 33
7. Recent development in cancer research; A critical review on new chemical Entities New Chemical Entities
14) Pomalidomide
This drug is used for the treatment of patients with multiple myeloma.
Pomalidomide directly inhibits angiogenesis and myeloma cell growth. This dual
effect is central to its activity in myeloma, rather than other pathways such as TNF
alpha inhibition, since potent TNF alpha inhibitors including rolipram and
pentoxifylline do not inhibit myeloma cell growth nor angiogenesis.
NEW FDA APPROVED DRUGS IN RECENT YEAR
FDA APPROVED DRUGS IN 2014[17]
1) Beleodaq (belinostat) :
This drug is used for the treatment of relapsed or refractory
peripheral T-cell lymphoma. This drug is approved by FDA in 2014.
2) Cyramza (ramucirumab) :
This drug is used for the treatment of gastric cancer. This
drug is approved by FDA in 2014 .
APSC, Pariyaram 34
8. Recent development in cancer research; A critical review on new chemical Entities New Chemical Entities
3) Zydelig (idelalisib):
This drug is used for the treatment of relapsed CLL,
follicular B-cell NHL and small lymphocytic lymphoma .This drug
approved in 2014.
4) Zykadia (ceritnib) :
This drug is used for the treatment of ALK+ metastatic
non-small cell lung cancer. This drug approved in 2014.
FDA APPROVED DRUGS IN 2013[18]
1) Gazyva (obintuzumab) :
This drug is used in combination with chlorambucil to treat
patients with previously untreated chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL).
This drug approved in 2013.
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9. Recent development in cancer research; A critical review on new chemical Entities New Chemical Entities
2) Gilotrif (afatinib) :
This drug is used for patients with late stage (metastatic) non-
small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) whose tumors express specific types of
epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) gene mutations, as detected by
an FDA-approved test.
3) Mekinist (trametinib) :
This drug is used to treat patients whose tumors express the
BRAF V600E or V600K gene mutations. This drug is approved in 2013.
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10. Recent development in cancer research; A critical review on new chemical Entities New Chemical Entities
4) Tafinlar (dabrafenib) :
This drug is used to treat patients with melanoma whose
tumors express the BRAF V600E gene mutation.This drug approved in
2013.
5) Xofigo :
This drug is used o treat men with symptomatic late-stage
(metastatic) castration-resistant prostate cancer that has spread to bones
but not to other organs. This drug approved in 2013.
FDA APPROVED DRUGS IN 2012 [19]
1) Cometriq (cabozantinib) :
This drug is used To treat medullary thyroid cancer that
has spread to other parts of the body.This drug approved in 2012.
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11. Recent development in cancer research; A critical review on new chemical Entities New Chemical Entities
2) Stirvarga (regorafenib) :
This drug is used to treat patients with colorectal cancer
that has progressed after treatment and spread to other parts of the body.
This drug approved in 2012.
3) Xtandi (enzalutamide) :
This drug is used to treat men with late-stage (metastatic)
castration-resistant prostate cancer that has spread or recurred, even with
medical or surgical therapy to minimize testosterone. This drug approved
in 2012.
APSC, Pariyaram 38
12. Recent development in cancer research; A critical review on new chemical Entities New Chemical Entities
4) Perjeta (pertuzumab) :
This drug is used to treat patients with HER2-positive
late-stage (metastatic) breast cancer. This drug approved in 2012.
5) Erivedge (vismodegib) :
This drug is used to treat adult patients with basal cell
carcinoma, the most common type of skin cancer.This drug approved in
2012.
6) Lnlyta (axitinib):
This drug is used to treat patients with advanced kidney
cancer (renal cell carcinoma) who have not responded to another drug for
this type of cancer. This drug approved in 2012.
APSC, Pariyaram 39
13. Recent development in cancer research; A critical review on new chemical Entities New Chemical Entities
FDA APPROVED DRUGS IN 2011[20]
1) Adcetris (brentuximab vedotin) :
This drug is used For the treatment of Hodgkin lymphoma and
anaplastic large cell lymphoma.
2) Yervoy (ipilimumab) :
This drug is used for the treatment of metastatic
melanoma. This drug approved in 2011.
3) Abstral (fentanyl sublingual tablet) :
This drug is used for the treatment of breakthrough cancer
pain in opioid-tolerant patients.
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14. Recent development in cancer research; A critical review on new chemical Entities New Chemical Entities
4) Afinitor (everolimus) :
This drug is used for the treatment of advanced pancreatic
neuroendocrine tumors. This drug is approved in 2011.
5) Vandetanib :
This drug is used for the treatment of thyroid cancer.
6) Xalkori (crizotinib) :
This drug is used for the treatment of ALK+ non-
small cell lung cancer.
APSC, Pariyaram 41