1. The document lists notable Filipino and foreign scientists.
2. The Filipino scientists contributed to areas like nutrition, agriculture, medicine, and technology. Their work helped address issues in the Philippines.
3. The foreign scientists included Anders Celsius, Thomas Edison, Nicolaus Copernicus, and Benjamin Franklin, known for their contributions to astronomy, physics, and invention.
Lee-Chua (2000) identified 10 outstanding Filipino scientists who have made significant contributions in Philippine science. These scientists are also famous abroad in different science disciplines: agriculture, mathematics, physics, medicine marine science, chemistry, engineering and biology.
Lee-Chua (2000) identified 10 outstanding Filipino scientists who have made significant contributions in Philippine science. These scientists are also famous abroad in different science disciplines: agriculture, mathematics, physics, medicine marine science, chemistry, engineering and biology.
Science and technology studies, or science, technology and society studies (STS) is the study of how society, politics, and culture affect scientific research and technological innovation, and how these, in turn, affect society, politics and culture.
MGA NATATANGING PILIPINO SA IBA'T IBANG LARANGANasa net
MGA NATATANGING PILIPINO
SA IBA'T IBANG LARANGAN
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Science and technology studies, or science, technology and society studies (STS) is the study of how society, politics, and culture affect scientific research and technological innovation, and how these, in turn, affect society, politics and culture.
MGA NATATANGING PILIPINO SA IBA'T IBANG LARANGANasa net
MGA NATATANGING PILIPINO
SA IBA'T IBANG LARANGAN
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8 New Scientist 4 January 2020THE tropics are the most.docxtaishao1
8 | New Scientist | 4 January 2020
THE tropics are the most
biodiverse regions on Earth.
Now there is evidence that
they are also the main source
of evolutionary innovation
and diversity.
Complex animals have
dominated Earth for 541 million
years, a time span called the
Phanerozoic eon. Huge
numbers of species have
evolved and gone extinct
during this time, in a complex
story that includes fish, giant
reptiles and whales.
However, in the 1980s
palaeontologist John Sepkoski
analysed the overall pattern
of evolution in the sea,
where the fossil record is best.
He concluded that marine
evolutionary history could
be broken down into three
supergroups, which he called
“great evolutionary faunas”.
The first group was
dominated by trilobites,
which resembled woodlice,
and bristle worms; the second
by shellfish-like creatures called
brachiopods; and the third by
molluscs, which have persisted
to the present day. Other animals
like land mammals probably
followed similar patterns, but
their fossil record isn’t complete
enough for us to know.
Now, by analysing nearly
18,300 marine genera from
the Phanerozoic fossil record,
Alexis Rojas-Briceno of Umeå
University in Sweden and
his colleagues have found
that the evolution of
complex marine life is best
described using four great
groups of fauna, not three
(bioRxiv, doi.org/dg98).
The first supergroup existed
between 541 and 494 million
years ago, spanning the
Cambrian explosion in which
many animal groups first
emerged. As in the original
analysis, trilobites dominated.
The second supergroup,
dubbed the Palaeozoic, lasted
from 494 to 252 million years
ago. Creatures with hard outer
shells were now widespread,
including brachiopods. This
phase ended when the end-
Permian extinction wiped out
almost all complex life on Earth.
This matches Sepkoski’s
analysis, but the new study
splits his third great fauna into
two. In this version, the third
supergroup is called the
Mesozoic. It began in the wake
of the Permian extinction and
ended 129 million years ago, in
the middle of the dinosaur era.
This time cephalopods, the
group that includes squid
and octopuses, were the rulers.
The fourth and final
supergroup, the Cenozoic, is
still dominant today. During
this time, clams and snails have
made up much of the diversity.
The team found that all four
supergroups originated in the
tropics, then expanded through
the oceans. This is in line with
the idea that the tropics are
hotbeds of evolutionary
innovation, which has been
promoted by David Jablonski
at the University of Chicago.
It may be that the warmer
temperatures and ample
sunlight ensure there is plenty
of food to nourish a multitude
of species. However, John Alroy
at Macquarie University in
Australia isn’t convinced. “I have
always been sceptical about the
out-of-the-tropics hypothesis,
because they have never
seriously dealt with sampling
biases, as far .
8 New Scientist 4 January 2020THE tropics are the most.docxevonnehoggarth79783
8 | New Scientist | 4 January 2020
THE tropics are the most
biodiverse regions on Earth.
Now there is evidence that
they are also the main source
of evolutionary innovation
and diversity.
Complex animals have
dominated Earth for 541 million
years, a time span called the
Phanerozoic eon. Huge
numbers of species have
evolved and gone extinct
during this time, in a complex
story that includes fish, giant
reptiles and whales.
However, in the 1980s
palaeontologist John Sepkoski
analysed the overall pattern
of evolution in the sea,
where the fossil record is best.
He concluded that marine
evolutionary history could
be broken down into three
supergroups, which he called
“great evolutionary faunas”.
The first group was
dominated by trilobites,
which resembled woodlice,
and bristle worms; the second
by shellfish-like creatures called
brachiopods; and the third by
molluscs, which have persisted
to the present day. Other animals
like land mammals probably
followed similar patterns, but
their fossil record isn’t complete
enough for us to know.
Now, by analysing nearly
18,300 marine genera from
the Phanerozoic fossil record,
Alexis Rojas-Briceno of Umeå
University in Sweden and
his colleagues have found
that the evolution of
complex marine life is best
described using four great
groups of fauna, not three
(bioRxiv, doi.org/dg98).
The first supergroup existed
between 541 and 494 million
years ago, spanning the
Cambrian explosion in which
many animal groups first
emerged. As in the original
analysis, trilobites dominated.
The second supergroup,
dubbed the Palaeozoic, lasted
from 494 to 252 million years
ago. Creatures with hard outer
shells were now widespread,
including brachiopods. This
phase ended when the end-
Permian extinction wiped out
almost all complex life on Earth.
This matches Sepkoski’s
analysis, but the new study
splits his third great fauna into
two. In this version, the third
supergroup is called the
Mesozoic. It began in the wake
of the Permian extinction and
ended 129 million years ago, in
the middle of the dinosaur era.
This time cephalopods, the
group that includes squid
and octopuses, were the rulers.
The fourth and final
supergroup, the Cenozoic, is
still dominant today. During
this time, clams and snails have
made up much of the diversity.
The team found that all four
supergroups originated in the
tropics, then expanded through
the oceans. This is in line with
the idea that the tropics are
hotbeds of evolutionary
innovation, which has been
promoted by David Jablonski
at the University of Chicago.
It may be that the warmer
temperatures and ample
sunlight ensure there is plenty
of food to nourish a multitude
of species. However, John Alroy
at Macquarie University in
Australia isn’t convinced. “I have
always been sceptical about the
out-of-the-tropics hypothesis,
because they have never
seriously dealt with sampling
biases, as far .
Contributions of Various scientist for the development of Microbiology field.
1. Antony Van Leeuwenhoek
2. Edwerd Jenner
3. Louis Pasteur
4. Joseph Lister
5. Robert Koch
6. Paul Ehrlich
7. Alexander Fleming
Medical Microbiology begins with a review of the immune system, focusing on the body's response to invading microorganisms. Bacteria are then covered, first with a series of chapters presenting the general concepts of bacterial microbiology and then with chapters detailing the major bacterial pathogenes of humans. Similar sections cover virology, mycology, and parasitology. In each section, the introductory chapters stress the mechanisms of infection characteristic of that type of microorganism, thus providing the reader with a framework for understanding rather than memorizing the clinical behavior of the pathogens. The final section of the book Introduction to Infectious Diseases, is arranged by organ system and provides transition for clinical considerations.
Evolution of the Immune System
The immune system consists of factors that provide innate and acquired immunity, and has evolved to become more specific, complex, efficient, and regulated. One of the principal functions of the human immune system is to defend against infecting and other foreign agents by distinguishing self from non-self (foreign antigens) and to marshal other protective responses from leukocytes. The immune system, if dysregulated, can react to self antigens to cause autoimmune diseases or fail to defend against infections.
Organization/Components/Functions
The immune system is organized into discrete compartments to provide the milieu for the development and maintenance of effective immunity. Those two overlapping compartments: the lymphoid and reticuloendothelial systems (RES) house the principal immunologic cells, the leukocytes. Leukocytes derived from pluripotent stem cells in the bone marrow during postnatal life include neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, monocytes and macrophages, natural killer (NK) cells, and T and B lymphocytes. Hematopoietic and lymphoid precursor cells are derived from pluripotent stem cells. Cells that are specifically committed to each type of leukocyte (colony-forming units) are consequently produced with the assistance of special stimulating factors (e.g. cytokines).
Cells of the immune system intercommunicate by ligand-receptor interactions between cells and/or via secreted molecules called cytokines. Cytokines produced by lymphocytes are termed lymphokines (i.e., interleukins and interferon-γ) and those produced by monocytes and macrophages are termed monokines.
Lymphoid System
Cells of the lymphoid system provide highly specific protection against foreign agents and also orchestrate the functions of other parts of the immune system by producing immunoregulatory cytokines. The lymphoid system is divided into 1) central lymphoid organs, the thymus and bone marrow, and 2) peripheral lymphoid organs, lymph nodes, the spleen, and mucosal and submucosal tissues of the alimentary and respiratory tracts. The thymus instructs certain lymphocytes to differentiate into thymus-dependent (T) lymphocytes and selects most of them to die in...
2. A. FILIPINO SCIENTISTS
1. Dr. Francisco O. Santos
2.Dr. Dioscoro L. Umali
3.Dr. Juan Salcedo
4.Dr. Edito G. Garcia
5.Dr. Oscar B. Varona
6.Regalado G. Zamora
7.Julian a. Banzon
8. Eduardo A. Quisumbing
9.Gemeniano T. De Ocampo
3. A. FILIPINO SCIENTISTS
1. Dr. Francisco O. Santos
He will be remembered for his deep concern and
interest in the improvement of Filipino
nutrition. He made an in-depth study of
the value of traditional Filipino foods-the
amounts of nutrients, their vitamin
content, and their chemical composition.
He also researched on Philippine nutrition
problems such as the effects of a poor diet. He
established the anti-beriberi vitamin content of
Sweet potato (camote) and was the very first to
advocate home gardening.
4. A. FILIPINO SCIENTISTS
2.Dr. Dioscoro L. Umali
He is known for breeding improved varieties of food
grains, legumes, fruits, and ornamental plants. His
researched output and writings have inspired the
launching of programs like rainfed and upland
agriculture, social forestry, environmental conservation,
and rural poverty alleviation.
Dr. Umali is a strong advocate of people’s participation
in the state’s decision making process and the
adaptation of technology and development models
appropriate to the country’s geography, tradition, and
social history. He inspired his fellow scientists to set
their goals on the development of full human potential
and social transformation.
5. A. FILIPINO SCIENTISTS
3.Dr. Juan Salcedo
Dr. Salcedo discovered enriched rice for the prevention
of beriberi. Enriched rice is fortified with vitamin B1
was good cure for beriberi. He also launched some
popular programs such as:
a. The vaccination of BCG to combat tuberculosis,
which was the number –one killer in the Philippines
during his time.
b. The extensive drive to combat malaria-carrying
mosquitoes.
6. A. FILIPINO SCIENTISTS
4.Dr. Edito G. Garcia
Dr. Garcia’s significant contribution is in the area of
immunology and parasitic infections. He has been
conducting studies on the development of a vaccine
for Schistosomiasis japonica.
To date 18 scientific papers have been written and
published in foreign journals, and a vaccine against
infection has been developed based on his researched.
7. A. FILIPINO SCIENTISTS
5.Dr. Oscar B. Varona
Dr. Varona invented an electronic fire and burglar
alarm, and the process of making vegetable food
products with meat-like structure and flavor. His
electronic Fire and burglar alarm won the first
Presidential award in 1970. The process of making
vegetable food products with meat-like structure and
flavor won the second award.
8. A. FILIPINO SCIENTISTS
6.Regalado G. Zamora
He is well known for his swine production and
animal nutrition program.
His contributions helped improved the quality
and quantity of meat products. His projects
made use of indigenous and cheaper
materials as feeds for growing swine. His
contributions greatly boosted
the livelihood industry.
9. A. FILIPINO SCIENTISTS
7.Julian a. Banzon
Worked on local materials, especially
Coconut, as the source of chemical and fuels.
Worked on the production of ethylesters
From sugarcane and coconut
Worked on the extraction of residual coconut
Oil by chemical processes.
10. A. FILIPINO SCIENTISTS
8. Eduardo A. Quisumbing
Pioneered worked on Philippine medicinal
plant and orchids.
Restored the National herbarium.
Author of the book Medicinal Plants in the
Philippines which was the forerunner of
all researches on medicinal plants in the
Philippines.
recipient of the Distinguished Service Star
Award for his contribution to the field of
systematic botany.
11. A. FILIPINO SCIENTISTS
9.Gemeniano T. De Ocampo
Set up the first eye hospital in the Philippines.
Founder and first President of the Opthal-
Homological society.
Designed an opthalmological intrument
Known as the de Ocampo corneal dissector.
Pioneered corneal transplantation in the
Philippines.
Established the de Ocampo Eye Hospital.
12. B. FOREIGN SCIENTISTS
1. Anders Celsius
2. Thomas Alva Edison
3. Nicolaus Copernicus
4. Benjamin franklin
5. Johannes Kepler
13. B. FOREIGN SCIENTISTS
1. Anders Celsius
A Swedish astronomer who
devised the Celsius scale
temperature, taking the boiling
point of water as 100º and freezing point
as 0º. Five years later colleagues at
Uppsala Observatory improved the scale,
bringing it to its present form
14. B. FOREIGN SCIENTISTS
2. Thomas Alva Edison
An American physicist and
prolific inventor who
perfected the electric
light bulb, the movie
machine, and the
phonograph.
15. B. FOREIGN SCIENTISTS
3. Nicolaus Copernicus
Copernicus was a Polish astronomer.
He proposed the heliocentric theory which
states that the sun is the center of the solar system
and that the planets orbit around it. He sis known
as the Father of the Modern Astronomy.
16. B. FOREIGN SCIENTISTS
4. Benjamin Franklin
He was an American scientist,
scholar, and statement.
He proved that lightning is a form
of electricity when a key tied at
the lower end of a kite string
produced sparks when lightning
struck.
17. B. FOREIGN SCIENTISTS
1. Johannes Kepler
He was a German astronomer and
physicist. HE discovered the laws of
planetary motion.