This document discusses enabling local market technologies like vehicle-to-grid (V2G), battery-to-grid (B2G) and intelligent distributed power router (IDPR). It introduces these concepts and outlines the factors, functions and features relevant to implementing V2G, B2G and IDPR technologies. It also describes potential business opportunities for electric vehicle supply equipment and provides details on the components and operation of power units needed to implement V2G, B2G and IDPR systems.

1. Enabling local market technologies:
V2G, B2G and IDPR
Daniel Heredero Peris

2. 2
Agenda
• Introduction: Electrification of road transport framework
• The 3-F for V2X (Factors- Functions- Features)
• Business opportunities for EVSE
• Products to achieve V2G or B2G
o V2G Power unit
o IDPR Power unit

3. Environmental issues
Energies for transportation
3
EV
Governments
Industries
Grid owner/operators
Customers
Oil demands
Gas emissions
Increasingconcerns
EV
EV
EV
EV
EV
EV
EV
EV
EV penetration
Introduction: Electrification of road transport framework
[Source:https://www.iea.org/publications/freepublications/publication/Global_EV_
Outlook_2016.pdf]
PEV
HEV
PHEV
Wh
W
Other uses

4. 4
Emerging technologies & new challenges
V2H
V2V
V2G
Power Electronics is key for
performing electric energy
conversion
SLB V2M
Storage systems
Power
Electronics
New business models
Ancillaries
Gridable EVs
(V2X)
• Driver range anxiety
• Battery degradation
• Ownership
• Revenues
• Regulations
• New actors: prosumer
Introduction: Electrification of road transport framework
V2V

5. 5
Vehicletohome(V2H)ortomicrogrid(V2M)
Individual daily load profiles (high
uncertainty)
Seasonality (V2M case)
Battery type and characteristics
SoC
Driver habits (arrival/departure,
patterns)
Electricity cost
Factors Functions
Home back-up system
Controllable load
Sell excess of energy
Charge at low (or null) cost
Home energy quality
Features
Easy to install
High compacity
Low power (< 10 kVA)
The 3-F for V2X (Factors- Functions- Features)

6. 6
OCPP
protocol
Power flow of the power grid
Regulation of the grid operations
Aggregators? / EV per aggregator?
Battery type and characteristics
SoC
Driver habits (only for V2G)
Electricity cost
Factors Functions
Ancillary services (V/f regulation)
Interoperability (renewable coordination,
controllable load)
Reactive power dispatching
Peak shaving, valley filling, active filtering
Grid-support (spinning reserve)
Features
Operation in large scale (aggregation)
Complex control
More infrastructure
OCPP
protocol
Vehicletogrid(V2G)orbatterytogrid(B2G)
The 3-F for V2X (Factors- Functions- Features)

7. Power flow of the power grid
Community daily load profiles (medium
uncertainty)
Battery type and characteristics
SoC
Driver habits (reduced effect)
Involvement of two or more EVs
(allotted to a community)
Electricity cost
7
Factors Functions
Trading loss
Energy routing and sparse dispatching
Better TOU
Special functions (On-road assistance)
Features
Complex coordination and managing (FCFS, smart approaches,…)
More infrastructure (similar to V2G case)
High power involvement
Aggregator
(parking lot)
Aggregator
(parking lot)
OCPP
protocol
OCPP
protocol
Vehicletovehicle(V2V)
The 3-F for V2X (Factors- Functions- Features)

8. 8
LowscaleMidandlargepower-scale
Non-gridowner
Grid
owner
Non-gridoperatorGridoperator
For non-market participants (utilities)
For prosumers + Non-market participants
(aggregator figure)
Services for domestic prosumers
 Scalable, owned and operated by diverse agents for different applications
For market participants (charging stations,
energy intensive installations, generators)
SELF-CONSUMPTION
PRIVATE BUSINESSES
COMMUNITY MARKETS
DSO’S ANCILLARIES
Opportunity EVSE
Primary dedicated EVSE
Commercial EVSE
Managing EVSE
Business opportunities for EV Supply Elements (EVSE)

9. 9
Business opportunities for EV Supply Elements (EVSE)

10. Requeriments for enabling V2G
10
DCACLV utility
DATA
AC DC
DATA
BMS
ECU
Battery packPower
Electronics
OFF-BOARD
ON-BOARD
Control
board
Products to achieve V2G or B2G

11. 11
DCACLV utility
DATA
AC DC
DATA
BMS
Battery packPower
Electronics
Control
board
Requeriments for enabling B2G
Products to achieve V2G or B2G

12. Pave the way for successful V2G/B2G technology deployment
12
 Providing a complete technical
solution for V2G operation of EVSE
 Reducing cost of the equipment
thanks to an specific design for V2G
purpose
 Decreasing the delivery time due to
integration of functionalities in a
single device
V2G
Power
Unit
EV
150..500 Vdc
36 A
CHAdeMO
COMBO
V2G
Power
Unit
Public grid
400V
3F+N+PE
50/60 Hz
16 A
V2G
Power
Unit
LFtransformer
(optional)
V2G
Power
Unit
V2G
Power
Unit
12 V
supply
Modbus
Serial/CAN
OCPP
protocol
V2G
Power
Unit
3G
modem
Embedded PC
HMI
V2G
Power
Unit
LFtransformer
(optional)
Modbus
Serial/CAN
OCPP
protocol
Public gridEV
150..500 Vdc
36 A
CHAdeMO
COMBO
400V
3F+N+PE
50/60 Hz
16 A
HMI
Cabinet
V2G
Power
Unit
12 V
supply
Cooling
3G
modem
Embedded PC
Concept
Products to achieve V2G or B2G: V2G Power unit

13. What inside?
13
 Full PCB design for easy integration
 AC to DC bidirectional power converter
 AC and DC output filter (inductors/capacitors)
 AC and DC switchgear (precharge, main relays)
 AC and DC Fuse protection
 Required I/O and communication for CHAdeMO
interface
 Isolation detector for test implementation
 RS-485 physical layer for Modbus protocol
Products to achieve V2G or B2G: V2G Power unit

14. Technical features
14
Rated power 10 kVA
AC interface
3F + N + PE , TT or TN grounding
system
AC rated voltage 400 V
AC rated frequency 50/60 Hz
AC rated current 16 A
DC rated current 36 A
DC voltage range 50..600 V (according to SOA)
Estimated efficiency 500 V,
20 A (dis)charge, 25 ºC
94 %
Maximum ambient
temperature
50 ºC
Cooling Fan
Sound emission 60 dB
Reactive power capability
Included, limiting current to rated
value
EV interface
CHAdeMO (Physical, link and
application layer included)
Master subsystem interface Modbus serial profile or CAN
Dimensions 566 x 126 x 360 mm
Products to achieve V2G or B2G: V2G Power unit

15. 15
CHANNEL 1 (Yellow) --> Battery voltage
CHANNEL 2 (Green) --> Grid line current W
CHANNEL 3 (Lilac) --> Grid line current V
CHANNEL 5 (Red) --> Grid line current U
CHANNEL 4 (Blue) --> Battery current
Products to achieve V2G or B2G: V2G Power unit
Operationusecase:G2Vunderloadchange
(Operation under different discharging set-points)

16. What is an IDPR?
16
Transformer
S1
MV grid
S0
Loads, DG
LV busbar
Secondary
substation
IDPR
Grid-connected mode
 4 quadrant P/Q dispatching
 Grid side current balancing
 Current harmonic content
compensation
Grid-disconnected mode
 Generation of a controllable
voltage per phase
 Over-load and short-circuit
proof algorithm
The storage system
 Active Power regulation in grid-
connected mode
 Permits operation in grid-
disconnected mode
It is a four-wire parallel active filter enhanced with distributed intelligence.
The aim is to optimize the use of DERs in any operation mode
Route the energy according to the needs of unbalanced grids
Improve quality of service (in terms of continuity of supply and quality of waveforms)
Products to achieve V2G or B2G: IDPR Power unit

17. 17
 Full PCB design for easy integration
 Full SiC power converter (no switching noise, high efficiency)
 Master & slave control boards
 AC to DC bidirectional power converter
 AC DC output filter (inductors/capacitors)
 AC and DC switchgear (precharge, main relays)
 Required I/O and communication external interfacing
 Modular design
+ +
What inside?
Products to achieve V2G or B2G: IDPR Power unit

18. 18
Rated power 20 kVA
AC interface
3F + N + PE , TT or TN
grounding system
AC rated voltage 400 V
AC rated frequency 50/60 Hz
AC-DC rated current 25A
DC voltage range
320..600 V (optimal
range)
Estimated efficiency 500 V, 25
A charge, 25 ºC
98 %
Maximum ambient
temperature
40 ºC
Cooling Fan
Sound emission 60 dB
Reactive power capability
Included, limiting
current to rated value
Master subsystem interface CAN, Modbus
Dimensions
440 x 88.9 x 210 mm
per cell
Up to 5 cells can be paralleled
100 kVA
Technical features
Products to achieve V2G or B2G: IDPR Power unit
power cell(n-1)power cell (n)
gridbattery
dc/dc dc/ac
Master
measurements
Switch
power cell (2) power cell(1)
ethernet

19. 19
Igr
Igs
igt
Ilr
Ils
Ilt
IctIcsicr
IDPR
Grid-connected
The master reads the load current.
It calculates the direct, inverse and zero sequence
current components (Fortescue transformation).
To compensate de unbalance, the IDPR injects
the inverse and zero sequence of the load.
To compensate de reactive, the IDPR injects the
quadrature (dq0 transformation) component of
the direct sequence.
Products to achieve V2G or B2G: IDPR Power unit
Reactive power compensation
Before IDPR
After IDPR
Green --> Grid voltage phase U
Blue --> Grid line current U
Magenta --> Grid line current V
Black --> Grid line current W

20. 20
Igr
Igs
igt
Ilr
Ils
Ilt
IctIcsicr
IDPR
The master reads the load current.
It calculates the direct, inverse and zero sequence
current components (Fortescue transformation).
To compensate de unbalance, the IDPR injects
the inverse and zero sequence of the load.
To compensate de reactive, the IDPR injects the
quadrature (dq0 transformation) component of
the direct sequence.
Grid-connected
Current balancing
Products to achieve V2G or B2G: IDPR Power unit
Green --> Grid voltage phase U
Blue --> Grid line current U
Magenta --> Grid line current V
Black --> Grid line current W
Before IDPR
After IDPR

21. 21
The master reads the load current and calculates de
odd harmonics up to the 15th component.
The master establish as set-point the sum of the
harmonics components from the 3rd to the 15th.
The harmonic compensation set-point is calculated
at a 10 kHz frequency. It limits the THD
compensation.
At this frequency, the THD reduction can be more
than 30 times when some predictive control lead
phases are considered.
THD: 0.87 %
THD: 61.1 %
THD: 0.91%
Ig Il
Ic
idpr
R1
R2
C
Grid-connected
Products to achieve V2G or B2G: IDPR Power unit
Harmonic content compensation
Green --> Load line current phase U
Dark blue --> IDPR line current phase U
Red --> Grid line current phase U

22. 22
In case of a grid fault event, the DSO is able to
use the IDPR to generate a island to feed the
local loads.
The IDPR can generate an stable AC voltage at
the PCC (Point of Common Coupling) while
feeding any kind of load (in this case Linear
loads).
idpr
Icr
Island mode
Vr
pcc
/Vs
pcc
/Vt
pcc
PCC
Ics
Ict
R1
Products to achieve V2G or B2G: IDPR Power unit
Grid-disconnected
Load transient
Blue --> Grid line current U
Magenta --> Grid line current V
Black --> Grid line current W
Green --> Grid voltage phase U
Dark blue --> Grid voltage phase V
Red --> Grid voltage phase W

23. 23
In case of a grid fault event, the DSO is able to
use the IDPR to generate a island to feed the
local loads.
The IDPR can generate an stable AC voltage at
the PCC (Point of Common Coupling) while
feeding any kind of load (in this case over-load
response fixing the rms limit of the current at 42
A).
idpr
Icr
Island mode
Vr
pcc
/Vs
pcc
/Vt
pcc
PCC
Ics
Ict
R1
Grid-disconnected
Over-load regulation
Products to achieve V2G or B2G: IDPR Power unit
Blue --> Grid line current U
Magenta --> Grid line current V
Black --> Grid line current W
Green --> Grid voltage phase U
Dark blue --> Grid voltage phase V
Red --> Grid voltage phase W

24. 24
Products to achieve V2G or B2G: IDPR Power unit
Operationusecase:Gridconnected
(Balancing currents, reactive power and harmonic content compensation )
CHANNEL 1 (Yellow) --> Null
CHANNEL 2 (Green) --> Grid line current U
CHANNEL 3 (Lilac) --> Grid line current V
CHANNEL 4 (Blue) --> Grid line current W

25. 25
 Example of a real use case of IDPR power units in a 3 pilot areas for Smart Rural Grid
project(FP7-ICT-2013-11)
Products to achieve V2G or B2G: Cases of success
 20 kVA bidirectional battery charger based on IDPR power units for Formula Student (ETSEIB &
EUETIB Motorsport). Lithium ion battery integration, cells balancing, pack design verification.
34 kVA 40 kVA17 kVA

26. THANKS YOU FOR YOUR ATTENTION