This document defines defense mechanisms as mental capacities that protect individuals from conflicts and frustration. It discusses various defense mechanisms such as compensation, fixation, conversion, identification, introjection, reaction formation, transference, suppression, sublimation, isolation, fantasy, symbolization, intellectualization, and undoing. Examples are provided to illustrate how each defense mechanism functions to reduce anxiety and resolve conflicts while protecting the ego. The document examines defense mechanisms that originate in different developmental periods from oral, 1-3 years, 3-6 years, 6-12 years, and others.

1. Defense mechanism
Ms. Sumity

2. Definition
 It is the mental capacity of an individual to
protect against conflicts and frustration
thus to safeguard from distress and
maintain harmony.

3.  E.g of failure in psychology
 Study in early morning

4. Functions
 Used to reduce anxiety
 Resolves conflict
 To protect the ego

5. Types
Origin in oral period
 Compension
 Displacement
 Denial
 Fixation
 Substitution
 sublimation

6. Types
1-3 years
 Conversion
 Identification
 Introjection
 Reacton formation
 Transferance
 Sublimation

7. 3-6 years
 Repression
 Suppression
 Regression
 Rationalization

8. Types
6-12years
 Projection
 Isolation
 Fantasy
Others
 Intellectualization
 Symbolization
 undoing

10. Types
 Compensation
 Encountering failure or frustration in some
sphere of activity, one overemphasizes
another.
 Examples: a physically unattractive
adolescent becomes an expert dancer.
 Fixation
 The point in individual’s development at which
certain aspect of the emotion do not advance.
 E.g thumb sucking in adolescent.

11. Types
 Conversion
 Conflicts are presented by physical symptoms
involving portions of the body innervated by sensory
or motor nerves.
 Examples: a man's arm becomes paralyzed after
impulses to strike another.
 Identification:
 The unconscious modeling of one's self upon another
person.
 Hero worshiping
 E.g after hospitalization, girl wants to become a
nurse.
 Development of child’s personality

12. Types
 Introjection
 Identifying with some idea or object so deeply that it
becomes a part of that person.
 One example often used is when a child envelops
representational images of his absent parents into
himself, simultaneously fusing them with his own
personality.
 Reaction Formation:
 Going to the opposite extreme; overcompensation for
unacceptable impulses.
 Examples: a married woman who is disturbed by
feeling attracted to one of her husband's friends
treats him rudely.

13. Types
 Transference
 The image of one person is unconsciously identified
with another person
 A patient is fond of her daughter identifies nurse as
her daughter
 Suppression
 intentional exclusion of material from consciousness.
 Examples: a student goes on vacation worried that
she may be failing; she decides not to spoil her
holiday by thinking of school.

14. Types
 Sublimation
 Primitive impulses are transferred to a socially useful
goal
 a man who is dissatisfied with his sex life but who has
not stepped out on his wife becomes very busy
repairing his house while his wife is out of
town. Thus, he has no time for social activities.
 Isolation
 The splitting-off of the emotional components from a
thought.
 Example: a medical student dissects a cadaver
without being disturbed by thoughts of death.

15. Types
 Fantasy
 Individual uses symbolic wishfullmet with
irrational thoughts
 A boy who is not havg money for father’s
illness, day dreams of money through lottery
 Symbolization:
 An object or act represents a complex group
of objects
 A boy asks for a girl's hand (in marriage).

16. Types
 Intellectualization
 It involves removing one's self, emotionally, from a
stressful event.
 example a who lost his wife and children in tsunami
explains philosophically about birth and death and
does not express his feeling about loss of his family
member
 Undoing
 an act or communication which partially negates a
previous one.
 Examples: two close friends have a violent
argument; when they next meet, each act as if the
disagreement had never occurred.