The document summarizes several theories and models of urban land use and morphology developed between the late 19th century and mid 20th century. It describes Ebenezer Howard's Garden City concept from 1898, which aimed to incorporate the best aspects of urban and rural life. It also mentions bid rent theory, sector models of urban land use, and concentric zone models that describe land use patterns with distance from the urban core. The models aimed to explain urban form and land use patterns but did not always reflect the complexity and changes in real-world cities.

1. Ebenezer Howard’s
Three Magnets 1898
Contrasting rural and
urban life. The possibility
that the best of urban and
rural could be incorporated
on a “Garden City”
eg Letchworth (1903) and
Welwyn Garden City
(1920). He actually planted
a tree in every garden in
WGC.

2. Ebenezer Howard
‘Garden Cities of To-
morrow’ in 1902.
Influenced the later
strategy of building new
towns in the UK, US,
Canada, Argentina, Israel
and Germany.
As with most instances of
social engineering, the
garden city movement
didn’t quite achieve what it
set out to do. Its laudable
motives and egalitarian
vision contrast with the
often depressing
artificiality of ‘garden
cities’, and the fact that
they merely function as
dormitories to the larger
cities they so often adjoin.

3. Bid Rent Theory
(Alonso 1964)
Bid rent/land rent theory shows how much different sectors of the
economy are prepared to pay for land. Basic assumption is that
accessibility is increased with centrality and therefore retailing is
prepared to pay a high price for land in the CBD. As distance from
the CBD increases availability of land increases and it is
affordable for residential and even agricultural use.

4. A – CBD
B– Commerce /industry
C – residential high– mediumdensity
D– sub-centres
E – Suburbia
Variations to bid-rent theory
rent
A B C D E

5. Land use value for activity sector
according to the distance from the CBD
Distance from the centre
Landusevalue
Retail
Residential (several components families)
Residential (single families)
Peaks due to transport intersections

6. IV – working class area
V – residential area
VI – suburban area
I - Loop (downtown; CBD)
II – industries
III – transition area
LOOP
LittleSicily
Apartm
entHouses
Bungalow
Section
SingleFam
ilyDwellings
Residential District
Ghetto
Two Plan
Area
Second
Im
m
igrant
Settlem
ent
Model Chicago, years ‘20
BlackBelt
Bugess’ model of land use

7. Commuter zone
Residential zone
Working class zone
Zone of transition
Factory zone
CBD

8. Core Frame Model – CBD Morphology

9. 2
3
4
4
5
3
3
1
3
3
3
1 CBD
2 Wholesale and light manufacturing
3 Low-class residential
4 Middle-class residential
5 High-class residential
1
2
3
4
5
3
3
6
7
89
6 Heavy manufacturing
7 Sub business district
8 Residential suburb
9 Industrial suburb
Sector Multi centres
Models: ‘sectors’ (Hoyt) and
‘multi centres’ (Harris and Ullman)
2

10. Mann’s
concentric
circles and
sector model

11. Classic industrial city 1850s
Konx and Pinch 2000 – Urban Social Geography

12. Industrial city 1945-1975

13. The post-industrial city

14. MURDIE, R. A. (1969): Factorial
ecology of metropolitan Toronto,
1951-1961
Cities have a very complex
morphology combining physical
and social space
A city’s morphology can be seen
as a pizza with layers of
toppings creating a complex and
seemingly random morphology.
Ecological Land
use model

15. Kearsley’s model
includes contemporary
urban processes and
changes such as
gentrification,
commuter villages,
development projects.

17. Family Life cycles and movement within a city

18. Low income life cycle model

19. Middle income life cycle model

20. Changing housing tenure in the UK

21. Urban densities and private transport