8 | New Scientist | 4 January 2020
THE tropics are the most
biodiverse regions on Earth.
Now there is evidence that
they are also the main source
of evolutionary innovation
and diversity.
Complex animals have
dominated Earth for 541 million
years, a time span called the
Phanerozoic eon. Huge
numbers of species have
evolved and gone extinct
during this time, in a complex
story that includes fish, giant
reptiles and whales.
However, in the 1980s
palaeontologist John Sepkoski
analysed the overall pattern
of evolution in the sea,
where the fossil record is best.
He concluded that marine
evolutionary history could
be broken down into three
supergroups, which he called
“great evolutionary faunas”.
The first group was
dominated by trilobites,
which resembled woodlice,
and bristle worms; the second
by shellfish-like creatures called
brachiopods; and the third by
molluscs, which have persisted
to the present day. Other animals
like land mammals probably
followed similar patterns, but
their fossil record isn’t complete
enough for us to know.
Now, by analysing nearly
18,300 marine genera from
the Phanerozoic fossil record,
Alexis Rojas-Briceno of Umeå
University in Sweden and
his colleagues have found
that the evolution of
complex marine life is best
described using four great
groups of fauna, not three
(bioRxiv, doi.org/dg98).
The first supergroup existed
between 541 and 494 million
years ago, spanning the
Cambrian explosion in which
many animal groups first
emerged. As in the original
analysis, trilobites dominated.
The second supergroup,
dubbed the Palaeozoic, lasted
from 494 to 252 million years
ago. Creatures with hard outer
shells were now widespread,
including brachiopods. This
phase ended when the end-
Permian extinction wiped out
almost all complex life on Earth.
This matches Sepkoski’s
analysis, but the new study
splits his third great fauna into
two. In this version, the third
supergroup is called the
Mesozoic. It began in the wake
of the Permian extinction and
ended 129 million years ago, in
the middle of the dinosaur era.
This time cephalopods, the
group that includes squid
and octopuses, were the rulers.
The fourth and final
supergroup, the Cenozoic, is
still dominant today. During
this time, clams and snails have
made up much of the diversity.
The team found that all four
supergroups originated in the
tropics, then expanded through
the oceans. This is in line with
the idea that the tropics are
hotbeds of evolutionary
innovation, which has been
promoted by David Jablonski
at the University of Chicago.
It may be that the warmer
temperatures and ample
sunlight ensure there is plenty
of food to nourish a multitude
of species. However, John Alroy
at Macquarie University in
Australia isn’t convinced. “I have
always been sceptical about the
out-of-the-tropics hypothesis,
because they have never
seriously dealt with sampling
biases, as far .
Human evolution is the evolutionary process leading up to the appearance of modern humans. It is the process by which human beings developed on Earth from now-extinct primates. It involves the lengthy process of change by which people originated from apelike ancestors. The study of human evolution involves many scientific disciplines, including physical anthropology, primatology, archaeology, ethology, evolutionary psychology, embryology and genetics. Scientific evidence shows that the physical and behavioural traits shared by all people originated from apelike ancestors and evolved over a period of approximately six million years.
TABLE OF CONTENT
1.0 Introduction
2.0 Evolutionary Theory
3.0 Process of Evolution
4.0 History of Human Evolution
5.0 Paleoanthropology
6.0 Evidence of Evolution
6.1 Evidence from comparative physiology
6.2 Evidence from comparative anatomy
6.3 Evidence from comparative embryology
6.4 Evidence from comparative morphology
6.5 Evidence from vestigial organs
6.6 Genetics
6.7 Evidence from Molecular Biology
6.8 Evidence from the Fossil Record
7.0 Divergence of the Human Clade from other Great Apes
8.0 Anatomical changes
8.1 Anatomy of bipedalism
8.2 Encephalization
8.3 Sexual dimorphism
8.4 Other changes
9.0 Genus Homo
10.0 Homo Sapiens Taxonomy
Human evolution is the evolutionary process leading up to the appearance of modern humans. It is the process by which human beings developed on Earth from now-extinct primates. It involves the lengthy process of change by which people originated from apelike ancestors. The study of human evolution involves many scientific disciplines, including physical anthropology, primatology, archaeology, ethology, evolutionary psychology, embryology and genetics. Scientific evidence shows that the physical and behavioural traits shared by all people originated from apelike ancestors and evolved over a period of approximately six million years.
TABLE OF CONTENT
1.0 Introduction
2.0 Evolutionary Theory
3.0 Process of Evolution
4.0 History of Human Evolution
5.0 Paleoanthropology
6.0 Evidence of Evolution
6.1 Evidence from comparative physiology
6.2 Evidence from comparative anatomy
6.3 Evidence from comparative embryology
6.4 Evidence from comparative morphology
6.5 Evidence from vestigial organs
6.6 Genetics
6.7 Evidence from Molecular Biology
6.8 Evidence from the Fossil Record
7.0 Divergence of the Human Clade from other Great Apes
8.0 Anatomical changes
8.1 Anatomy of bipedalism
8.2 Encephalization
8.3 Sexual dimorphism
8.4 Other changes
9.0 Genus Homo
10.0 Homo Sapiens Taxonomy
Cephalopods are a class of marine invertebrates that the Science Friday programme recognises each June. They are among the most intelligent ocean creatures, however the majority of them only mate once before passing away.
This PPT give us information about Palaeobiogeographical provinces it is helpful for our study. This PPT made up by me because of this ia my presentation topic. And i also share on this platform for many students have been helpful for her study.
Scientific American November 13, 2002Food for ThoughtD.docxkenjordan97598
Scientific American November 13, 2002
Food for Thought
Dietary change was a driving force in human evolution
By William R. Leonard
We humans are strange primates.
We walk on two legs, carry around enormous brains and have colonized every
corner of the globe. Anthropologists and biologists have long sought to
understand how our lineage came to differ so profoundly from the primate norm
in these ways, and over the years all manner of hypotheses aimed at explaining
each of these oddities have been put forth. But a growing body of evidence
indicates that these miscellaneous quirks of humanity in fact have a common
thread: they are largely the result of natural selection acting to maximize dietary
quality and foraging efficiency. Changes in food availability over time, it seems,
strongly influenced our hominid ancestors. Thus, in an evolutionary sense, we
are very much what we ate.
Accordingly, what we eat is yet another way in which we differ from our primate
kin. Contemporary human populations the world over have diets richer in
calories and nutrients than those of our cousins, the great apes. So when and
how did our ancestors' eating habits diverge from those of other primates?
Further, to what extent have modern humans departed from the ancestral
dietary pattern?
Scientific interest in the evolution of human nutritional requirements has a long
history. But relevant investigations started gaining momentum after 1985, when
S. Boyd Eaton and Melvin J. Konner of Emory University published a seminal
paper in the New England Journal of Medicine entitled "Paleolithic Nutrition."
They argued that the prevalence in modern societies of many chronic diseases-
-obesity, hypertension, coronary heart disease and diabetes, among them--is
the consequence of a mismatch between modern dietary patterns and the type
of diet that our species evolved to eat as prehistoric hunter-gatherers. Since
then, however, understanding of the evolution of human nutritional needs has
advanced considerably-- thanks in large part to new comparative analyses of
traditionally living human populations and other primates--and a more nuanced
picture has emerged. We now know that humans have evolved not to subsist on
a single, Paleolithic diet but to be flexible eaters, an insight that has important
implications for the current debate over what people today should eat in order to
be healthy.
To appreciate the role of diet in human evolution, we must remember that the
search for food, its consumption and, ultimately, how it is used for biological
processes are all critical aspects of an organism's ecology. The energy dynamic
between organisms and their environments--that is, energy expended in relation
to energy acquired--has important adaptive consequences for survival and
reproduction. These two components of Darwinian fitness are reflected in the
way we divide up an animal's energy budget. Maintenance energy is what
keeps an animal alive on a day-to-day basis. Productive e.
The Theory of Evolution and its limitsRemy Taupier
The laws of Natural Selection explain the adaptation of a species (why we have dogs, or horses or tortoise of different colors, shapes and sizes) but not the evolution of a species into another species. To this day no scientific fact can prove the Theory of Evolution to be true. Evolutionists live with the hope that one day Science will prove them right. It's just a belief.
Wagner College Forum for Undergraduate Research, Vol. 17 No. 1Wagner College
The Fall 2018 issue contains abstracts by Kevin Lipton, John Acquaviva, Lejla Bolevic, Anna Cios, Lauren Taibi, Samantha Susi & Jack Leighton, Mara Mineo, Tamar Amirov & Vinh Phuong, Kelsey Savje & Domenick Palmieri, Oskar Sundberg & Iireyel Gittens, Ellen Reidy, Derek Avery, Zachary Pandorf & Michelle Hernandez, Piper Skinner, Matthew Barreto & Victor Ruan, Monica Valero and Gent Prelvukaj. It also contains articles by Adam O’Brien, Cathryn Cantyne, Claire Johnson & Jacqueline Otake, Jordan Gonzales, Jacquelyn Thorsen, John Badagliacca, Elena Rotzokou, Ethan Meyer and Glen MacDonald.
Longevity Secrets of the Naked Mole RatMarkSloan21
Get 3 FREE books for signing up to our newsletter: https://endalldisease.com/subscribe
The naked mole rat is the longest-living rodent known, and can live up to 16x longer than regular rats. But that's just the tip of the iceberg. They are immune to environmental chemicals, they don't feel pain when being burnt with acid and in their natural habitats they are immune to cancer.
If you enjoy this show please like, subscribe and share it with people you love to help spread the word. Click the following link to see the show notes: https://endalldisease.com/episode8
All of my videos, podcasts and articles are and will always be free. If you enjoyed this video and want to support my work, you can do so by donating, buying one of my bestselling books or red light therapy devices below.
Check out our red light therapy store:
https://endalldisease.com/store
Check out my books:
https://endalldisease.com/books
Donate :
https://www.paypal.me/endalldisease
9.1 Give examples of applications of IPsec.9.2 What servic.docxtaishao1
9.1 Give examples of applications of IPsec.
9.2 What services are provided by IPsec?
9.3 What parameters identify an SA and what parameters characterize the nature of a particular SA?
9.4 What is the difference between transport mode and tunnel mode?
9.5 What is a replay attack?
9.6 Why does ESP include a padding field?
9.7 What are the basic approaches to bundling SAs?
9.8 What are the roles of the Oakley key determination protocol and ISAKMP in IPsec?
including references, No copy paste strictly
.
a brief description of two roles that a forensic psychology professi.docxtaishao1
a brief description of two roles that a forensic psychology professional may have when working with police administrators. Then, analyze the impact of each role on police administration, and each level of the police organization. Support your analysis with references to the Learning Resources.
Learning Resources
Readings
Course Text:
Psychology and Policing
Chapter 3, "Recruitment, Selection and Training"
Book Excerpt: Rostow, C. D., & Davis, R. D. (2004). Defining the fitness-for-duty evaluation. In C. D. Rostow & R. D. Davis (Eds.),
Handbook for psychological fitness-for-duty evaluations in law enforcement
(pp. 65–71). Binghamton, NY: Haworth Press.
Article: Coderoni, G. R. (2002). The relationship between multicultural training for police and effective law enforcement.
FBI Law Enforcement Bulletin, 71
(11), 16–18. Retrieved from the Walden Library databases.
Article: Love, K. G., & DeArmond, S. (2007). The validity of assessment center ratings and 16 PF personality trait scores in police sergeant promotions: A case of incremental validity.
Public Personnel Management, 36
(1), 21-32. Retrieved from the Walden Library databases.
Article: McGrath, R., & Guller, M. (2009). Concurrent validity of the candidate and officer personnel survey (COPS).
International Journal of Police Science and Management, 11
(2), 150–159. (Review from Week 2). Retrieved from the Walden Library databases.
Article: Simmers, K. D., Bowers, T. G., & Ruiz, J. M. (2003). Pre-employment psychological testing of police officers: The MMPI and the IPI as predictors of performance.
International Journal of Police Science & Management, 5
(4), 277–294. Retrieved from the Walden Library databases.
Article: Steinheider, B., Wuestewald, T., & Bayerl, P. (2006). The effects of participative management on employee commitment, productivity, and community satisfaction in a police agency.
Conference Papers-International Communication Association
, 1–42. Retrieved from the Walden Library databases.
Article: Wang, Y. R. (2006). Does community policing motivate officers at work and how?
International Journal of Police Science & Management, 8
(1), 67–77. Retrieved from the Walden Library databases.
Article: White, M. D., & Escobar, G. (2008). Making good cops in the twenty-first century: Emerging issues for the effective recruitment, selection and training of police in the United States and abroad.
International Review of Law Computers & Technology, 22
(1–2), 119–134. Retrieved from the Walden Library databases.
Government Document: U. S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission. (n.d.).
Facts about the Americans with disabilities act
. Retrieved from
http://www.eeoc.gov/facts/fs-ada.html
.
More Related Content
Similar to 8 New Scientist 4 January 2020THE tropics are the most.docx
Cephalopods are a class of marine invertebrates that the Science Friday programme recognises each June. They are among the most intelligent ocean creatures, however the majority of them only mate once before passing away.
This PPT give us information about Palaeobiogeographical provinces it is helpful for our study. This PPT made up by me because of this ia my presentation topic. And i also share on this platform for many students have been helpful for her study.
Scientific American November 13, 2002Food for ThoughtD.docxkenjordan97598
Scientific American November 13, 2002
Food for Thought
Dietary change was a driving force in human evolution
By William R. Leonard
We humans are strange primates.
We walk on two legs, carry around enormous brains and have colonized every
corner of the globe. Anthropologists and biologists have long sought to
understand how our lineage came to differ so profoundly from the primate norm
in these ways, and over the years all manner of hypotheses aimed at explaining
each of these oddities have been put forth. But a growing body of evidence
indicates that these miscellaneous quirks of humanity in fact have a common
thread: they are largely the result of natural selection acting to maximize dietary
quality and foraging efficiency. Changes in food availability over time, it seems,
strongly influenced our hominid ancestors. Thus, in an evolutionary sense, we
are very much what we ate.
Accordingly, what we eat is yet another way in which we differ from our primate
kin. Contemporary human populations the world over have diets richer in
calories and nutrients than those of our cousins, the great apes. So when and
how did our ancestors' eating habits diverge from those of other primates?
Further, to what extent have modern humans departed from the ancestral
dietary pattern?
Scientific interest in the evolution of human nutritional requirements has a long
history. But relevant investigations started gaining momentum after 1985, when
S. Boyd Eaton and Melvin J. Konner of Emory University published a seminal
paper in the New England Journal of Medicine entitled "Paleolithic Nutrition."
They argued that the prevalence in modern societies of many chronic diseases-
-obesity, hypertension, coronary heart disease and diabetes, among them--is
the consequence of a mismatch between modern dietary patterns and the type
of diet that our species evolved to eat as prehistoric hunter-gatherers. Since
then, however, understanding of the evolution of human nutritional needs has
advanced considerably-- thanks in large part to new comparative analyses of
traditionally living human populations and other primates--and a more nuanced
picture has emerged. We now know that humans have evolved not to subsist on
a single, Paleolithic diet but to be flexible eaters, an insight that has important
implications for the current debate over what people today should eat in order to
be healthy.
To appreciate the role of diet in human evolution, we must remember that the
search for food, its consumption and, ultimately, how it is used for biological
processes are all critical aspects of an organism's ecology. The energy dynamic
between organisms and their environments--that is, energy expended in relation
to energy acquired--has important adaptive consequences for survival and
reproduction. These two components of Darwinian fitness are reflected in the
way we divide up an animal's energy budget. Maintenance energy is what
keeps an animal alive on a day-to-day basis. Productive e.
The Theory of Evolution and its limitsRemy Taupier
The laws of Natural Selection explain the adaptation of a species (why we have dogs, or horses or tortoise of different colors, shapes and sizes) but not the evolution of a species into another species. To this day no scientific fact can prove the Theory of Evolution to be true. Evolutionists live with the hope that one day Science will prove them right. It's just a belief.
Wagner College Forum for Undergraduate Research, Vol. 17 No. 1Wagner College
The Fall 2018 issue contains abstracts by Kevin Lipton, John Acquaviva, Lejla Bolevic, Anna Cios, Lauren Taibi, Samantha Susi & Jack Leighton, Mara Mineo, Tamar Amirov & Vinh Phuong, Kelsey Savje & Domenick Palmieri, Oskar Sundberg & Iireyel Gittens, Ellen Reidy, Derek Avery, Zachary Pandorf & Michelle Hernandez, Piper Skinner, Matthew Barreto & Victor Ruan, Monica Valero and Gent Prelvukaj. It also contains articles by Adam O’Brien, Cathryn Cantyne, Claire Johnson & Jacqueline Otake, Jordan Gonzales, Jacquelyn Thorsen, John Badagliacca, Elena Rotzokou, Ethan Meyer and Glen MacDonald.
Longevity Secrets of the Naked Mole RatMarkSloan21
Get 3 FREE books for signing up to our newsletter: https://endalldisease.com/subscribe
The naked mole rat is the longest-living rodent known, and can live up to 16x longer than regular rats. But that's just the tip of the iceberg. They are immune to environmental chemicals, they don't feel pain when being burnt with acid and in their natural habitats they are immune to cancer.
If you enjoy this show please like, subscribe and share it with people you love to help spread the word. Click the following link to see the show notes: https://endalldisease.com/episode8
All of my videos, podcasts and articles are and will always be free. If you enjoyed this video and want to support my work, you can do so by donating, buying one of my bestselling books or red light therapy devices below.
Check out our red light therapy store:
https://endalldisease.com/store
Check out my books:
https://endalldisease.com/books
Donate :
https://www.paypal.me/endalldisease
9.1 Give examples of applications of IPsec.9.2 What servic.docxtaishao1
9.1 Give examples of applications of IPsec.
9.2 What services are provided by IPsec?
9.3 What parameters identify an SA and what parameters characterize the nature of a particular SA?
9.4 What is the difference between transport mode and tunnel mode?
9.5 What is a replay attack?
9.6 Why does ESP include a padding field?
9.7 What are the basic approaches to bundling SAs?
9.8 What are the roles of the Oakley key determination protocol and ISAKMP in IPsec?
including references, No copy paste strictly
.
a brief description of two roles that a forensic psychology professi.docxtaishao1
a brief description of two roles that a forensic psychology professional may have when working with police administrators. Then, analyze the impact of each role on police administration, and each level of the police organization. Support your analysis with references to the Learning Resources.
Learning Resources
Readings
Course Text:
Psychology and Policing
Chapter 3, "Recruitment, Selection and Training"
Book Excerpt: Rostow, C. D., & Davis, R. D. (2004). Defining the fitness-for-duty evaluation. In C. D. Rostow & R. D. Davis (Eds.),
Handbook for psychological fitness-for-duty evaluations in law enforcement
(pp. 65–71). Binghamton, NY: Haworth Press.
Article: Coderoni, G. R. (2002). The relationship between multicultural training for police and effective law enforcement.
FBI Law Enforcement Bulletin, 71
(11), 16–18. Retrieved from the Walden Library databases.
Article: Love, K. G., & DeArmond, S. (2007). The validity of assessment center ratings and 16 PF personality trait scores in police sergeant promotions: A case of incremental validity.
Public Personnel Management, 36
(1), 21-32. Retrieved from the Walden Library databases.
Article: McGrath, R., & Guller, M. (2009). Concurrent validity of the candidate and officer personnel survey (COPS).
International Journal of Police Science and Management, 11
(2), 150–159. (Review from Week 2). Retrieved from the Walden Library databases.
Article: Simmers, K. D., Bowers, T. G., & Ruiz, J. M. (2003). Pre-employment psychological testing of police officers: The MMPI and the IPI as predictors of performance.
International Journal of Police Science & Management, 5
(4), 277–294. Retrieved from the Walden Library databases.
Article: Steinheider, B., Wuestewald, T., & Bayerl, P. (2006). The effects of participative management on employee commitment, productivity, and community satisfaction in a police agency.
Conference Papers-International Communication Association
, 1–42. Retrieved from the Walden Library databases.
Article: Wang, Y. R. (2006). Does community policing motivate officers at work and how?
International Journal of Police Science & Management, 8
(1), 67–77. Retrieved from the Walden Library databases.
Article: White, M. D., & Escobar, G. (2008). Making good cops in the twenty-first century: Emerging issues for the effective recruitment, selection and training of police in the United States and abroad.
International Review of Law Computers & Technology, 22
(1–2), 119–134. Retrieved from the Walden Library databases.
Government Document: U. S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission. (n.d.).
Facts about the Americans with disabilities act
. Retrieved from
http://www.eeoc.gov/facts/fs-ada.html
.
A 65-year-old obese African American male patient presents to hi.docxtaishao1
A 65-year-old obese African American male patient presents to his HCP with crampy left lower quadrant pain, constipation, and fevers to 101˚ F. He has had multiple episodes like this one over the past 15 years and they always responded to bowel rest and oral antibiotics. He has refused to have the recommended colonoscopy even with his history of chronic inflammatory bowel disease (diverticulitis), sedentary lifestyle, and diet lacking in fiber. His paternal grandfather died of colon cancer back in the 1950s as well. He finally underwent colonoscopy after his acute diverticulitis resolved. Colonoscopy revealed multiple polyps that were retrieved, and the pathology was positive for adenocarcinoma of the colon.
The Assignment (1- to 2-page case study analysis)
Develop a 1- to 2-page (only) case study analysis in which you:- the challenge is to be concise and not go over more than 2 pages. A summary on page 3 will be expected.
Explain why you think the patient presented the symptoms described.
Identify the genes that may be associated with the development of the disease.
Explain the process of immunosuppression and the effect it has on body systems.
Rubric:
ExcellentGoodFairPoorDevelop a 1- to 2-page case study analysis, examining the patient symptoms presented in the case study. Be sure to address the following:
Explain why you think the patient presented the symptoms described.
28 (28%) - 30 (30%)The response accurately and thoroughly describes the patient symptoms.
The response includes accurate, clear, and detailed reasons, with explanation for the symptoms supported by evidence and/or research, as appropriate, to support the explanation.25 (25%) - 27 (27%)The response describes the patient symptoms.
The response includes accurate reasons, with explanation for the symptoms supported by evidence and/or research, as appropriate, to support the explanation.23 (23%) - 24 (24%)The response describes the patient symptoms in a manner that is vague or inaccurate.
The response includes reasons for the symptoms, with explanations that are vague or based on inappropriate evidence/research.0 (0%) - 22 (22%)The response describes the patient symptoms in a manner that is vague and inaccurate, or the description is missing.
The response does not include reasons for the symptoms, or the explanations are vague or based on inappropriate or no evidence/research.
Identify the genes that may be associated with the development of the disease.
23 (23%) - 25 (25%)The response includes an accurate, complete, detailed, and specific analysis of the genes that may be associated with the development of the disease.20 (20%) - 22 (22%)The response includes an accurate analysis of the genes that may be associated with the development of the disease.18 (18%) - 19 (19%)The response includes a vague or inaccurate analysis of the genes that may be associated with the development of the disease.0 (0%) - 17 (17%)The response includes a vague or inaccurate.
A case study assessing risk and proposing security for some chosen o.docxtaishao1
A case study assessing risk and proposing security for some chosen organization (real).. Make sure to explain and backup your responses with facts and examples.
This assignment should be in APA format and have to include at least two references (Only peer reviewed articles/Technical white papers). Minimum of 1000 words
.
A 3-4-page single-spaced essay that draws on materials posted in m.docxtaishao1
A 3-4-page single-spaced essay that draws on materials posted in module folders throughout the semester---you may also draw on the books What is the What and The Far Away Brothers.
• Your essay should present a clear thesis, a several points about how media representations of refugees and immigrants has changed over time.
• How would you describe the common understanding of refugees, communities and citizenship in the U.S.? What role does media play? Would you change media representation? How so?
.
a 350+ word summary based on Malinowski’s writings that answers the .docxtaishao1
a 350+ word summary based on Malinowski’s writings that answers the following:
• What was the Kula?
• Who participated in the Kula and why?
• What items are exchanged? (Describe in detail the directions of this exchange as well)
• Why are these objects valued? (Hint: they are not meant to be worn on one’s arms)
.
A - Historian Marybeth Hamilton characterizes the mainstreams obses.docxtaishao1
A - Historian Marybeth Hamilton characterizes the mainstream's obsession with "authenticity" in African-American culture as "
a faintly colonial romance with Black suffering, an eroticization of African American despair
”.
B - How does the above jibe with the way we see Hip Hop from the South and its eventual dominance?
C - Does RZA's quote, “
The South has evolved later than us.... they haven’t picked up on the wavelength of where their mind should be
”, relate in any way to Hamilton's?
Week 9
A - When we look at how Hip Hop travels around the world and becomes an important vehicle for expression outside of America and outside of American culture, what do you think needs to be kept in order to be "real"?
B - Does what we see and hear in American Hip Hop need to be present, or is it something more subtle - a sentiment that lays in the heart of the creation of Hip Hop ?
C - What might that sentiment be?
.
918 Riders to the Sea CATHLEEN (slowly and clearly) An Id.docxtaishao1
9'18 Riders to the Sea
CATHLEEN (slowly and clearly) An Id
anything she will do and isn't it o. ~oman will be soon tired with
keening, and makin~ great nlt~e ays herself is after crying and
MAURYA (puts th sorrow m the house?
t empty cup mouth downwards h
together on BARTLEY'S feet) Th' on t e table, and /c,ys her hands
is come. May the Almighty G ;r;e all together this time, and the end
Michael's soul, and on the sO~ls o~~~mercy on Bartley's soul, and on
and Shawn (bending her head)' d earn us and Patch, and Stephen
Nora, and on the soul of e ' ' an ~ay He have mercy on my soul
very one IS left living in the world '
She pa'" --' .l._ " • ....es, auu W", keen rises l' le
away. , a Itt more loudly from the women, then sinks
MAURYA (continuing) Mich;el has a . .
grace of the Almighty God B I dea~ bunal m the far north, by the
white boards and ad' art ey wdl have a fine coffin out of the
h ' eep grave surely Wh
t at? No man at all can be Iivin f, . at more can We Want than
She kneels do' g. Or ever, and we must be satisfied.
wn again and the curtain falls slowly.
QUESTIONS
1. In tragedy th .
. I .'. e protagoOlstgenerally ff,
15 C ear m thiS play; but what about acts, ~u ers; and learns. The sufferin
a. Does the protagonist act the actmg and learning? g
b. beWh~t ~oes she learn? H~~ri~~!?d~Eat are the effects of her actions?
~nOlng? 1 erent at the play's end than at the'
2. What,!S the effect of a traged in w ' '. .
;(u~n rather than active? Supi:ort YO~~~hth~ trotagomst IS essentially "acted
an , to other tragedies that fit th' eSls y references to Riders to the Sea
any)., ,,,', . ' ' IS not·very-common pattern l'f y' know ' 3 :n' I ' , ,. ' , ou
• IS!:.USS the language of the la:' '" , ..• " : ' ' ,
tra81F aspects of the drama? p ,r,' Ho~ does It 'Support both th~ ~alistic and ","
, , """>"'jf .!,' /~, ~!£ ll'~.'~ "'-'~. ,; Il,.J1.; ;"_\t,~, '.'".,'
.; ':"·,i1:'. L, \1,', ,';
,1"." " :J
~ .j .: t !" ' ;', r
iJ: ,',
SUSAN GLASPELL (1882-1948)
Trifles
CHARACTERS
SHERIFF PETERS
MltS. PETERS
HALE
MltS. HALE
COUNTY ATTORNEY HENDEltSON
SCENE. The kitchen in the now abandoned farmhouse ofJohn Wright, a gloomy
kitchen, and left without having been put in order-the walls covered with a faded
wall paper. Down right is a door leading to,the parlor. On the right wall above this
door is a built-in kitchen cupboard with shelves in the upper portion and drawers
below. In the rear wall at right. up two steps is a door opening onto stairs leading to
the second floor. In the rear wall at left is a door to the shed and from there to the
outside. Between these two doors is an old{ashifmed black iron stove. Running along
the left wall from the shed'door is an old iron sink and sink shelf, in which is set a
hand pump. Downstage of the sink is an uncurtained window. Near the window is an
old wooden rocker. Genter stage is an unpainted wooden kitchen table with str.
875 words Include citations for all unoriginal ideas, .docxtaishao1
875 words
Include
citations for all unoriginal ideas, facts, or definitions in an APA-formatted reference list.
Do not use Wikipedia, Quora, Yahoo Questions or other crowdsourced websites as references.
Visit
the American Civil Liberties Union
Supreme Court Cases website
to see civil liberties cases that the U.S. Supreme Court has ruled on, organized by term.
Select
one of the cases on civil liberties that interests you. Provide an analysis that addresses the following:
The civil liberty that is addressed in the case, including the text of the amendment from the
Bill of Rights
An explanation of the Supreme Court's involvement, including the following:
The importance of the ruling (why it is significant)
How the case moved through the lower courts to eventually be heard by the Supreme Court
The powers granted to the Supreme Court by the constitution that allowed them to rule on the case
.
82916 f_ch02.docx 45 Chapter 2 From Public Regulat.docxtaishao1
8/29/16 f_ch02.docx: 45
Chapter 2
From Public Regulation to Private Enforcement
How CSR Became Managerial Orthodoxy
Richard P. Appelbaum
The safety and well-being of workers across our supply chain is the Responsible
Sourcing group’s top priority, which is why Walmart suppliers are contractually
required to sign our Standards for Suppliers before they’re approved to produce
merchandise for sale at Walmart. These Standards for Suppliers make clear our
fundamental expectations for suppliers and factories regarding the treatment of
workers and impact on the environment. Suppliers are also required to display our
Standards for Suppliers in the local language in all factories where products are
made for us, so workers know our expectations of suppliers and factory
management.
—Walmart 2014 Global Responsibility Report, Statement
on Compliance and Sourcing
Walmart, the world’s largest corporation in 2015, invests in “comprehensive social audits across
our global supply chain.” Its factory audits—reportedly often unannounced—are conducted by
“independent accredited and internationally recognized auditing firms.” Factories are then said to
be reaudited every six to twenty-four months, based on the results. This comprehensive auditing
system is designed to verify that factories “meet or exceed” Walmart’s standards, which include
assurance that all labor is voluntary, prohibitions against child labor, requirements that hours are
8/29/16 f_ch02.docx: 46
not excessive (and are consistent with local laws or regulations), and that factories provide safe
and healthy working conditions (Walmart 2014).
On November 24, 2012, a fire at the Tazreen Fashion apparel factory in Dhaka,
Bangladesh, claimed 112 lives and injured 200 others, making it the deadliest factory fire in the
history of a country long plagued by factories fires. Workers found themselves trapped by the
absence of safe and accessible fire exits, windows blocked by iron grills, a lack of adequate fire
preparedness training, and the fact that the building was at the time under construction: five
additional stories were being added to the original three-story structure, even as garment
production continued as usual.
In this unsafe environment, ten workers perished on Tazreen’s fifth floor, where they
were sewing Walmart’s Faded Glory shorts. Walmart, one of the many companies producing
garments at the factory (Maquila Solidarity Network 2012b),
1
claimed it was unaware that its
Faded Glory shorts were being sewn at Tazreen through a subcontracting arrangement. Yet the
factory’s owner reported that Walmart’s local office had audited the factory a year earlier,
finding only problems with excessive overtime. A Walmart spokesperson confirmed this,
acknowledging that the company had conducted at least two inspections in 2011, but claiming
that Walmart had stopped production “many months before the fire” (Yardley 2012).
.
8.1 What is the difference between RFC 5321 and RFC 53228.docxtaishao1
8.1 What is the difference between RFC 5321 and RFC 5322?
8.2 What are the SMTP and MIME standards?
8.3 What is the difference between a MIME content type and a MIME transfer encoding?
8.4 Briefly explain base64 encoding.
8.5 Why is base64 conversion useful for an e-mail application?
8.6 What is S/MIME?
8.7 What are the four principal services provided by S/MIME?
8.8 What is the utility of a detached signature?
8.9 What is DKIM?
No Copy Paste striclty
.
8. On the likely aftermath and long term effects of the coronavi.docxtaishao1
8. On the likely aftermath and long term effects of the coronavirus outbreak on business and society (Module 12)
This discussion board is devoted to the likely aftermath and long term consequences of the coronavirus for business and society. We will be posting some reading material related to this topic in Module 12.
respond 1
Effects of the Coronavirus Outbreak on Business and Society
The coronavirus outbreak has not only led to a massive loss of life globally but also altered social and economic structures in a manner that will persist for a long time. As the pandemic continues devastating communities across the globe, wealth has emerged as the best defense against catastrophes. Wealthy individuals have invested in systems that allow them to work from home to minimize interactions and avoid contracting the virus (Bonacini et al., 2021). Less wealthy individuals cannot afford to stay at home because most of them rely on daily wages to meet their basic needs. Additionally, low-income earners might not avoid interactions because most of them live in places with crowded housing. Moreover, Covid-19 has increased the health burden on low-income earners while decreasing job opportunities. Therefore, the pandemic is likely to exacerbate the economic inequality in society because the rich are amassing more wealth while the poor are suffering from high unemployment.
Besides increasing inequality, the pandemic will transform working habits in the future owing to company responses to regulations aimed at curbing the virus’s spread. At the onset of Covid-19, governments established regulations to restrict people's movement. These rules have changed business practices, promoting working from home and demonstrating the importance of technology in the corporate world. The change from working in offices to operating from home is likely to be permanent because most employers are beginning to question the purpose of a workplace. Over time, companies will establish effective policies to facilitate working from home, making it the new norm in business. Likewise, organizations will embrace technology more to serve customers who have shifted to online shopping to decrease physical interactions.
Reference
Bonacini, L., Gallo, G., & Scicchitano, S. (2021). Working from home and income inequality: Risks of a ‘new normal’ with COVID-19.
Journal of Population Economics, 34
(1), 303-360.
respond 2
ong Term Effects of COVID-19 on Business and Society
As we can and have seen, there have been and will continue to be long-term effects on how COVID-19 can and will impact business and society moving forward. Businesses will likely see a resurgence of possible re-closings. Depending on where you're located in our country, many businesses that were able to re-open may have to close again due to sparks in new COVID-19 cases. While it seems more people are no becoming vaccinated, the likelihood of this is still very evident. Many companies have learned from ini.
8 pagesSelect an agency of the US government and a specific pu.docxtaishao1
8 pages
Select an agency of the US government and a specific public policy issue. Discuss, in detail, the mission and vision of the agency. Why did you select this particular agency?
Broadly describe a current issue that your selected agency trying to solve. Make sure that you address the following questions:
What is the issue?
What evidence is there that it is an issue?
What are the players (both institutions and individuals)?
What are the possible solutions proposed?
What solution was selected and why?
What are the political implications of the public policy?
How does it impact our democratic system?
Are there any constitutional issues?
Please make sure that your paper has a thesis sentence and a conclusion.
.
8 pages Select an agency of the US government and a specific p.docxtaishao1
8 pages
Select an agency of the US government and a specific public policy issue. Discuss, in detail, the mission and vision of the agency. Why did you select this particular agency?
Broadly describe a current issue that your selected agency trying to solve. Make sure that you address the following questions:
What is the issue?
What evidence is there that it is an issue?
What are the players (both institutions and individuals)?
What are the possible solutions proposed?
What solution was selected and why?
What are the political implications of the public policy?
How does it impact our democratic system?
Are there any constitutional issues?
Please make sure that your paper has a thesis sentence and a conclusion.
.
8-1 Discussion Immigration LawsIt is a violation of the immigra.docxtaishao1
8-1 Discussion: Immigration Laws
It is a violation of the immigration laws to “bring” an illegal alien into the United States. Can a defendant who does not essentially or technically cross the border with an illegal alien be found guilty under these laws? What must the prosecution prove?
Review the posts of your fellow learners and respond to at least two. In your response posts, you must do one or more of the following:
Ask an analytical question.
Offer a suggestion.
Elaborate on a particular point.
Provide an alternative opinion supported with research.
Be sure to support your initial post and follow-up posts with scholarly examples from the module readings and additional literature where appropriate. You must cite all references according to APA style.
To complete this assignment, review the
Discussion Rubric
document.
.
776! CHAPTER 26 Rococo to Neoclassicism The 18th Century in E.docxtaishao1
776! CHAPTER 26 Rococo to Neoclassicism: The 18th Century in Europe and America
appealed greatly to Watteau’s
wealthy patrons, whom, even as
he was dying from tuberculosis,
he still depicted as carefree and
at leisure in his most unusual
painting, Signboard of Gersaint
(!"#. 26-7B).
François Boucher. A$er Watteau’s death brought his bril-
liant career to a premature end at age 36, F%&'()"* B)+,-.%
(1703–1770) rose to the dominant position in French painting, in
large part because he was Madame de Pompadour’s favorite artist.
Although Boucher was an excellent portraitist, his success rested
primarily on his canvases depicting shepherds, nymphs, and god-
desses gracefully cavorting in shady glens engulfed in pink and
sky-blue light. Cupid a Captive (!"#. 26-8) presents a rosy pyramid
of infant and female /esh set o0 against a cool, leafy background,
with /uttering draperies both hiding and revealing the nudity
of the 1gures. Boucher used the full range of Italian and French
Baroque devices—the dynamic play of crisscrossing diagonals,
curvilinear forms, and slanting recessions—to create his master-
ful composition. But he dissected powerful Baroque curves into a
multiplicity of decorative /ourishes, dissipating Baroque drama into
sensual playfulness. Lively and lighthearted, Boucher’s artful Rococo
In Pilgrimage to Cythera (!"#. 26-7),
luxuriously costumed lovers make a “pil-
grimage” to Cythera, the island of eternal
youth and love, sacred to Aphrodite. (Some
art historians think that the lovers are
returning from Cythera rather than having
just arrived. Watteau provided few clues to
settle the question de1nitively.) 2e elegant
1gures move gracefully from the protective
shade of a woodland park 1lled with play-
ful cupids and voluptuous statuary. 2e
poses of the 1gures, which blend elegance
and sweetness, are hallmarks of Watteau’s style, both in ambitious
multi1gure compositions such as Pilgrimage to Cythera and in
single-1gure studies such as L’Indi!érent (!"#. 26-7A).
Watteau prepared his paintings using albums of draw-
ings in which he sought to capture slow movement from di3cult
and unusual angles, searching for the smoothest, most poised, and
most re1ned attitudes. As he experimented with nuances of posture
and movement, Watteau also strove for the most exquisite shades of
color di0erence, de1ning in a single stroke the shimmer of silk at a
bent knee or the shine appearing on a glossy surface as it emerges
from shadow. 2e haze of color, the subtly modeled shapes, the
gliding motion, and the air of suave gentility tinged with nostalgia
26-7B WATTEAU, Signboard of
Gersaint, 1721.
26-7 A!"#$!% W&""%&', Pilgrimage to Cythera, 1717. Oil on canvas, 49 30 ( 69 4 120. Musée du Louvre, Paris.
Watteau’s fête galante paintings depict the outdoor amusements of French upper-class society. The haze of color suited the new
Rococo taste and was the hallmark of the Royal Academy’s Rubénistes.
26-7A WATT.
7 HYPOTHETICALS AND YOU TESTING YOUR QUESTIONS7 MEDIA LIBRARY.docxtaishao1
7 HYPOTHETICALS AND YOU TESTING YOUR QUESTIONS
7: MEDIA LIBRARY
Premium Videos
Core Concepts in Stats Video
· Probability and Hypothesis Testing
Lightboard Lecture Video
· Hypothesis Testing
Difficulty Scale
(don’t plan on going out tonight)
WHAT YOU WILL LEARN IN THIS CHAPTER
· Understanding the difference between a sample and a population
· Understanding the importance of the null and research hypotheses
· Using criteria to judge a good hypothesis
SO YOU WANT TO BE A SCIENTIST
You might have heard the term hypothesis used in other classes. You may even have had to formulate one for a research project you did for another class, or you may have read one or two in a journal article. If so, then you probably have a good idea what a hypothesis is. For those of you who are unfamiliar with this often-used term, a hypothesis is basically “an educated guess.” Its most important role is to reflect the general problem statement or question that was the motivation for asking the research question in the first place.
That’s why taking the care and time to formulate a really precise and clear research question is so important. This research question will guide your creation of a hypothesis, and in turn, the hypothesis will determine the techniques you will use to test it and answer the question that was originally asked.
So, a good hypothesis translates a problem statement or a research question into a format that makes it easier to examine. This format is called a hypothesis. We will talk about what makes a hypothesis a good one later in this chapter. Before that, let’s turn our attention to the difference between a sample and a population. This is an important distinction, because while hypotheses usually describe a population, hypothesis testing deals with a sample and then the results are generalized to the larger population. We also address the two main types of hypotheses (the null hypothesis and the research hypothesis). But first, let’s formally define some simple terms that we have used earlier in Statistics for People Who (Think They) Hate Statistics.
SAMPLES AND POPULATIONS
As a good scientist, you would like to be able to say that if Method A is better than Method B in your study, this is true forever and always and for all people in the universe, right? Indeed. And, if you do enough research on the relative merits of Methods A and B and test enough people, you may someday be able to say that.
But don’t get too excited, because it’s unlikely you will ever be able to speak with such confidence. It takes too much money ($$$) and too much time (all those people!) to do all that research, and besides, it’s not even necessary. Instead, you can just select a representative sample from the population and test your hypothesis about the relative merits of Methods A and B on that sample.
Given the constraints of never enough time and never enough research funds, with which almost all scientists live, the next best strategy is to take a portion of a lar.
78 CONTRADICTIONS The development of the cotton expo.docxtaishao1
78 "'""" CONTRADICTIONS
The development of the cotton export sector depended on
the appropriation of Indian lands and the expansion of slavery.
The major cotton-producing states-Alabama, Mississippi, and
Louisiana-were carved out of Indian territory. Tribe after tribe
in the South was forced to cede its lands to the federal government
and move west of the Mississippi River. Eleven treaties of cession
were negotiated with these tribes between 1814 and 1824; from
these agreements the United States acquired millions of acres
of lands, including one-fifth of Mississippi and three-quarters of
Alabama. Sales of Indian lands were followed by increases in the
slave population in Alabama, Mississippi, and Louisiana, and the
slave population by increases in cotton production.
Dominant in the export trade, cotton was crucial in the devel-
opment of interregional specialization. The capital derived from
the export of cotton to England and France helped to finance
enterprises throughout the economy and buttressed the industri-
alization of America.4
The Market Revolution created an even more diverse population,
for it led to the massive influx of laborers from Ireland, the incorpo•
ration of Mexicans with the annexation of the Southwest territories,
and then the migrations of the Chinese east to America. The inclu-
sion of these new groups of Calibans led to a greater "pluribus," a
more racially and culturally diverse "giddy multitude." The economy
fastened these different peoples to each other, their histories woven
into the tapestry of a greater "unum" called America. Working in
the textile mills of New England, Irish immigrant women manu-
factured fabric made from cotton grown on former Indian lands
and picked by enslaved African Americans; meanwhile, Irish immi-
grant men labored in New England shoe factories , making shoes
from hides shipped by Mexican workers in California. Chinese and
Irish railroad workers laid the transcontinental tracks that closed
the frontier and changed forever the lives of Indians in the West.
America was becoming a nation peopled by the world.
4
TOWARD "THE STONY
MOUNTAINS"
From Removal to Reservation
Andrew Jackson: "To . .. Tread on the
Graves of Extinct Nations"
ON FEBRUARY 16, 1803, President Thomas Jefferson wrote a letter to Andrew Jackson, a young political leader in Ten-nessee: the government should advise the Indians to sell
their "useless" forests and become farmers . Three decades later,
1H president himself, Jackson would forcibly remove even Indian
lu rmers to the West, toward "the Stony mountains."1
,Jackson's fortunes were tied to what happened to the Indians. In
1787, he moved from North Carolina to Nashville, where he prac-
1 iced law, opened stores, and engaged in land speculation - lands
I hat had originally belonged to Indians. Jackson paid $100 for
I wenty-five hundred acres at the Chickasaw bluffs on the Missis-
11 ppi a nd immediately sold halfofthis.
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptxJheel Barad
This presentation provides a briefing on how to upload submissions and documents in Google Classroom. It was prepared as part of an orientation for new Sainik School in-service teacher trainees. As a training officer, my goal is to ensure that you are comfortable and proficient with this essential tool for managing assignments and fostering student engagement.
Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
Phyto-Pharmacological Screening, New Strategies for evaluating
Natural Products, In vitro evaluation techniques for Antioxidants, Antimicrobial and Anticancer drugs. In vivo evaluation techniques
for Anti-inflammatory, Antiulcer, Anticancer, Wound healing, Antidiabetic, Hepatoprotective, Cardio protective, Diuretics and
Antifertility, Toxicity studies as per OECD guidelines
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
Acetabularia Information For Class 9 .docxvaibhavrinwa19
Acetabularia acetabulum is a single-celled green alga that in its vegetative state is morphologically differentiated into a basal rhizoid and an axially elongated stalk, which bears whorls of branching hairs. The single diploid nucleus resides in the rhizoid.
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
8 New Scientist 4 January 2020THE tropics are the most.docx
1. 8 | New Scientist | 4 January 2020
THE tropics are the most
biodiverse regions on Earth.
Now there is evidence that
they are also the main source
of evolutionary innovation
and diversity.
Complex animals have
dominated Earth for 541 million
years, a time span called the
Phanerozoic eon. Huge
numbers of species have
evolved and gone extinct
during this time, in a complex
story that includes fish, giant
reptiles and whales.
However, in the 1980s
palaeontologist John Sepkoski
analysed the overall pattern
of evolution in the sea,
where the fossil record is best.
He concluded that marine
evolutionary history could
be broken down into three
supergroups, which he called
“great evolutionary faunas”.
The first group was
dominated by trilobites,
2. which resembled woodlice,
and bristle worms; the second
by shellfish-like creatures called
brachiopods; and the third by
molluscs, which have persisted
to the present day. Other animals
like land mammals probably
followed similar patterns, but
their fossil record isn’t complete
enough for us to know.
Now, by analysing nearly
18,300 marine genera from
the Phanerozoic fossil record,
Alexis Rojas-Briceno of Umeå
University in Sweden and
his colleagues have found
that the evolution of
complex marine life is best
described using four great
groups of fauna, not three
(bioRxiv, doi.org/dg98).
The first supergroup existed
between 541 and 494 million
years ago, spanning the
Cambrian explosion in which
many animal groups first
emerged. As in the original
analysis, trilobites dominated.
The second supergroup,
dubbed the Palaeozoic, lasted
from 494 to 252 million years
ago. Creatures with hard outer
3. shells were now widespread,
including brachiopods. This
phase ended when the end-
Permian extinction wiped out
almost all complex life on Earth.
This matches Sepkoski’s
analysis, but the new study
splits his third great fauna into
two. In this version, the third
supergroup is called the
Mesozoic. It began in the wake
of the Permian extinction and
ended 129 million years ago, in
the middle of the dinosaur era.
This time cephalopods, the
group that includes squid
and octopuses, were the rulers.
The fourth and final
supergroup, the Cenozoic, is
still dominant today. During
this time, clams and snails have
made up much of the diversity.
The team found that all four
supergroups originated in the
tropics, then expanded through
the oceans. This is in line with
the idea that the tropics are
hotbeds of evolutionary
innovation, which has been
promoted by David Jablonski
at the University of Chicago.
It may be that the warmer
4. temperatures and ample
sunlight ensure there is plenty
of food to nourish a multitude
of species. However, John Alroy
at Macquarie University in
Australia isn’t convinced. “I have
always been sceptical about the
out-of-the-tropics hypothesis,
because they have never
seriously dealt with sampling
biases, as far as I know,” he says.
For Alroy, the problem is
that more fossils are known
from North America, Europe
and Asia, whereas we have
few from South America
and Africa. “That’s the
fundamental problem with
this kind of analysis, the
concentration of data in a part
of the world that has moved
significantly,” he says. ❚
DAYTIME exposure to bright light
seems to help improve sleep and
relieve some symptoms of dementia.
As we age, our eyes’ lenses grow
cloudier, so less light reaches cells in
the retina that connect to the brain’s
master clock. It is even worse for
older care home residents who
rarely venture outside, and who
are often exposed to light at night
to help keep them safe.
5. They can experience insomnia
and disrupted circadian rhythms,
which may present as excessive
daytime sleepiness, nocturnal
wandering and sundowning:
agitation and irritability during
late afternoon and early evening.
Since many care home residents
with dementia spend their daytimes
seated in communal areas, Mariana
Figueiro at the Lighting Research
Center, New York, and her colleagues
designed a light table that directs
light upwards. These were installed
in eight US care homes, along with
light boxes and floor lamps, to
deliver light bright and blue enough
to activate the circadian system.
The tables were used during
daytime hours by 46 residents with
moderate to late-stage dementia
for four weeks. In another four-
week period, they used a table with
dimmer lights in a more yellow hue.
The bluer lighting significantly
improved sleep quality, and reduced
depressive symptoms and agitation,
as assessed by the residents’
caregivers (Journal of Clinical
Sleep Medicine, doi.org/dg8v).
6. “They also told us that they
were eating better and they
were more social,” says Figueiro.
She suggests this means they are
getting better sleep, which affects
agitation and mood. ❚
Trilobites dominated
the first great wave
of marine life
Health Evolution
Linda Geddes Michael Marshall
IM
AG
EB
RO
KE
R
/A
LA
M
Y
ST
O
CK
P
H
7. O
TO
News
“ The lighting reduced
depressive symptoms
and agitation, and
improved sleep quality”
Tropical waters are an
evolutionary hotbed
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Neurobiology of Disease
Orexin-1 Receptor Signaling in Ventral Pallidum Regulates
Motivation for the Opioid Remifentanil
X Aida Mohammadkhani,1,2* X Jennifer E. Fragale,1* X
Caroline B. Pantazis,1,3 X Hannah E. Bowrey,1,4
X Morgan H. James,1,5 and X Gary Aston-Jones1
1Brain Health Institute, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New
Jersey 08854, 2School of Cognitive Sciences (SCS), Institute
for Research in Fundamental
Sciences (IPM), Tehran, Iran 19395-5746, 3Neurobiology of
Addiction Section, Integrative Neuroscience Research Branch,
National Institute on Drug
Abuse, Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of
8. Health, Baltimore, Maryland 21224, 4Save Sight Institute,
University of Sydney, New South
Wales, Australia 2000, and 5Florey Institute of Neuroscience
and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
3052
Signaling at the orexin-1 receptor (OxR1) is important for
motivated drug taking. Using a within-session behavioral
economics (BE)
procedure, we previously found that pharmacologic blockade of
the OxR1 decreased motivation (increased demand elasticity)
for the
potent and short-acting opioid remifentanil and reduced low-
effort remifentanil consumption. However, the mechanism
through which
orexin regulates remifentanil demand is currently unknown.
Previous work implicated OxR1 signaling within ventral
pallidum (VP) as a
potential target. VP is densely innervated by orexin fibers and
is known to regulate opioid reward. Accordingly, this study
sought to
determine the role of VP OxR1 signaling in remifentanil
demand and cue-induced reinstatement of remifentanil seeking
in male rats.
Intra-VP microinjections of the OxR1 antagonist SB-334867
(SB) decreased motivation (increased demand elasticity; �) for
remifentanil
without affecting remifentanil consumption at low effort.
Baseline � values predicted the degree of cue-induced
remifentanil seeking, and
microinjection of SB into VP attenuated this behavior without
affecting extinction responding. Baseline � values also
predicted SB
efficacy, such that SB was most effective in attenuating
reinstatement behavior in highly motivated rats. Together, these
findings support
9. a selective role for VP OxR1 signaling in motivation for the
opioid remifentanil. Our findings also highlight the utility of
BE in predicting
relapse propensity and efficacy of treatment with OxR1
antagonists.
Key words: behavioral economics; opioids; orexin; ventral
pallidum
Introduction
Opioid addiction has become a major health crisis (Compton
and Volkow, 2006; Smith et al., 2009; Lewis et al., 2017;
Volkow
and Collins, 2017; Dobbs and Fogger, 2018). A better under-
standing of the neurobiological mechanisms underlying this dis-
order is necessary to develop novel clinical treatments. Orexins
(hypocretins) are neuropeptides exclusively produced by neu-
rons in the hypothalamus that project broadly throughout the
Received Jan. 7, 2019; revised Sept. 30, 2019; accepted Oct. 2,
2019.
Author contributions: A.M., M.H.J., and G.A.-J. designed
research; A.M. and J.E.F. performed research; A.M.,
J.E.F., C.B.P., M.H.J., H.E.B., and G.A.-J. analyzed data; A.M.
wrote the first draft of the paper; A.M. and M.H.J. wrote
the paper; J.E.F., C.B.P., M.H.J., H.E.B., and G.A.-J. edited the
paper.
This work was supported by the Institute for Research in
Fundamental Sciences (IPM), an Institutional Research
and Academic Career Development Award–National Institutes
of Health (Postdoctoral Fellowship K12 GM093854),
the National Health and Medical Research Council of Australia
(C.J. Martin Fellowships 1072706 and 1128089), and
11. 9840 • 9831
mailto:[email protected]
central nervous system and regulate a wide range of behaviors
including drug seeking (Sakurai et al., 1998a; de Lecea et al.,
1998;
Harris et al., 2005). Signaling at the OxR1 has been implicated
in
a variety of drug-seeking behaviors and plays a critical role in
opioid addiction (Narita et al., 2006; Sharf et al., 2010; Baimel
et
al., 2015). We found that stimulation of lateral hypothalamus
(LH) orexin neurons reinstated extinguished morphine seeking
and that systemic pretreatment with the selective orexin-1
recep-
tor (OxR1) antagonist SB-334867 (SB) blocked this effect
(Harris
et al., 2005). We also reported that systemic blockade of OxR1s
attenuated cue-induced reinstatement of heroin, fentanyl, and
remifentanil seeking (Smith and Aston-Jones, 2012; Porter-
Stransky et al., 2017; Fragale et al., 2019). Using within-session
behavioral economics (BE) procedures, we recently found that
systemic OxR1 antagonism decreased demand for fentanyl and
remifentanil (Porter-Stransky et al., 2017; Fragale et al., 2019).
Together, these results support a role for OxR1 signaling in opi-
oid addiction. However, the brain sites at which OxR1 signaling
regulates opioid reward remain unknown.
Ventral pallidum (VP) represents a potential target for OxR1
signaling in opioid addiction. VP is densely innervated by
orexin
fibers (Peyron et al., 1998; Baldo et al., 2003) and expresses
both
OxR1s and OxR2s (Marcus et al., 2001). VP inactivation de-
12. creases heroin consumption under high-effort schedules of rein-
forcement (Hubner and Koob, 1990) and blocks expression of
morphine conditioned place preference (Dallimore et al., 2006).
Together, these studies suggest a potential role for VP OxR1
sig-
naling in opioid reward.
In the present study, we test the hypothesis that VP OxR1
signaling regulates demand for the ultra-short-acting opioid
remifentanil using a within-session BE procedure. We also
inves-
tigate the role of VP OxR1 signaling in cue-induced reinstate-
ment of remifentanil seeking. The short half-life of remifentanil
makes it ideal for within-session BE testing (Glass et al., 1999),
and the abuse liability of remifentanil makes it an important
opioid to study (Zacny and Galinkin, 1999; Baylon et al., 2000;
Panlilio and Schindler, 2000; Levine and Bryson, 2010). We
first
sought to confirm the results of our previous study, which found
that systemic administration of the selective OxR1 antagonist
SB
reduced remifentanil demand as well as cue-induced remifenta-
nil seeking. We then compared these effects with those after
intra-VP microinfusions of SB. In agreement with our previous
study, systemic SB reduced motivation (increased demand elas-
ticity; �) and decreased low effort consumption of remifentanil.
In contrast, intra-VP SB decreased motivation without affecting
low-effort consumption of remifentanil. Both systemic and
intra-VP SB attenuated cue-induced reinstatement of remifenta-
nil seeking. Together, our findings point to a critical role for
VP
OxR1 signaling in motivation for opioid reward.
Materials and Methods
Subjects. Male Sprague Dawley rats (275–300 g; Charles River
Laborato-
13. ries) were single-housed and maintained under a 12 h reverse
light/dark
cycle (lights off at 08:00 h) in a temperature and humidity-
controlled
animal facility at Rutgers University. Food and water were
available ad
libitum. Rats were handled daily after a 3 d acclimation period
to the
facility. All experimental procedures were approved by the
Rutgers Insti-
tutional Animal Care and Use Committee and were conducted
according
to the National Institutes of Health’s Guide for the Care and
Use of
Laboratory Animals.
Drugs. Remifentanil and the selective OxR1 antagonist SB-
334867
(SB) were generously donated by the National Institute of Drug
Abuse.
Remifentanil was dissolved in 0.9% sterile saline for
intravenous self-
administration. For systemic administration, SB was prepared as
de-
scribed previously and injected intraperitoneally at a volume of
4.0 ml/kg
(Bentzley and Aston-Jones, 2015; Porter-Stransky et al., 2017;
James et
al., 2018b, 2019; Fragale et al., 2019). For intra-VP
microinjections, SB
was dissolved in sterile artificial CSF (aCSF) to a concentration
of 0.1, 0.5,
and 1 mM, as described previously (Mahler et al., 2013).
Intravenous catheter and stereotaxic surgery. Rats were
14. implanted with
indwelling jugular vein catheters, as described previously
(Smith et al.,
2009). In a subset of rats, bilateral stainless steel guide
cannulae (22G,
Plastics One) were implanted 2 mm dorsal to caudal VP (�0.8
mm
posterior, �2.6 mm lateral, �7.5 mm ventral, relative to bregma
(Paxi-
nos and Watson, 1998). Cannulae were secured to the skull
using jewel-
er’s screws and dental acrylic, and stylets were placed into the
guide
cannula to prevent occlusion. Here, we specifically targeted the
caudal
subregion of the VP (cVP) as this region contains the greatest
density of
orexin fibers (Baldo et al., 2003).
Self-administration training. Self-administration training
occurred in
Med Associates operant chambers (Med Associates), fitted with
2 levers
(active and inactive), a stimulus light located directly above the
active
lever, speaker, and house light. Operant boxes were housed in
individual
sound-attenuating chambers, and all boxes were controlled by
Med-PC
IV software (Med Associates). Self-administration training was
per-
formed in 2 h sessions on a fixed-ratio (FR-1) schedule, as
described
previously (Porter-Stransky et al., 2017). Briefly, a response on
the active
lever resulted in a 4 s infusion of 1 �g of intravenous
15. remifentanil, paired
with light and tone. Each infusion was followed by a 20 s time-
out sig-
naled by termination of the house light. Responses on the
inactive lever
had no consequences. Training sessions terminated after 2 h or
80 infu-
sions, whichever occurred first. Rats were trained for a
minimum of
six sessions and to a criterion of �25 infusions for three
consecutive
sessions.
BE procedure. Remifentanil demand was assessed using a
within-
session BE procedure, as described previously (Porter-Stransky
et al.,
2017). Briefly, rats were tested in 110 min sessions where the
dose of
remifentanil per infusion was decreased in successive 10 min
bins on a
quarter logarithmic scale (2, 1, 0.6, 0.3, 0.2, 0.1 0.06, 0.03,
0.02, 0.01, and
0.006 �g/infusion). Each infusion was paired with light and
tone, and
responses on the inactive lever were not reinforced. Unlike FR-
1 self-
administration training, timeout periods did not follow
infusions.
Demand curves were fit to the data for each session for
individual
subjects using the exponential demand equation and least sum
of squares
approach (Hursh and Silberberg, 2008), as described previously
(Bentz-
16. ley et al., 2013, 2014; Porter-Stransky et al., 2017). Demand
parameters
Q0 and � were assessed. Q0 depicts the theoretical consumption
of drug
when no effort is required and � is a measure of demand
elasticity (price
sensitivity of consumption) and is an inverse measure of
motivation
(Hursh and Silberberg, 2008). Rats were trained for a minimum
of 6 d
and until stable demand was observed before any
pharmacological ma-
nipulation. Animals were considered stable when demand
parameters
(Q0 and � values) varied by �25% across three consecutive
sessions. Rats
were given a minimum of 3 d between testing to ensure a return
to
baseline demand.
Extinction and cue-induced reinstatement. Rats were exposed to
2 h
extinction sessions during which responses on the active lever
were no
longer reinforced (no infusion or cues). Rats were trained for a
minimum
of seven sessions and until responding in the last three sessions
was �25
presses. During reinstatement tests, presses on the active lever
were
paired with remifentanil-associated cues (light and tone). Rats
received
at least two extinction sessions with responding �25 presses
between
reinstatement tests.
17. Systemic injections. A subset of rats received intraperitoneal
injections
of vehicle or SB (30 mg/kg) 30 min before BE testing and cue-
induced
reinstatement in a counterbalanced design. SB (30 mg/kg) was
tested as
lower doses of SB (10 mg/kg) were previously found to be
ineffective at
altering remifentanil demand and reinstatement (Porter-Stransky
et al.,
2017).
Dorsal control and VP microinfusions. Intra-VP microinjections
were
performed in a separate group of rats. Control microinjections
of SB (1.0
mM; highest concentration microinfused into VP) were first
performed
1.8 mm dorsal to VP (0.2 mm below the tip of the guide
cannula) to
9832 • J. Neurosci., December 4, 2019 • 39(49):9831–9840
Mohammadkhani, Fragale et al. • OxR1 Signaling in VP
Mediates Remifentanil Demand
A
B C D
E F G
H I J
Figure 1. Effect of systemic OxR1 blockade on demand and
18. reinstatement for remifentanil. A, Timeline for behavioral
training and testing. B, Active and inactive lever responding on
the final 6 d
of FR1 self-administration training. Rats (n � 11) readily
learned to discriminate between the active and inactive levers
and made significantly more active vs inactive lever presses
across
the final 4 self-administration sessions (mixed-design ANOVA
with Bonferroni comparison; *p � 0.05, **p � 0.001). C,
Number of remifentanil infusions earned across the final 6 d of
FR1 self-administration training. A significant escalation of
intake was observed across training (rm-ANOVA; p � 0.0003).
D, After self-administration training, rats (n � 10) were trained
and tested on a within-session BE procedure. Figure depicts a
representative demand curve for a single animal during a
remifentanil BE session. E, Baseline Q0 (intake at null cost)
and � (demand
elasticity) values of each animal were negatively correlated
(linear regression; p � 0.031). F, When administered before BE
testing, SB (30 mg/kg, i.p.) increased demand (Figure legend
continues.)
Mohammadkhani, Fragale et al. • OxR1 Signaling in VP
Mediates Remifentanil Demand J. Neurosci., December 4, 2019
• 39(49):9831–9840 • 9833
confirm that behavior changes with intra-VP injections were not
due to
diffusion of SB along the cannula tract. Mock microinjections
were per-
formed 24 h before initial intra-VP microinjections by inserting
bilateral
injectors (28G) into VP (2 mm below the guide cannulae) and
keeping
19. the injectors in place for 1 min. To determine the effects of
intra-VP SB
on remifentanil demand, rats received microinfusions of 0.3
�l/side
aCSF or SB (0.1, 0.5, or 1.0 mM) 5 min before BE tests.
Different SB
concentrations were assessed in separate groups of rats; this was
done to
limit the number of repeated microinfusions per site. In addition
to SB,
all groups received aCSF control infusions (counterbalanced).
Dorsal
control injections were only performed in rats that received 1.0
mM
intra-VP SB.
To test the effects of intra-VP SB on cue-induced reinstatement
of
remifentanil seeking, rats received microinfusions of 0.3
�l/side aCSF or
SB (0.5, and 1.0 mM) 5 min before reinstatement tests. Again,
separate
groups of rats were used to test each dose. To test for
nonspecific effects
of the injection on responding, a separate group of rats also
received
intra-VP aCSF or SB 5 min before an extinction session
(between-
subjects design). These tests took place after a minimum of
seven extinc-
tion sessions, and after the number of active lever responses
was �25
presses and differed by �25% across three consecutive sessions.
After
testing, these rats received three additional extinction sessions
before
20. reinstatement testing.
All microinfusions took place over 70 s and injectors were left
in place
for 1 min after infusions to limit backflow of the injectate.
Microinfu-
sions were administered via polyethylene tubing connected to
gastight 10
�l Hamilton syringes set in an infusion pump (model 975,
Harvard
Apparatus). SB doses tested here were selected based on prior
publica-
tions (Harris et al., 2007; España et al., 2010; James et al.,
2011; Mahler et
al., 2013).
Locomotor control tests. A separate group of rats were given
locomotor
activity tests before extinction training or after reinstatement
testing in a
counterbalanced design. Locomotor activity was assessed as
described
previously (McGlinchey et al., 2016; James et al., 2018a).
Briefly, rats were
first acclimated to locomotor chambers (clear acrylic, 40 � 40
� 30 cm)
with Digiscan monitors (AccuScan Instruments) for 2 h. The
next day,
rats received a counterbalanced microinjection of either SB (1.0
mM) or
aCSF 5 min before the same locomotor test in a counterbalanced
design.
Total, horizontal, and vertical locomotor activities were
recorded using
beam beaks. Rats underwent a 1 d washout period between
locomotor
21. test sessions, in which they were placed in the locomotor
chamber but did
not receive treatment. Altogether, rats received a maximum of
six micro-
injections.
Localization of injection sites. After the final behavioral test,
rats were
deeply anesthetized with ketamine/xylazine (56.6/8.7 mg/kg)
and bi-
lateral microinfusions of pontamine sky blue were performed
(0.3
�l/side). Brains were removed and flash-frozen in 2-
methylbutane,
cut on a cryostat into 40-�m-thick frontal sections, mounted on
glass
slides, Nissl-stained with neutral red, and coverslipped to
localize
cannula tract damage and verify injection sites. Subjects with
cannu-
lae implanted outside the cVP (AP 0.0 to �0.8 mm relative to
bregma)
or with excessive damage along the cannula track were excluded
from
all analyses (n � 6).
Data analysis. Data are expressed as mean values � 1 SEM.
Statistics
were performed using GraphPad Prism for Mac version 7 and
SPSS
Statistics (V19) with an � level of 0.05. FR-1 self-
administration and
extinction data were analyzed using mixed-design ANOVAs
with Bon-
ferroni corrections as post hoc tests. Demand parameters (Q0
22. and �) were
expressed as percentage change relative to baseline, which was
the aver-
age of the three sessions immediately before the first test.
Paired-sample
t tests were performed to determine the effects of systemic and
intra-VP
SB on remifentanil demand, cue-induced reinstatement, and
locomotor
activity. Bonferroni corrections were applied when multiple t
tests
were performed. Student’s t test was performed to determine
whether
Q0 or � values differed from baseline after dorsal control
injections.
The effects of systemic and intra-VP SB were assessed using
one-way
repeated-measures (rm)-ANOVAs with Bonferroni corrections
as
post hoc tests. The effects of intra-VP SB on extinction
responding
were assessed using independent-samples t tests. A linear
regression
was used to correlate individual Q0 and � values. For multiple
linear
regression analyses, Q0 and � values were set as the
independent
variables, with the dependent variables being active lever
responses
during cued reinstatement or the difference in responding
between
SB and vehicle treatments.
Results
Systemic blockade of OxR1s reduced remifentanil demand
and cue-induced reinstatement of remifentanil seeking
23. Figure 1A outlines the experimental timeline of behavioral test-
ing. During FR-1 self-administration training, rats (n � 11)
made
more responses on the active than the inactive lever (mixed-
design ANOVA; main effect of lever type: F(11,131) � 3.501, p
�
0.0003) beginning on the third session (Bonferroni correction,
p � 0.017) and lasting throughout the remaining training
sessions (Fig. 1B). Remifentanil infusions also increased across
training (Fig. 1C; rm-ANOVA; F(5,65) � 11.64, p � 0.0003).
Once FR1 self-administration was acquired, rats (n � 10)
were trained on a within-session BE procedure to assess demand
for remifentanil. Figure 1D shows a demand curve generated
with
this procedure for a representative rat and session. A significant
inverse correlation was observed between baseline demand elas-
ticity (�) and preferred intake at null cost (Q0; Fig. 1E; linear
regression; r � �0.678, p � 0.031), such that individuals with
high Q0 values were less sensitive to changes in price.
Consistent
with our previous findings, blockade of OxR1s with SB (30
mg/kg)
significantly increased demand elasticity (increased �; paired-
samples t test; Fig. 1F; t(9) � 2.551, p � 0.031, d � 0.806) and
reduced remifentanil consumption at null cost (Q0; Fig. 1G;
paired-samples t test; t(9) � 2.382, p � 0.041, d � 0.753) com-
pared with vehicle. Baseline � and Qo values did not differ be-
tween tests (�; paired-samples t tests; first vs last injection;
t(9) �
1.188, p � 0.265, d � 0.376; Q0; paired-samples t tests; first vs
last
injection; t(9) � 1.619, p � 0.140, d � 0.512).
After BE testing, rats (n � 9) underwent extinction training
and testing for cue-induced reinstatement of remifentanil
24. seeking. Lever press responding decreased over the first seven
extinction sessions (Fig. 1H; mixed-design ANOVA; main
effect
of Session F(1,8) � 43.01, p � 0.0002). After reaching
extinction
criterion, rats were given an injection of vehicle or SB (30
mg/kg,
i.p.) before reinstatement tests. An rm-ANOVA and post hoc
analysis revealed that the presentation of remifentanil-
associated
cues induced a significant reinstatement of drug seeking as mea-
sured by increased responding on the active lever (rm-ANOVA,
F(2,16) � 9.182, p � 0.002, �
2 � 0.534; extinction vs vehicle,
Bonferroni correction, p � 0.002; d � 1.21; Fig. 1I ). SB
signifi-
cantly reduced active lever presses compared with vehicle (SB
vs
vehicle; Bonferroni correction, p � 0.011; d � 1.560). Changes
in
inactive lever responding were not observed (Fig. 1J; rm-
ANOVA; F(2,16) � 0.260, p � 0.773, �
2 � 0.032).
4
(Figure legend continued.) elasticity (�;decreased motivation;
paired-samples t tests; *p �
0.031). G, SB (30 mg/kg, i.p.) also decreased remifentanil
consumption at null cost (Q0; paired-
samples t tests; *p � 0.041). H, After BE testing, rats (n � 9)
underwent extinction training.
Lever presses decreased significantly across the 7 extinction
sessions (mixed-design ANOVA;
25. p � 0.0002). I, After extinction training, rats were tested for
cued reinstatement of
remifentanil-seeking. After vehicle treatment, presentation of
remifentanil-associated cues
resulted in a significant reinstatement of active lever pressing
compared with extinction (rm-
ANOVA with Bonferroni comparison; *p � 0.002). This
reinstatement of responding was sig-
nificantly attenuated by pretreatment with SB (30 mg/kg, i.p.;
Bonferroni comparison; *p �
0.011). J, SB had no effect on inactive lever presses during
reinstatement testing (rm-ANOVA;
p � 0.773).
9834 • J. Neurosci., December 4, 2019 • 39(49):9831–9840
Mohammadkhani, Fragale et al. • OxR1 Signaling in VP
Mediates Remifentanil Demand
A
B C D
E F G
H I J K
Figure 2. Intra-VP microinjections of SB decreased motivation
and attenuated reinstatement of remifentanil seeking. A,
Timeline for behavioral procedure. B, Schematic depicting the
location of injector tips
for intra-VP microinfusions of SB (top) and a representative
photomicrograph of cannula injection sites (neutral red Nissl
stain, frontal section, midline at center; bottom). Top figure
adapted from Paxinos and
26. Watson (1998). The same animals received intra-VP SB 1 mM
also received control injections 1.8 mm dorsal to the injections
sites depicted here. C, Rats were trained to self-administer
remifentanil on an FR1
schedule. Data reflect the final 6 d of self-administration
training. Rats (n � 25) readily learned to discriminate between
the active and inactive levers and made significantly more
active vs inactive lever presses
across the final 5 self-administration sessions (mixed-design
ANOVA with Bonferroni comparison; ***p � 0.0001). D, The
number of remifentanil infusions earned increased significantly
across the FR1 training
period (rm-ANOVA; p � 0.0001). E, After self-administration
training, rats were trained and tested on a within-session BE
procedure. Rats received intra-VP microinjections for SB
immediately before testing on
the BE paradigm SB dose-dependently increased demand
elasticity (�); a significant increase in � values occurred after
0.5 mM (n � 8; paired-samples t test; *p � 0.0002) and 1.0 mM
SB (n � 14;
paired-samples t test; *p � 0.003). No difference was observed
after 0.1 mM SB (n � 5). There was also no effect of SB (1.0
mM) when infused 1.8 mm dorsal to VP. F, Intra-VP SB had no
effect on remifentanil
consumption at null cost (Q0). G, After BE testing, rats (n�25)
underwent extinction training. Again, responding decreased
significantly across the 7 extinction sessions (mixed-design
ANOVA; p�0.0001). H, When tested in
late extinction, intra-VP SB (n�7; 1.0 mM) had no significant
effect on active lever pressing compared with aCSF controls
(n�6; independent-samples t test; p�0.912). I, Similarly, intra-
VP SB had no effect on inactive lever
pressing in late extinction (n � 6; independent-samples t test; p
� 0.209). J, After extinction training, rats were tested for cued
reinstatement of remifentanil seeking. After intra-VP
microinjections (Figure legend continues.)
27. Mohammadkhani, Fragale et al. • OxR1 Signaling in VP
Mediates Remifentanil Demand J. Neurosci., December 4, 2019
• 39(49):9831–9840 • 9835
Antagonism of OxR1s in VP selectively reduced motivation
for remifentanil and attenuated cue-induced reinstatement of
remifentanil seeking
We next sought to determine the role of VP OxR1 signaling in
demand for remifentanil. Figure 2A outlines the experimental
timeline of behavioral testing, and Figure 2B illustrates VP can-
nulae placements. Similar to the prior group, rats (n � 25)
readily
acquired remifentanil FR1 self-administration, making more re-
sponses on the active than the inactive lever across the final 5
sessions (Fig. 2C; mixed-design ANOVA; main effect of lever
type
(F(5,24) � 53.24, p � 0.0001, Bonferroni post hoc comparisons
p �
0.0001). Similarly, remifentanil infusions increased across
train-
ing (Fig. 2D; rm-ANOVA; F(5,120) � 29.41, p � 0.0001).
Next, rats (n � 22) were trained and tested on the within-
session BE procedure for remifentanil. Again, a significant
inverse
correlation was observed between baseline demand elasticity
(�) and
remifentanil consumption at null cost (Q0; linear regression;
r-0.8405, p � 0.0002; data not shown). Dorsal control microin-
fusion of SB (1.0 mM, n � 14) had no effect on demand
elasticity
(Student’s t test; t(13) � 1.663, p � 0.1202, d � 0.497) or con-
sumption at null cost (Student’s t test, t(13) � 1.663, p � 0.119;
28. d � 0.447).
Microinfusion of SB into VP dose-dependently increased de-
mand elasticity (�; Fig. 2E). Microinfusion of 0.5 mM (n � 8)
or
1.0 mM SB (n � 14) into cVP significantly increased demand
elasticity relative to their respective aCSF controls (paired-
samples t tests; SB 0.5 mM vs aCSF t7 � 7.059, p � 0.0002, d
�
2.50; SB 1.0 mM vs aCSF t(13) � 3.643, p � 0.003, d � 0.974).
Microinfusion of 0.1 mM SB (n � 5) had no effect on demand
elasticity (paired-samples t test, t4 � 1.269, p � 0.273, d �
0.568).
Notably, in contrast to systemic injections of SB, intra-VP
micro-
infusions of SB had no effect on Q0 (Fig. 2F; paired-samples t
tests; SB 0.1 mM vs aCSF t4 � 0.656, p � 0.548, 0.293; SB 0.5
mM
vs aCSF t7 � 0.190, p � 0.855, d � 0.0670; SB 1.0 mM vs
aCSF
t(13) � 0.627, p � 0.542, d � 0.167). Baseline � and Qo values
did
not differ between tests (�; paired-samples t tests; first vs last
microinfusion; t(21) � 1.506, p � 0.147, d � 0.321; Qo; paired-
samples t tests; first vs last microinfusion; t(21) � 1.086, p �
0.289,
d � 0.232).
We next sought to determine the role of VP OxR1 signaling in
cue-induced …
Guidelines for preparing your New Scientist-style article
Overview: Prepare a journalistic style scientific magazine
article (i.e., New
29. Scientist-style article). The article should review and critique
the Journal of
Neuroscience article provided to you in a style accessible to a
non-expert
readership.
• 750 words (excluding any text associated with diagrams or
figure).
Brief info about the topic:
• New Scientist is general readership scientific publication
written in a
journalistic style that it is accessible to non-expert readers.
These
articles usually promote a specific scientific discovery in a
positive light.
Your article should adhere to these principles; you should
assume that
the reader has a degree level education, although not necessarily
in
science.
• The use of non-scientific language, simplification of concepts,
diagrams
and analogies is actively encouraged. Use of acronyms and
scientific
jargon should be minimized as much as possible, again unless
clearly
defined and explained.
• Your article should adhere to the formatting and styling of
New
Scientist.
• The Journal of Neuroscience article you have been provided
with, as
30. well as possibly 1 or 2 other related papers should be the only
in-text
citations.
Cite the articles/source material as part of the narrative, not in
Harvard style (e.g. a study led by Professor X at the University
of
Sydney…).
• No bibliography is required.
Marking criteria
1. PRESENTATION STYLE, WRITING AND EXPRESSION:
Did the student present the essay in a written style suitable for
publication in
New Scientist, with adherence to formatting and styling? Did
the
student use language appropriate for non-experts, simplify
concepts,
and write in a journalistic, not scholarly, style. Does the essay
have a
high standard of punctuation and grammar? Are the sentences
structured correctly? Is the essay free from typographical
errors? Is the
use of abbreviations minimal? Are capitalisations used
correctly?
2. ORGANISATION: Did the student organise the article in a
logical order.
Is there a clear flow of ideas? For example, is there an
31. introductory
paragraph that gives background information, clearly articulates
the
aims, and leads into the main body of the article? Is there a
concluding/summary paragraph?
3. RESEARCH ANALYSIS:
Is there evidence that the student hascritically evaluated the
research? Is there evidence that they understand the significance
and limitations of the study? Do they
highlight the strengths, weaknesses and future studies that are
required to substantiate any claims made? Is there evidence of
the
student’s own evaluation of the quality and reliability of the
data?
4. RESEARCH CONCLUSIONS: Did the student demonstrate a
unique
synthesis of ideas, by examining related works, in order to
generate
their own conclusions?
5. OVERALL IMPACT: Did the article leave a lasting
impression on the
reader? Is the reader left engaged by the article and likely to
want to
find out more? Were there any novel features of the article not
classified elsewhere?