This document describes improvements to slurry basins and methods of forming homogeneous slurries. It relates to a slurry basin, which is a tank used to temporarily store a slurry (a suspension of solid particles in a liquid) and mix the contents to form a homogeneous slurry from one of varying composition. The improvements allow for forming a homogeneous slurry in large slurry basins used in industries like cement production.
This document describes several British patents from 1957 related to cleaning devices, detergents, and fertilizers. It provides details of GB785643 (A) which describes a cleaning device for printing presses, GB785644 (A) which describes improvements to saponaceous detergents incorporating ethylene diamine tetra-acetic acid, and GB785645 (A) which describes a method for preventing caking of granulated fertilizers using a urea-formaldehyde condensation product coating.
This document describes improvements to the regeneration process of contact materials used in continuous hydrocarbon conversion processes. Specifically, it involves improvements to the regeneration system used to remove contaminants deposited on granular contact materials, such as catalysts, between conversion cycles. The contaminants consist mainly of hydrocarbon compounds, and the regeneration process aims to remove them so the contact materials can be reused.
Formulation of Mometasone Furoate EmulgelAman Dube
The document outlines a plan to formulate and evaluate emulgel formulations containing the active ingredient mometasone furoate for topical delivery. Over 15 weeks, a student will conduct literature and patent searches, characterize the active ingredient and excipients, formulate 10 emulgel batches, evaluate them for characteristics like permeability and stability, and present the findings. The aim is to develop a non-irritating emulgel delivery system for mometasone furoate that provides efficient treatment of inflammatory skin conditions with reduced side effects compared to other formulations.
To Increase the Concentration of Spent Sulfuric Acid in Alpha-Blue Pigment Pr...IRJET Journal
1) The document discusses increasing the concentration of spent sulfuric acid in the alpha-blue pigment manufacturing process from 25-30% to 50% through process modifications.
2) It describes the 7 steps of the alpha-blue reaction and identifies concentrating the acid in the drowning section as key to increasing the concentration.
3) A hazard and operability study is presented to evaluate safety and environmental impacts of the concentration process.
This document describes a process for producing sulphinyl ethyl thiophosphates. It involves reacting a salt of a compound of the formula (RO)(R'O)P(O)SH with a compound of the formula XC2H4S(O)R", where R and R" are alkyl groups with 4 or fewer carbon atoms and X is a halogen atom. The reaction can use solvents like alcohols or ketones and produces the desired sulphinyl ethyl thiophosphate compounds in good yield. An example reaction uses a salt of the formula (RO)(R'O)P(O)SM, where M is an alkali metal, with eth
This document discusses hexenuronic acid (HexA) in pulping and bleaching. HexA is formed during pulping and increases bleaching chemical consumption. Removing HexA through acid hydrolysis prior to bleaching can reduce costs by 50% and allow for higher brightness. However, acid treatment may reduce pulp yield by 1-2%, which is a concern.
This document describes several British patents from 1957 related to cleaning devices, detergents, and fertilizers. It provides details of GB785643 (A) which describes a cleaning device for printing presses, GB785644 (A) which describes improvements to saponaceous detergents incorporating ethylene diamine tetra-acetic acid, and GB785645 (A) which describes a method for preventing caking of granulated fertilizers using a urea-formaldehyde condensation product coating.
This document describes improvements to the regeneration process of contact materials used in continuous hydrocarbon conversion processes. Specifically, it involves improvements to the regeneration system used to remove contaminants deposited on granular contact materials, such as catalysts, between conversion cycles. The contaminants consist mainly of hydrocarbon compounds, and the regeneration process aims to remove them so the contact materials can be reused.
Formulation of Mometasone Furoate EmulgelAman Dube
The document outlines a plan to formulate and evaluate emulgel formulations containing the active ingredient mometasone furoate for topical delivery. Over 15 weeks, a student will conduct literature and patent searches, characterize the active ingredient and excipients, formulate 10 emulgel batches, evaluate them for characteristics like permeability and stability, and present the findings. The aim is to develop a non-irritating emulgel delivery system for mometasone furoate that provides efficient treatment of inflammatory skin conditions with reduced side effects compared to other formulations.
To Increase the Concentration of Spent Sulfuric Acid in Alpha-Blue Pigment Pr...IRJET Journal
1) The document discusses increasing the concentration of spent sulfuric acid in the alpha-blue pigment manufacturing process from 25-30% to 50% through process modifications.
2) It describes the 7 steps of the alpha-blue reaction and identifies concentrating the acid in the drowning section as key to increasing the concentration.
3) A hazard and operability study is presented to evaluate safety and environmental impacts of the concentration process.
This document describes a process for producing sulphinyl ethyl thiophosphates. It involves reacting a salt of a compound of the formula (RO)(R'O)P(O)SH with a compound of the formula XC2H4S(O)R", where R and R" are alkyl groups with 4 or fewer carbon atoms and X is a halogen atom. The reaction can use solvents like alcohols or ketones and produces the desired sulphinyl ethyl thiophosphate compounds in good yield. An example reaction uses a salt of the formula (RO)(R'O)P(O)SM, where M is an alkali metal, with eth
This document discusses hexenuronic acid (HexA) in pulping and bleaching. HexA is formed during pulping and increases bleaching chemical consumption. Removing HexA through acid hydrolysis prior to bleaching can reduce costs by 50% and allow for higher brightness. However, acid treatment may reduce pulp yield by 1-2%, which is a concern.
This document describes a process for preparing polymers or resinous oils from selected steam cracked distillate streams. Specifically, it involves:
1) Distilling the C5 fraction from a steam cracked naphtha stream and thermally treating it to dimerize cyclopentadiene, then separating the dimers.
2) Polymerizing the remaining distillate fraction using a Friedel-Crafts catalyst such as aluminum chloride or boron fluoride at temperatures from -200°F to 150°F to produce resinous oils or resins.
3) The resulting products can be used in paints, varnishes, printing inks, or further modified.
1) The document describes improvements to packaging containers that provide reinforcement and strength.
2) The containers have a non-metallic shell and bottom each with a corrosion-resistant thin inner lining that is partly inside and partly outside the container.
3) The shell has an outer reinforcing metal covering that is folded together with the outer parts of the linings to seal the container while keeping the bottom and shell unfolded.
Evaluation of titanium in hydrochloric acid solutions containing corrosion in...IOSR Journals
This document evaluates the corrosion of titanium in hydrochloric acid solutions containing various corrosion inhibitors. Laboratory tests were conducted on titanium coupons immersed in 10% hydrochloric acid at 50°C and 70°C with additions of phenylamine, thiocarbamide, β-naphthol, and a mixture of thiocarbamide and β-naphthol. The results showed that thiocarbamide provided the best corrosion protection, reducing the corrosion rate by 50-80% depending on concentration and temperature. Higher temperatures and concentrations increased corrosion, showing the need for effective corrosion inhibitors when using hydrochloric acid in oil and gas operations.
This document summarizes 7 patent documents related to improving the heat resistance of PET. The patents describe various methods for modifying the chemical structure and formulation of PET to increase its glass transition temperature (Tg) and heat deflection temperature. These include adding comonomers like 9,9'-dihydroxymethylfluorene or bisphenol A ethylene oxide adduct, using specific diols or dicarboxylic acids in the polymerization, and blending PET with other polymers or flame retardants. The goal is to develop PET compositions that can be used for applications requiring high heat resistance like bottles, films, fibers and resins.
This document describes GB785133 (A), an improved extreme pressure lubricant. It involves incorporating a minor proportion of a reaction product of a compound with the general formula RSX, where R is a hydrocarbon radical and X is a halogen atom, with a compound containing an olefinic double bond into a lubricating oil. This improves the lubricating oil's properties under extreme pressure, high speed, and high temperature conditions without being corrosive to copper or increasing emulsification. The document provides examples of reaction products and their effectiveness as additives in lubricating oils to increase scuffing loads and seizure delay times.
Chain extenders are used for used for improving the melt-strength for EBM grade PET and also used in PCR PET flakes moulding to minimize the IV drop.
SSP accelerators are used to reduce the SSP time by increasing IV fast
Hope the document may help for Polyester R&D chemist
Formic acid is the simplest carboxylic acid. It is a colorless liquid with a pungent odor that is corrosive and hazardous to skin and eyes upon contact. Formic acid is primarily used as a preservative for livestock feed and hay by spraying, as well as a pesticide to control mites in honeybee hives. It has a boiling point of 100.8°C and density of 1.22 g/cm3.
This document describes a process for manufacturing oxalic acid from sugar through oxidation using nitric and sulfuric acids. Key steps include:
1. Sugar is oxidized with nitric and sulfuric acids in a reactor at 60-65°C to produce oxalic acid. Nitrogen oxides are also produced.
2. The oxalic acid crystals are separated from the mother liquor containing unreacted acids and water.
3. The nitrogen oxides gas is scrubbed using an alkaline solution. The mother liquor is recycled to subsequent batches.
4. Oxalic acid crystals are dried and cooling water circulates through the reactor jacket to control temperature. Process calculations and equipment specifications are provided.
This document describes a process for dyeing or printing textiles or foils made of cellulose esters or linear aromatic polyesters. Specifically, it involves using acid dyestuffs from the anthraquinone series that have a sulphonic acid group that can be split off by a reducing agent. This causes the dyestuff to become insoluble and bond to the textile or foil substrate. Examples are provided of dyeing various materials like polyester fibers, acetate rayon and cellulose triacetate fibers using different dyestuffs and reducing agents. The dyed materials exhibit good light and wash fastness according to the document.
Phosphate rock is ground and reacted with sulfuric acid in a reactor to produce phosphoric acid and a gypsum byproduct, with the phosphoric acid then concentrated through evaporation to the desired strength. The wet process using sulfuric acid is the most common method for producing fertilizer-grade phosphoric acid on an industrial scale, with the phosphate rock and sulfuric acid reacting at high temperatures and pressures to extract over 98% of the phosphoric acid. The resulting slurry of phosphoric acid and gypsum is then filtered and the phosphoric acid concentrated through evaporation for use or further processing.
The paper presents an overview of nucleating agents and their effects on crystallization rate, mechanical properties, and thermal properties in polypropylene. Presented at the SPE Automotive TPO Engineered Polyolefins Global Conference, October 2002, while working at Ciba Specialty Chemicals.
The document discusses cellulose, including its structure, properties, production in plants, and uses. Some key points:
- Cellulose is the most abundant organic substance on Earth and is made of linear chains of glucose molecules linked together.
- It has a crystalline structure that gives it strength and it forms microfibrils in plant cell walls.
- Plants produce cellulose at their plasma membranes using enzyme complexes that spin the cellulose chains.
- Cellulose is strong, stable, and insoluble but can absorb some water. It is used to make products like cotton, paper, cellophane, and cellulose derivatives.
Primol 352 is a purified mixture of liquid saturated hydrocarbons manufactured by ExxonMobil as a medicinal grade white oil. It is crystal clear, water-white, and purified to stringent specifications. Primol 352 has a wide variety of applications in cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, plastics, and other industries due to its chemical inertness, stability, and approval for food contact. It meets the specifications of various international pharmacopoeias and regulatory bodies.
Formic acid is a colorless liquid that is produced commercially through several processes. It can be made by reacting sodium formate with sulfuric acid, or by combining methanol and carbon monoxide in the presence of a strong base to form methyl formate and then hydrolyzing the methyl formate. In 2009, the worldwide capacity for producing formic acid was 720,000 tonnes annually, with major production facilities located in Europe and Asia. Formic acid is used as a preservative in livestock feed and in processing textiles and leather.
This patent describes structured pigment compositions for use in paper coatings and paints. The pigments are composed of reaction products between clays, colloidal silicas, and optionally titanium dioxide spacer particles. The composite pigments have improved properties such as pore structure, rheology, and opacity. Methods are provided for producing the pigments by reacting clays with colloidal silicas, optionally adding titanium dioxide, and forming aqueous slurries for use in paper coatings and paints.
This document provides information on Clariant's range of nonionic and anionic surfactants for industrial applications. It discusses various classes of nonionic surfactants including alcohol ethoxylates made from synthetic and natural fatty alcohols. Specific product lines are highlighted, including Emulsogen EPN and LCN ranges based on oxoalcohol ethoxylates, and Genapol X ranges based on tridecyl alcohol ethoxylates. Anionic surfactants discussed include sulfonates, sulfate esters, phosphates, and fatty acid derivatives. The document aims to inform customers on Clariant's broad portfolio of surfactants for various chemical industry and industrial applications such as
This document describes glyoxalidine corrosion inhibitors for use in hydrocarbon liquids like gasoline and diesel fuel. Specifically, it describes new chemical compounds that are salts of a glyoxalidine and an organic aliphatic dicarboxylic acid with at least 10 carbon atoms. These compounds are effective corrosion inhibitors for ferrous metals in contact with hydrocarbon liquids that contain small amounts of water. Test results show that reactions products of sebacic acid and certain glyoxalidines can inhibit corrosion in gasoline-water systems at low concentrations.
1. The document describes an adjustable attenuator comprising a bridged-T type constant impedance network with multiple sets of variable series and shunt impedances.
2. The attenuator includes multiple pairs of switches where each pair controls one set of series impedances and a related set of shunt impedances, allowing attenuation to be varied without changing input impedance.
3. The attenuator can be used to increase the measurement range of instruments and allow them to operate at full scale, improving reading accuracy.
A master plan of evaluation is important for meeting accreditation standards, demonstrating quality to the public, and ensuring graduates meet educational and professional standards. The plan should specify what is evaluated using an organizing framework to avoid omitting crucial variables. It must identify those who will collect, analyze, and report data, and set timelines. The plan also requires a feedback loop for recommendations and decision making. Reports from evaluations should identify problems and needs, successes, recommendations, responsible parties, and timelines for improvement or new programs.
Buen uso de las partes de la computadoraivanochoa124
Este documento proporciona 10 recomendaciones para el uso seguro y adecuado de una computadora, incluyendo usar el mouse suavemente, no comer cerca de la computadora, mantener una buena postura, apagar la computadora correctamente y darle mantenimiento regular.
Con la entrada en Octubre de 2014 de Apple Pay, se avecina una gran batalla por esta industria de los medios de pagos... Sígueme en Twitter @CarlosTodoMKT
This document describes a process for preparing polymers or resinous oils from selected steam cracked distillate streams. Specifically, it involves:
1) Distilling the C5 fraction from a steam cracked naphtha stream and thermally treating it to dimerize cyclopentadiene, then separating the dimers.
2) Polymerizing the remaining distillate fraction using a Friedel-Crafts catalyst such as aluminum chloride or boron fluoride at temperatures from -200°F to 150°F to produce resinous oils or resins.
3) The resulting products can be used in paints, varnishes, printing inks, or further modified.
1) The document describes improvements to packaging containers that provide reinforcement and strength.
2) The containers have a non-metallic shell and bottom each with a corrosion-resistant thin inner lining that is partly inside and partly outside the container.
3) The shell has an outer reinforcing metal covering that is folded together with the outer parts of the linings to seal the container while keeping the bottom and shell unfolded.
Evaluation of titanium in hydrochloric acid solutions containing corrosion in...IOSR Journals
This document evaluates the corrosion of titanium in hydrochloric acid solutions containing various corrosion inhibitors. Laboratory tests were conducted on titanium coupons immersed in 10% hydrochloric acid at 50°C and 70°C with additions of phenylamine, thiocarbamide, β-naphthol, and a mixture of thiocarbamide and β-naphthol. The results showed that thiocarbamide provided the best corrosion protection, reducing the corrosion rate by 50-80% depending on concentration and temperature. Higher temperatures and concentrations increased corrosion, showing the need for effective corrosion inhibitors when using hydrochloric acid in oil and gas operations.
This document summarizes 7 patent documents related to improving the heat resistance of PET. The patents describe various methods for modifying the chemical structure and formulation of PET to increase its glass transition temperature (Tg) and heat deflection temperature. These include adding comonomers like 9,9'-dihydroxymethylfluorene or bisphenol A ethylene oxide adduct, using specific diols or dicarboxylic acids in the polymerization, and blending PET with other polymers or flame retardants. The goal is to develop PET compositions that can be used for applications requiring high heat resistance like bottles, films, fibers and resins.
This document describes GB785133 (A), an improved extreme pressure lubricant. It involves incorporating a minor proportion of a reaction product of a compound with the general formula RSX, where R is a hydrocarbon radical and X is a halogen atom, with a compound containing an olefinic double bond into a lubricating oil. This improves the lubricating oil's properties under extreme pressure, high speed, and high temperature conditions without being corrosive to copper or increasing emulsification. The document provides examples of reaction products and their effectiveness as additives in lubricating oils to increase scuffing loads and seizure delay times.
Chain extenders are used for used for improving the melt-strength for EBM grade PET and also used in PCR PET flakes moulding to minimize the IV drop.
SSP accelerators are used to reduce the SSP time by increasing IV fast
Hope the document may help for Polyester R&D chemist
Formic acid is the simplest carboxylic acid. It is a colorless liquid with a pungent odor that is corrosive and hazardous to skin and eyes upon contact. Formic acid is primarily used as a preservative for livestock feed and hay by spraying, as well as a pesticide to control mites in honeybee hives. It has a boiling point of 100.8°C and density of 1.22 g/cm3.
This document describes a process for manufacturing oxalic acid from sugar through oxidation using nitric and sulfuric acids. Key steps include:
1. Sugar is oxidized with nitric and sulfuric acids in a reactor at 60-65°C to produce oxalic acid. Nitrogen oxides are also produced.
2. The oxalic acid crystals are separated from the mother liquor containing unreacted acids and water.
3. The nitrogen oxides gas is scrubbed using an alkaline solution. The mother liquor is recycled to subsequent batches.
4. Oxalic acid crystals are dried and cooling water circulates through the reactor jacket to control temperature. Process calculations and equipment specifications are provided.
This document describes a process for dyeing or printing textiles or foils made of cellulose esters or linear aromatic polyesters. Specifically, it involves using acid dyestuffs from the anthraquinone series that have a sulphonic acid group that can be split off by a reducing agent. This causes the dyestuff to become insoluble and bond to the textile or foil substrate. Examples are provided of dyeing various materials like polyester fibers, acetate rayon and cellulose triacetate fibers using different dyestuffs and reducing agents. The dyed materials exhibit good light and wash fastness according to the document.
Phosphate rock is ground and reacted with sulfuric acid in a reactor to produce phosphoric acid and a gypsum byproduct, with the phosphoric acid then concentrated through evaporation to the desired strength. The wet process using sulfuric acid is the most common method for producing fertilizer-grade phosphoric acid on an industrial scale, with the phosphate rock and sulfuric acid reacting at high temperatures and pressures to extract over 98% of the phosphoric acid. The resulting slurry of phosphoric acid and gypsum is then filtered and the phosphoric acid concentrated through evaporation for use or further processing.
The paper presents an overview of nucleating agents and their effects on crystallization rate, mechanical properties, and thermal properties in polypropylene. Presented at the SPE Automotive TPO Engineered Polyolefins Global Conference, October 2002, while working at Ciba Specialty Chemicals.
The document discusses cellulose, including its structure, properties, production in plants, and uses. Some key points:
- Cellulose is the most abundant organic substance on Earth and is made of linear chains of glucose molecules linked together.
- It has a crystalline structure that gives it strength and it forms microfibrils in plant cell walls.
- Plants produce cellulose at their plasma membranes using enzyme complexes that spin the cellulose chains.
- Cellulose is strong, stable, and insoluble but can absorb some water. It is used to make products like cotton, paper, cellophane, and cellulose derivatives.
Primol 352 is a purified mixture of liquid saturated hydrocarbons manufactured by ExxonMobil as a medicinal grade white oil. It is crystal clear, water-white, and purified to stringent specifications. Primol 352 has a wide variety of applications in cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, plastics, and other industries due to its chemical inertness, stability, and approval for food contact. It meets the specifications of various international pharmacopoeias and regulatory bodies.
Formic acid is a colorless liquid that is produced commercially through several processes. It can be made by reacting sodium formate with sulfuric acid, or by combining methanol and carbon monoxide in the presence of a strong base to form methyl formate and then hydrolyzing the methyl formate. In 2009, the worldwide capacity for producing formic acid was 720,000 tonnes annually, with major production facilities located in Europe and Asia. Formic acid is used as a preservative in livestock feed and in processing textiles and leather.
This patent describes structured pigment compositions for use in paper coatings and paints. The pigments are composed of reaction products between clays, colloidal silicas, and optionally titanium dioxide spacer particles. The composite pigments have improved properties such as pore structure, rheology, and opacity. Methods are provided for producing the pigments by reacting clays with colloidal silicas, optionally adding titanium dioxide, and forming aqueous slurries for use in paper coatings and paints.
This document provides information on Clariant's range of nonionic and anionic surfactants for industrial applications. It discusses various classes of nonionic surfactants including alcohol ethoxylates made from synthetic and natural fatty alcohols. Specific product lines are highlighted, including Emulsogen EPN and LCN ranges based on oxoalcohol ethoxylates, and Genapol X ranges based on tridecyl alcohol ethoxylates. Anionic surfactants discussed include sulfonates, sulfate esters, phosphates, and fatty acid derivatives. The document aims to inform customers on Clariant's broad portfolio of surfactants for various chemical industry and industrial applications such as
This document describes glyoxalidine corrosion inhibitors for use in hydrocarbon liquids like gasoline and diesel fuel. Specifically, it describes new chemical compounds that are salts of a glyoxalidine and an organic aliphatic dicarboxylic acid with at least 10 carbon atoms. These compounds are effective corrosion inhibitors for ferrous metals in contact with hydrocarbon liquids that contain small amounts of water. Test results show that reactions products of sebacic acid and certain glyoxalidines can inhibit corrosion in gasoline-water systems at low concentrations.
1. The document describes an adjustable attenuator comprising a bridged-T type constant impedance network with multiple sets of variable series and shunt impedances.
2. The attenuator includes multiple pairs of switches where each pair controls one set of series impedances and a related set of shunt impedances, allowing attenuation to be varied without changing input impedance.
3. The attenuator can be used to increase the measurement range of instruments and allow them to operate at full scale, improving reading accuracy.
A master plan of evaluation is important for meeting accreditation standards, demonstrating quality to the public, and ensuring graduates meet educational and professional standards. The plan should specify what is evaluated using an organizing framework to avoid omitting crucial variables. It must identify those who will collect, analyze, and report data, and set timelines. The plan also requires a feedback loop for recommendations and decision making. Reports from evaluations should identify problems and needs, successes, recommendations, responsible parties, and timelines for improvement or new programs.
Buen uso de las partes de la computadoraivanochoa124
Este documento proporciona 10 recomendaciones para el uso seguro y adecuado de una computadora, incluyendo usar el mouse suavemente, no comer cerca de la computadora, mantener una buena postura, apagar la computadora correctamente y darle mantenimiento regular.
Con la entrada en Octubre de 2014 de Apple Pay, se avecina una gran batalla por esta industria de los medios de pagos... Sígueme en Twitter @CarlosTodoMKT
This document describes patent GB784755 (A) for improvements in pressure operated switches. Specifically, it relates to switches where a switch mechanism is actuated by changes in pressure differential across a spring-loaded diaphragm. The switches are used in systems that control air or gas flow through a conduit. The invention provides novel or improved means for varying the degree of spring loading on the diaphragm to alter the pressure differential needed to actuate the switch.
El documento define y describe los sistemas de archivos NTFS y FAT. NTFS fue diseñado específicamente para Windows NT y es el sistema de archivos predeterminado para versiones recientes de Windows, mientras que FAT se usó en versiones antiguas de Windows y DOS. Algunas ventajas de NTFS sobre FAT incluyen una mejor compatibilidad con metadatos, estructuras de datos avanzadas y mejoras de seguridad y rendimiento.
El documento describe los sistemas de archivos NTFS y FAT, así como el proceso para crear particiones en Windows 7. NTFS es el sistema de archivos utilizado en versiones recientes de Windows, mientras que FAT se usa comúnmente en disquetes y dispositivos de almacenamiento extraíbles. El documento también explica los tipos de particiones comunes en dispositivos móviles como Android, incluyendo las particiones de cache, datos y sistema.
This document describes a process for producing new amide-like derivatives of lysergic acid and isolysergic acid. The process involves reacting isolysergic acid azide with an amine, then isolating the lysergic acid amide and isolysergic acid amide products. Several examples are provided where isolysergic acid azide is reacted with pyrrolidine, piperidine, or morpholine to produce the corresponding lysergic acid and isolysergic acid amides. The compounds produced have sedative and blood pressure lowering properties.
The social media proposal outlines goals to engage youth audiences through consistent posting of engaging content across platforms using relevant hashtags. It aims to increase traffic analysis, alumni engagement, and blog updates. Specific implementation plans include engagement days, recruitment campaigns, analytics setup, alumni questions, and time-sensitive campaigns for youth programs to provide materials. The proposal seeks to coordinate social media efforts across youth programs.
The document outlines a proposal for a short film about domestic abuse, targeting an audience aged 15+. It will tell the story of a woman, Sarah, who is being domestically abused by her partner Gary. Her friend Jane helps her get support. The film aims to educate viewers about domestic abuse and show its effects. It has a budget of £6,900 and will be distributed on DVD to schools, youth groups, and prisons to raise national awareness in the UK.
This document describes a British patent from 1957 for an improved device for measuring distances along lines on maps. The device uses a plurality of rotatably enclosed drums connected end-to-end in a rigid housing. One end of the housing has a map-engaging wheel geared to the adjacent drum. Adjacent drums are interconnected with lost-motion couplings so that the second drum of a pair only rotates after the first drum reaches a predetermined angle of rotation. Each drum has calibration or scale markings that register with a window or slit in the housing. The drums preferably carry decimal scale numerals that successively register with the window to directly indicate long distances.
The document describes experiments comparing the effectiveness of using lead salts alone, chelate organometallic compounds alone, and mixtures of lead salts with chelate compounds for sweetening petroleum fractions. The results showed that lead salts alone had little effect, chelate compounds required higher amounts to fully sweeten, but mixtures of lead salts with chelate compounds achieved full sweetening using lower amounts of chelate compounds, demonstrating improved efficiency.
This document describes a process for producing solid chloro-paraffins. It involves subjecting a mixture of high molecular weight paraffin hydrocarbons containing more than 20 carbon atoms with comparatively low molecular weight paraffin hydrocarbons containing 5-20 carbon atoms to chlorination. The low molecular weight hydrocarbons serve as solvents, allowing chlorination at higher temperatures to produce chloro-paraffins with relatively high melting points in a simple manner. Examples are provided chlorinating various paraffin mixtures to produce chloro-paraffins with melting points up to 108°C.
This document describes a patent for covers for motor vehicles. Specifically, it details covers that are tailored to fit the shape of the vehicle. The covers have an opening with fastening means, such that when fastened the cover fits snugly over the entire vehicle and cannot be removed without unfastening. Examples are provided for covers tailored to fit a motorcycle and a motor car. The covers are designed to protect vehicles parked outdoors from deterioration in a way that is easier to use than loose covers that must be tied or weighted down.
This document describes GB786234(A), which relates to improvements in substituted ureidocoumarin compounds and their use. It discloses new 3-phenyl-7-ureidocoumarin compounds that exhibit intensive blue to blue-green fluorescence, making them suitable as optical brightening agents. It also describes processes for producing these new compounds and using them to brighten organic materials like textiles. The key inventions are new 3-phenyl-7-ureidocoumarin compounds with the general formula (I) and methods of synthesizing them.
This document describes GB786234(A), which relates to improvements in substituted ureidocoumarin compounds and their use. It discloses new 3-phenyl-7-ureido-coumarin compounds that exhibit intensive blue to blue-green fluorescence, making them suitable as optical brightening agents. It also describes processes for producing these new compounds and using them to brighten organic materials like textile fibers and polymeric materials. The key inventions are new 3-phenyl-7-ureidocoumarin compounds of general formula I and methods of synthesizing them.
The document describes a process for producing lithium carbonate from a saturated aqueous solution containing potassium and lithium sulfates. Key steps include adding potassium hydroxide to precipitate potassium sulfate and dissolve lithium hydroxide, removing the precipitated potassium sulfate, and then adding carbon dioxide to precipitate lithium carbonate, which is filtered off.
This document describes a process for producing articles composed principally of aluminium nitride. The process involves intimately mixing aluminium nitride powder with a minor proportion of powdered metal, a non-aqueous binder, and a solvent. The mixture is molded under pressure and then heated in a nitriding atmosphere to form aluminium nitride crystals bonded together by metal nitrides. The proportion of metal powder is critical to fill voids and produce compact articles after firing.
This document describes a process for producing articles composed principally of aluminium nitride. The process involves intimately mixing aluminium nitride powder with a minor proportion of powdered metal, a non-aqueous binder, and a non-aqueous solvent. The mixture is molded and then heated in a nitriding atmosphere to form aluminium nitride crystals bonded together by metal nitrides. The proportion of metal powder is critical to fill voids and produce compact articles after firing.
This document describes a method for treating titanium dioxide pigment with hydrolyzable organosilanes to improve its performance when used in styrene polymer compositions. The treatment involves applying at least 1% by weight of an organosilane to the pigment, then hydrolyzing and condensing the silane to form a polysiloxane coating. This treated pigment results in molded styrene articles with uniform coloration and improved color stability compared to untreated pigment. The treatment reduces undesirable streaking and variability in color brightness caused by the molding process. Amounts of 1-4% organosilane by weight of pigment are most effective, with 2% being preferred. This treated pigment can be
This document describes a lubricant composition for aviation gas turbine engines. The composition includes a blend of dinonyl sebacate and di-2-ethyl hexyl sebacate as the major components. It also includes a complex ester in the amount of 10-30% by volume to increase viscosity and improve high temperature performance. Additionally, it contains an oxygen-containing polymer such as polyacrylate in the amount of 20% by weight to further improve properties.
This document describes a lubricant composition for aviation gas turbine engines. The composition includes a blend of dinonyl sebacate and di-2-ethyl hexyl sebacate as the major components. It also includes a complex ester in the amount of 10-30% by volume to increase viscosity and improve high temperature performance. Additionally, it contains an oxygen-containing polymer such as polyacrylate in the amount of 20% by weight to further improve properties.
This document describes a lubricant composition for aviation gas turbine engines. The composition includes a blend of dinonyl sebacate and di-2-ethyl hexyl sebacate as the major components. It also includes a complex ester in the amount of 10-30% by volume to increase viscosity and improve high temperature performance. Additionally, it contains an oxygen-containing polymer such as polyacrylate in the amount of 20% by weight to further improve properties.
This document provides details on patent GB780046 (A) which relates to a process for preparing lubricating compounds of the formal type. Specifically, it involves first forming a mixture of Oxo alcohols via an Oxo synthesis reaction using a mixture of polymeric olefinic hydrocarbons containing mostly C12 to C18 olefins. This is then contacted with excess formaldehyde in the presence of an acid catalyst to form a residue with lubricating oil characteristics after removing more volatile components.
This document provides details on patent GB780046 (A) which relates to a process for preparing lubricating compounds of the formal type. Specifically, it involves first forming a mixture of Oxo alcohols via an Oxo synthesis reaction using a mixture of polymeric olefinic hydrocarbons containing mostly C12 to C18 olefins. This is then contacted with excess formaldehyde in the presence of an acid catalyst to form a residue with lubricating oil characteristics after removing more volatile components.
This document provides details on patent GB780046 (A) which relates to a process for preparing lubricating compounds of the formal type. Specifically, it involves first forming a mixture of Oxo alcohols via an Oxo synthesis reaction using a mixture of polymeric olefinic hydrocarbons containing mostly C12 to C18 olefins. This is then contacted with excess formaldehyde in the presence of an acid catalyst to form a residue with lubricating oil characteristics after removing more volatile components.
This document provides details on patent GB780046 (A) which relates to a process for preparing lubricating compounds of the formal type. Specifically, it involves first forming a mixture of Oxo alcohols via an Oxo synthesis reaction using a mixture of polymeric olefinic hydrocarbons containing mostly C12 to C18 olefins. This is then contacted with excess formaldehyde in the presence of an acid catalyst to form a residue with lubricating oil characteristics after removing more volatile components.
This document describes a method of applying a protective resinous coating to heat-sensitive electrical elements by polymerizing polymerizable organic compounds using high energy electrons or cathode rays. Specifically, it involves surrounding the electrical element with a monomeric compound and irradiating it with high energy electrons to polymerize the monomer into a solid polymer coating without damaging the heat-sensitive component inside. This allows for rapid encapsulation of elements like resistors, capacitors, transistors, and diodes without impairing their properties through the application of heat.
1) The document describes a patent for a portable dental tool that uses pressurized fluid to power a rotary motor.
2) It aims to provide a lightweight and compact tool that is easy to operate, replacing conventional belt-driven dental drills.
3) The tool features a rotary motor housed within a casing, with valve means to control fluid flow and drive the rotor. A motor shaft drives a handpiece that can hold rotary working tools like dental burrs or drills.
This document describes a process for producing hydrocarbon drying oils through the polymerization of butadiene and styrene monomers in the presence of sodium catalyst. It discusses conducting the reaction in a reactor, then treating the product solution with an organic acid to convert the sodium into a filterable salt. The process aims to improve upon previous large-scale methods by addressing issues like sodium handling hazards and slow reaction rates due to induction periods through continuous treatment of the product solution directly in the reactor with excess acid.
This document provides a 3-sentence summary of GB784603 (A) which describes a fuel feeding apparatus for pressure burners. The apparatus includes a valve body with passages that selectively connect a mixture tube, air passage, and fuel passages. A stationary rubber disk member and rotatable disk valve member control the connections between passages for starting, running, and shutting off the burner. The valve members and passages allow the burner to be supplied with an air-fuel mixture for starting and then operated with vaporized liquid fuel from the fuel tank.
This document summarizes a patent for manufacturing oximes of cycloaliphatic ketones. It describes a process where salts of thiosulphuric acid or polythionic acids are used as reducing agents in aqueous solution to produce oximes from water-soluble salts of secondary nitro-compounds in the cycloaliphatic series. The ratio used is 1 mole of nitro-compound to 1-1.5 moles of reducing agent salt. Examples provided demonstrate producing cyclohexanone oxime from nitrocyclohexane using sodium thiosulphate or sodium trithionate as the reducing agent. Yields of up to 92% of the oxime product are achieved.
This document describes a patent for improvements in the production of the antibiotic griseofulvin under deep culture conditions. It finds that griseofulvin can be produced on a large scale through submerged aerobic culture of suitable organisms, such as Penicillium patulum, if the available nitrogen level in the culture medium is carefully controlled between 0.04-0.3% nitrogen. Optimum yields are obtained at nitrogen levels of 0.075-0.25%, with the specific optimum depending on factors like inoculum type and fermenter size.
The document describes new disazo dyes and copper complexes of those dyes. The dyes correspond to general formula 1, where R1 is the residue of an oxybenzene-ortho-carboxylic acid, R2 and R3 are benzene residues with the carbon atoms bound to the azo linkage and carboxamide group separated by at least one carbon atom, and R4 is a benzene residue containing a sulphonic acid, carboxylic acid, or carboxymethoxy group. The dyes can be prepared by coupling a diazo compound of an aminoazo dye with a phenylamino-8-oxynaphthalene compound. The resulting dyes and their copper complexes are
This document describes improvements to self-supporting containers made of carbon or graphite. It discusses how prior containers used ceramic linings that had poor thermal conductivity. The new containers described are built from interlocking carbon or graphite plates that form a self-supporting inner structure. This allows the container to be spaced within an outer metal or concrete vessel, improving heat transfer and accommodating different expansion rates of the materials. Diagrams show how the plates interlock at joints and are held together with cement.
The document describes improvements to the "oxo process" for producing oxygenated organic compounds from olefins using carbon monoxide, hydrogen, and a carbonylation catalyst. Specifically, it involves using a catalyst combination that is particularly effective for catalyzing the reaction. The oxo process typically involves three stages - an initial reaction of the olefin with carbon monoxide and hydrogen over a cobalt catalyst to produce aldehydes, removal of soluble metal compounds from the product, and then hydrogenation of the aldehydes to alcohols. The invention relates to improving the catalyst used in the first stage of the reaction.
This document summarizes a patent for recovering cooking liquor from spent soda pulping liquors. It describes how traditional soda pulping processes are expensive and wasteful due to the loss of sodium hydroxide in washings and stack gases. The invention provides a practical method for regenerating the soda with minimal loss, eliminating hazards and allowing recovery of soda cooking liquor from waste liquors containing it.
This document describes a multi-tray clarifier system for clarifying liquids containing suspended solids. The system uses multiple compartments and a central feedwell system to evenly distribute incoming feed between compartments. This even distribution allows for simplification of the clarifier design by reducing the number of intermediate compartments needed compared to previous clarifier designs.
This document describes improvements to control means for electric current converters. It discusses providing control of discharge paths through respective control electrodes over a wide range, from rectifier to inverter operation. Each control electrode is connected to two inductive members (transformers or chokes) supplied with phase-displaced operating currents/voltages from AC busbars. There are means for imparting a commonly variable direct current premagnetization and means for imparting independently pre-settable direct current premagnetizations, allowing control of each electrode's feed to provide a control voltage during a portion of the converter's total control range.
The document describes improvements to a storage device for cylindrical objects like barrels. The storage device features an inclined rack with a gate at the lower end that retains the cylindrical objects. The gate has two angular portions - a first portion with an upstanding stop member, and a second portion that acts as a positive stop as long as an object is resting on the first portion. This allows objects to be released individually from the storage device when the gate is opened.
This document summarizes an invention for improvements in single-sideband radio transmission systems. It describes a system that uses band compression at the transmitter and band expansion at the receiver to transmit a single-sideband signal while reducing the required bandwidth. The system detects the signal envelope and uses it to amplitude modulate the compressed single-sideband signal before transmission. At the receiver, the system uses the detected envelope to reconstruct the original single-sideband signal from the received compressed signal. The document provides detailed descriptions and diagrams of transmitter and receiver embodiments.
This document summarizes a patent for an improved paper pattern that can be temporarily bonded to fabric. The pattern is made of thin, flexible paper with markings on top. The underside has a heat-sealable, lubricous resin that is non-adhesive at room temperature but becomes adhesive when heated. This allows the pattern to be temporarily bonded to fabric to facilitate needlework while maintaining lubricity for easy needle passage. The resin may be an ethylene polymer, vinyl chloride polymer, or other specified thermoplastic. Figures show applying multiple patterns to fabric with an iron, an enlarged cross-section, and joining cut fabric pieces with attached patterns.
This document describes improvements to gyroscope apparatus. It summarizes two different gyroscope designs that use air bearings to support a rotating gyroscope rotor. In the first design, the rotor is supported within a concentric casing on a spherical air bearing. The casing is driven by a tubular drive shaft connected to conventional bearings. In the second design, a wheel-shaped rotor is supported within a spherical casing on an air bearing. The casing is driven by electric motor integrated with the lower casing portion and supported by ball bearings. Both designs use pickoffs and electromagnetic means to apply torques to the rotor and counteract precession forces to keep the rotor axis aligned with the casing rotation axis.
This document describes improvements to telephone systems, specifically regarding private automatic branch exchanges (PABX) serving large numbers of subscribers across multiple locations. It details a system with a parent PABX connected via two-wire tie-lines to satellite automatic exchanges. The parent PABX operator can set up calls to subscribers on satellite exchanges and receive visual supervisory indications of call progress over the tie-lines. This is achieved through signals sent on a non-speaking conductor and distinctive signals involving potential reversals at the tie-line conductors.
This document describes a patent for improvements in reciprocating motors that are actuated by a fluid supplied at constant pressure. It involves a piston valve that moves alternately into two positions, connecting one side of the piston to the pressure fluid supply and the other side to exhaust. Plungers on each side of the piston can enter cylindrical spaces at the end of the piston's working stroke to build up pressure and cause the valve to switch positions for the return stroke. Optional features include non-return valves in ducts connecting the valve cavities to the spaces to control fluid flow. The invention is intended for hydraulic motors but not limited to that application or liquid as the working fluid.
This document provides details of GB784673 (A) and GB784674 (A), which are patent specifications for two inventions. GB784673 (A) describes a method of producing printed circuit master drawings by removing portions of a black layer on a board to define a circuit pattern. GB784674 (A) describes a mending plug for tubeless tires, specifically a hollow rubber cylindrical plug inserted into punctures using an insertion tool. The document outlines the techniques and provides figures to illustrate the methods.
This document summarizes a patent for a machine that applies rubber caps to containers. It describes a machine with fingers arranged in an annular form that can place a cap, and pistons that impart radial movement to the fingers. It also includes a rotary table to carry containers, a head carrying the fingers that can slide, and a piston to actuate the head. The machine applies caps by extending the fingers to stretch the cap over the container, then retracting the fingers to leave the cap in place.
The document describes two embodiments of a mechanical gland seal for preventing liquid leakage along rotor shafts of rotary pumps. The first embodiment uses a spring bellows to apply pressure to a carbon ring, sealing it against the shaft flange. An O-ring additionally seals the interior from the exterior of the housing. The second embodiment uses a spring-loaded header ring compressing an H-section seal between the header and a carrier holding the carbon ring, sealing both the interior and along the shaft flange.
This document describes a patent for articles made of boron nitride and refractory oxide. The articles have unexpected combinations of refractory properties that make them valuable for uses requiring novel property combinations. These properties include high temperature resistance without degradation, thermal shock resistance, strength at high and room temperatures, chemical inertness, oxidation resistance, and controllable density and hardness for different applications. The invention provides refractory bodies with optimized balances of key properties sought for different industrial uses.
The document describes improvements to velocity modulated discharge tubes. It includes an elongated evacuated envelope with an electron gun at one end and a collector electrode at the other end. Cavity resonator portions are disposed transversely between spaced metal tube sections to form gaps. Each resonator portion includes parallel disk-shaped metal end walls mounted on adjacent tube sections and extending outwardly, with a cylinder of insulating material sealed between the end walls.
Meet up Milano 14 _ Axpo Italia_ Migration from Mule3 (On-prem) to.pdfFlorence Consulting
Quattordicesimo Meetup di Milano, tenutosi a Milano il 23 Maggio 2024 dalle ore 17:00 alle ore 18:30 in presenza e da remoto.
Abbiamo parlato di come Axpo Italia S.p.A. ha ridotto il technical debt migrando le proprie APIs da Mule 3.9 a Mule 4.4 passando anche da on-premises a CloudHub 1.0.
Gen Z and the marketplaces - let's translate their needsLaura Szabó
The product workshop focused on exploring the requirements of Generation Z in relation to marketplace dynamics. We delved into their specific needs, examined the specifics in their shopping preferences, and analyzed their preferred methods for accessing information and making purchases within a marketplace. Through the study of real-life cases , we tried to gain valuable insights into enhancing the marketplace experience for Generation Z.
The workshop was held on the DMA Conference in Vienna June 2024.
Understanding User Behavior with Google Analytics.pdfSEO Article Boost
Unlocking the full potential of Google Analytics is crucial for understanding and optimizing your website’s performance. This guide dives deep into the essential aspects of Google Analytics, from analyzing traffic sources to understanding user demographics and tracking user engagement.
Traffic Sources Analysis:
Discover where your website traffic originates. By examining the Acquisition section, you can identify whether visitors come from organic search, paid campaigns, direct visits, social media, or referral links. This knowledge helps in refining marketing strategies and optimizing resource allocation.
User Demographics Insights:
Gain a comprehensive view of your audience by exploring demographic data in the Audience section. Understand age, gender, and interests to tailor your marketing strategies effectively. Leverage this information to create personalized content and improve user engagement and conversion rates.
Tracking User Engagement:
Learn how to measure user interaction with your site through key metrics like bounce rate, average session duration, and pages per session. Enhance user experience by analyzing engagement metrics and implementing strategies to keep visitors engaged.
Conversion Rate Optimization:
Understand the importance of conversion rates and how to track them using Google Analytics. Set up Goals, analyze conversion funnels, segment your audience, and employ A/B testing to optimize your website for higher conversions. Utilize ecommerce tracking and multi-channel funnels for a detailed view of your sales performance and marketing channel contributions.
Custom Reports and Dashboards:
Create custom reports and dashboards to visualize and interpret data relevant to your business goals. Use advanced filters, segments, and visualization options to gain deeper insights. Incorporate custom dimensions and metrics for tailored data analysis. Integrate external data sources to enrich your analytics and make well-informed decisions.
This guide is designed to help you harness the power of Google Analytics for making data-driven decisions that enhance website performance and achieve your digital marketing objectives. Whether you are looking to improve SEO, refine your social media strategy, or boost conversion rates, understanding and utilizing Google Analytics is essential for your success.
1. * GB786159 (A)
Description: GB786159 (A) ? 1957-11-13
Improvements in pigment compositions
Description of GB786159 (A)
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The EPO does not accept any responsibility for the accuracy of data
and information originating from other authorities than the EPO; in
particular, the EPO does not guarantee that they are complete,
up-to-date or fit for specific purposes.
PATENT SPECIFICAION
Date of filing Complete Specification: Aug 8, 1955.
Application Date: Sept 24, 1954 No 27636/54.
) Complete Specification Published: Nov 13, 1957.
Index at Acceptance:-Classes 2 ( 2), F( 2 F: 3 N: 4); and 95, A 5.
Intemational O Cassification:-C 08 b C 09 b.
COMPLETE SPECIFICATION.
Improvements in Pigment Compositions.
We, RAYMOND DEVERELL-SMITH, ERIC I'ANSON and HARRY JAMES TWITCHETT, of
Hexagon House, Blackley, Manchester, all British Subjects, and
IMPERIAL CHEMICAL INDUSTRIES LIMITED, of Imperial Chemical House,
Millbank, London, S W 1, a British Company, do hereby declare the
invention, for which we pray that a patent may be granted to us, and
the method by which it is to be performed, to be particularly
described in and by the following statement:-
This invention relates to new compositions of matter and in particular
it relates to new pigment compositions for use in the colouration of
cellulose acetate plastic media.
In British Specification No 568,072 there is described a' process for
improving the light fastness of a lead chromate pigment which
comprises treating the pigment with one or more compounds of aluminium
and/ or of an element of the Fourth Group of the Periodic Table which
2. yields a substantially insoluble white oxide, together with a
substantially insoluble, colourless compound of a rare earth metal In
this process the amount of aluminium oxide used in conjunction with
the rare earth metal compound or compounds is not critical and is
subject to wide variance, and it is stated that, if desired, amounts
up to 10 % (based on the weight of pigment) may be used, although it
is preferred to use an amount which is equivalent to 1 %, based on the
weight of pigment.
Also in British Specification No 409,349 there is described a process
for the manufacture of red pigments comprising lead chromate, lead
sulphate and lead molybdate which may also contain hydrate of alumina.
Also in British Specification No 403,762 there is described a process
for the manufacture of chrome yellow colours stable to light and it is
disclosed that the process lPrice hill is 6 e may be carried out in
the presence of an extender, for example alumina hydrate.
It has hitherto been proposed to use lead chromate pigments, which
possess bright shades and good fastness proporties to light and heat,
in the colouration of cellulose acetate plastic media and particularly
in the colouration of cellulose acetate plastic mouldings.
These lead chromate pigments however suffer from the disadvantage that
they are unstable in cellulose acetate plastic media at the high
temperatures, for example 180220 ' C, that are now used in the trade
for moulding.
We have now found that this disadvantage can be obviated by adding
basic aluminium sulphate to the lead chromate pigment.
According to our invention therefore we provide new pigment
compositions which comprise lead chromate pigments wherein for every
100 parts by weight of a lead chromatic pigment there is present
between parts and 500 parts by weight of basic aluminium sulphate.
The said lead chromate pigment may be for example a middle, lemon,
primrose or scarlet (molybdate) chrome pigment.
The term "basic aluminium sulphate" relates to that product which may
be obtained by the interaction of aqueous solutions of sodium
carbonate and aluminium sulphate and in the trade this product is also
known and used under such terms as "alumina white", "alumina hydrate",
"aluminium hydroxide" or "hydrated aluminium oxide".
The said new pigment compositions may also contain other suitable
pigments, provided that these pigments are stable in cellulose acetate
plastic media, in order to obtain compound shades Moreover, opaque
white pigments for example titanium dioxide or extenders, for example
blanc fixe may be added.
1 = X, -, At 786,159 786,159 According to a further feature of our
invention we provide a process for the manufacture of coloured
cellulose acetate plastic media which comprises incorporating the
3. aforesaid new pigment compositions of the invention into cellulose
acetate plastic media.
The said incorporation may be brought about for example by masticating
mixtures of the new pigment compositions and cellulose acetate plastic
media on a hot roll mill and then cooling and granulating to produce
coloured cellulose acetate moulding powders.
The new pigment compositions are useful for the production of full,
reduced or pastel shades in cellulose acetate plastic media and
especially at the high temperatures now used in the trade for moulding
Mouldings so obtained at these high temperatures are brighter than
those obtained at the same temperatures using pigment compositions
which do not contain basic aluminium sulphate in the proportions
stated above Moreover, with the new pigment compositions, it is now
possible to use lower quality cellulose acetate plastic media, in
which darkening and decomposition on heating occurs more readily, for
the production of moulding with shades which would otherwise have
undesirable dullness.
The new pigment compositions may also contain other constituents for
example a di or tri-carboxylic aromatic acid as described in our
co-pending U K Application No 27635/54 (Serial No 786,158), and such
compositions may be used for the colouration of polystyrene plastic
media.
The invention is illustrated but not limited by the following Examples
in which the parts are by weight:EXAMPLE 1.
A cellulose acetate moulding powder is obtained by mixing the
following:65 parts of cellulose acetate flake (acetyl value 55 %).
parts of dimethylphthalate.
0.1 part of the scarlet chrome pigment obtained by the addition of an
aqueous solution containing sodium chromate, sodium sulphate and
sodium molybdate to an aqueous solution of lead nitrate.
0.1 part of basic aluminium sulphate, and masticating the said mixture
on a hot roll mill at 130 C The mixture is then cooled and granulated
and there is obtained a scarlet cellulose acetate moulding powder.
A moulding may be manufactured from the said moulding powder by the
use of a prolonged moulding cycle at a high temperature, for example
15 minutes at 220 C When so obtained the moulding retains much more
nearly the original scarlet shade of the moulding powder than when the
basic aluminium sulphate is omitted from the moulding powder.
EXAMPLE 2.
A cellulose acetate moulding powder is obtained by mixing the
following:parts of cellulose acetate flake (acetyl value 55 %), parts
of dimethylphthalate, 0.1 part of the scarlet chrome pigment (obtained
as described in Example 1), 0.1 part of basic aluminium sulphate, 0.5
part of titanium dioxide, and masticating the said mixture on a hot
4. roll mill at 130 C The mixture is then cooled and granulated and there
is obtained a scarlet cellulose acetate moulding powder.
A moulding may be manufactured from the said moulding powder by the
use of a prolonged moulding cycle at a high temperature for example,
15 minutes at 2200 C When so obtained, the moulding retains much more
nearly the original scarlet shade of the moulding powder than when the
basic aluminium sulphate is omitted from the moulding powder.
EXAMPLE 3.
A cellulose acetate moulding powder is obtained by mixing the
following: parts of cellulose acatate flake (acetyl value 55 %), parts
of cellulose acetate flake (acetyl 0.1 part of a lemon chrome pigment
obtained by precipitating together lead chromate and lead sulphate,
0.1 part of basic aluminium sulphate, and masticating the mixture on a
hot roll 100 mill at 1300 C The mixture is then cooled and granulated
and there is obtained a yellow cellulose acetate moulding powder A
moulding may be manufactured from the said moulding powder by the use
of a pro 105 longed moulding cycle at a high temperature for example,
15 minutes at 2200 C When so obtained, the moulding retains much more
nearly the original yellow shade of the moulding powder than when the
basic 110 aluminium sulphate is omitted from the moulding powder.
EXAMPLE 4.
A cellulose acetate moulding powder is obtained as described in
Example 3 but 115 adding 0 5 port of titanium dioxide to the mixture
of cellulose acetate flake, dimethyl phthalate, lemon chrome pigment
and basic aluminium sulphate prior to mastication.
The moulding obtained at 2200 C is a 120 pastel yellow in shade
whereas when the
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* GB786160 (A)
Description: GB786160 (A) ? 1957-11-13
5. Improvements relating to slurry basins and methods of forming homogeneous
slurries
Description of GB786160 (A)
IGOrMPLETE SPrECIFIsCATION
Improvements relating to Slurry Basins and methods of Forming
Homogeneous Slurries
We, sF. L. SMIDTH & Co. AXIS, a Danish
Company, of 33, Vestergade, Copenhagen K,
Denmark, do hereby declare the invention, for which we pray that a
patent may be granted to us, and the method by which it is to be
performed, to be particularly described in and by the following
statement:
A slurry basin is a tank for temporarily storing a slurry, that is, a
suspension of solid particles in a liquid.. The slurry fed to such a
basin may vary chemically and physically from time to time, and a
slurry basin is used to fort a homogeneous slurry from. a slurry of
varying composition by mixing the contents of the basin and to
maintain the slurry homogeneous. ISlurry basins are used in many
industries, especially in the cement industry, and are then often very
large structures. The larger the slurry basin, the greater the
possiabilities of equalising the variations: in the com- position of
the slurry supplied to it. At the same time it becomes increasingly
difficult to maintain the homogeneity of the slurry.
Originally, homogeneous slurries were producked and maintained by
means of one or more mechanical agitators. Subsequently it was found
that by allowing compressed air to bubble up through the slurry at
various places the effect of the agitators could be improved. Indeed,
because of the complicated and expensive apparatus necessary for the
use of agitators, they have often been dispensed with entirely, and
compressed air alone relied on to produce and maintain homogeneity. Up
to now this has not Ibeen satisfactory.
Slurry basins are often circular and have one or more frameworks
rotating within the basin about the vertical axis. of the basin, each
framework carrying means for supplying slurry and compressed air to
the basin and means for scraping the bottom of the basin, and it is
with these basins that this invention is concerned. A homogeneous
slurry is formed in such a basin in accordance with this invention by
supplying both the slurry and compressed air substantially evenly over
the whole area of the bottom of the basin; that is to say supplying
substantially the same amount of slurry and the same amount of air to
each unit of area per unit of time.
6. In this way the slurry is made and maintained homogeneous without the
use of mechanical agitators. If the slurry is supplied only at one
point of the basin, it only becomes approximately homogeneous.
Similarly adequate overall mixing of the slurry is only obtained if
the compressed air is supplied substantially evenly.
Despite the excellent homogenising effect of this invention coarse
particles will deposit at the bottom of the basin;. These coarse
parties should, be removed as soon as possible and before they
accumulate into a heap. Such accumulations obviously affect the
homogeneity and also impede the release of air bubbles from the
compressed air supply means and retard the early stage of the movement
of these bubbles up through the slurry The scrapers mounted on each
framework effect this removal. It is preferred that the bottom of the
basin is scraped by scrapers mounted so that they are free to ride
ever obstacles on the bottom but push coarse particles to. the
periphery of the basin. The scrapers. are therefore hot damaged by
collision with the obstacles which may have been dropped into, or
ether- wise occur in the basin.
The slurry is preferably supplied through vertical and evenly spaced
pipes from a central tank via a radial trough or pipe carried by each
framework. If there are three pipes carrived on each framework, the
pipes being at distances of 1, 2 and 3 units from the vertical axis of
the basin, it can be assumed that the first pipe from the axis
supplies slurry to. an area of n.la=n; .1' = -, the next pipe supplies
an
area of 7r .22 - r.12=37r and the outside pipe supplies an area of a
.3 - 7r .22 = 5#.
It will thus be clear that the amounts of slurry fed through the three
pipes should be in the ratio 1:3:5. In fact this is an approximation.
There will generally be a central pillar in the basin and the outside
pipe will not be at the extreme edge of the basin. In practice, the
distribution of slurry is determined experimentally, but is found not
to vary greatly from the approximation given above.
The compressed air is preferably supplied in a similar manner, that is
through vertical and evenly spaced pipes but in this case from a
compressed air supply sia a distributing valve mechanism carried. by
each framework.
If there are five pipes at distances of 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 units from
the vertical axis, by analogy with the approximation given above the
air should be supplied through these pipes in the ratio 1:3:5:7:9.
However, other factors have to be considered and a distribution
varying somewhat from this approximation should be used.
In stead of forming a homogeneous slurry by supplying the slurry and
compressed air through evenly spaced pipes and controlling the amount
7. of slurry and air passing through them, equal amounts of slurry and
air can be supplied through each pipe of the two sets, the distance
between the pipes being dependent on the distance of each from the
axis and therefore on the area of the bottom of the basin to be
supplied by each pipe. The pipes will be mounted closer together at
the outside edge of the framework.
A circular slurry basin according to this invention contains one or
more frameworks to rotate about the vertical axis of the basin, each
framework carrying scrapers for the bottom of the basin, vertical and
evenly spaced pipes for supplying slurry to the basin, each pipe being
controlled by a regulating device, so that the slurry can be fed
substantially evenly over the whole area of the bottom of the basin, a
radial pipe or trough connecting these vertical pipes to a central
tank, and vertical and evenly spaced pipes for supplying compressed
air to the basin, these pipes being connected to a distributing valve
mechanism, also carried on the frameworlr, so that compressed air can
be fed substantially evenly over the whole area of the bottom of the
basin.
The invention will now be described with reference to the accompanying
drawings which show the preferred slurry basin and in which:
Fig. 1 is a vertical axial section through half the slurry basin.
Fig. 2 is a partial section through the basin at right angles to the
framework.
Fig. 3 is a top view of the framework.
Fig. 4 is a section through a trough mounted on the framework to
supply slurry to the basin, and
Fig. 5-is a section through the distributing valve mechanism for
supplying compressed air to the basin.
The slurry basin has a bottom 1, vertical cylindrical side walls 2 and
a central vertical pillar 3, with its centre on the vertical axis (=C.
A pivot 4 is secured to the top of the pillar. A lattice framework 5
capable of rotating horizontally about the pivot 4, is supported. at
its outside end by wheels 6 running direct on the edge 7 of the
vertical wall 2 of the basin as described in our co-pending
Application No. 2564.7/55 (Serial No.
786,161) of even date herewith. Altematively the wheels can run on a
circular rail. The basin has an opening 36 through which slurry is
removed for feeding to cement kilns.
At the end about which rotation takes place the framework 5 is
equipped with a central annular tank 8. A stationary pipe 9 supplies
slurry from above during rotation of the framework. The slurry passes
through an outlet 8a in the bottom of the tank 8 into a trough 10
mounted at one side of and along the framework. The trough 10 connects
three vertical and evenly spaced pipes 11 for supplying slurry to the
8. basin. At the junction between the trough 10 and each pipe 11 is
mounted a removable circular plate 12, the plates having a hole or
holes 13 for passage of the slurry from the trough or pipe into the
vertical pipes 11. The plates 12 are regulating devices for the supply
of slurry to the basin, the crosssectional area of the holes 13
determining the amount of slurry passing into each pipe 11 per unit of
time, provided that a definite level of slurry is maintained in the
trough 10. By varying the diameter of the hole or holes in each plate
the slurry can be fed substantially evenly over the whole area of the
bottom of the basin.
The-pipes 11 are supported by a lattice structure 14 which forms part
of the framework 5 and also supports vertical evenly spaced pipes 15,
16, 17, 18 and 19 through which compressed air is supplied to the
basin.
The compressed air is obtained from a central vertical supply from a
flexible pipe 20.
After passing through a stuffing box 21 on the axis it is led by a
pipe 22 along the framework 5 to a distributing valve mechanism 23
mounted at the end of the framework. The framework 5 is provided with
a gangway 24, the outer end of which is widened to form a platform 25
on which the mechanism is mounted. Along its sides the gangway 24 is
limited by handialls 26 for the protection of operators.
The distributing valve mechanism 23 distributes the compressed air
supplied through the pipe 22 to the pipes 15, 16, 17, 18 and 19. These
pipes extend beneath the gangway 24 in the direction of the axis of
the basin until they bend vertically downwards, each of them ending in
a valve 217 at the bottom of the basin. Each valve consists of a
powerful, tightly fitting rubber pipe enclosing the lower end of the
pipe and covering an opening in the side of the pipe so as to produce
a one-way valve of the cycle tyre type. The mechanism 23 is driven by
a motor 28 through a reduction gear 29. The motor also drives the
framework about the Pivot 4, one of the two secondary shafts of the
gear being connected to at least one of the wheels l6 through a chain
drive. The other secondary shaft of the gear is connected to a shaft
30 of the mechanism 23. (see Fig. 5).
One end of a long chamber 311 is connected to the. compressed air pipe
221 and the pipes 15, 16, 17, 18 and 19 are also connected.
Each of the latter pipes has a valve 32. When closed each valve
prevents, and when open permits, air from the chamber 31 to pass into
the pipes 151 to 19. Each valve is operated by a cam or cams mounted
on the rotating shaft 30. The shaft carries one or more cams 33, which
opens the valves by means of a roller rocking lever 34, the valves
being kept closed by springs. The peripheral extent of the cams and
the number of cams determines the interval during which the valves are
9. open per revolotion of the shaft 30. Experience has. shown that rather
than distribute compressed air in the approximate ratio given above it
is better to supply compressed air once into the pipe 19, once into
the pipe 18, twice into the pipe 17, twice into the pipe 16 and three
times into the pipe 115l per revolution of the shaft 3J0. If so, the
cams operating the valves for the pipes 19 and 18 should have one cam,
the cam for the valves corresponding to the pipes 17 and 161 two cams,
and the cam for the valve corresponding to the pipe 15 three cams. The
peripheral extent of the cams, the number of cams.
and the speed of the shaft 30i have to be ad- juster to the
requirements of the basin. A suitable peripheral speedy of the
framework 5 may be about 0.5m/sec. and the speed of the shaft 30may be
5 r.p.m.
Each of the pipes 11 and 15. to may be replaced by two or more pipes,
preferably disposed in a line at right. angles to the framework 5.
Any coarse particles which settle out inuring normal operation are
immediately scraped to the opening 316. by scrapers 35 and; removed
from the basin before they accumulate. The scrapers 35 are carried by
the framework, being mounted on at least two radial frames.
The frames are pivotally mounted about the horizontal pivots at the
points 39, 40, 41 and 42 of the lattice struc- ture 14 so that the
scrapers are urged towards the bottom of the basin by the weight of
the frames and scrapers, their downward movement ibeing limited Ibyi
chains 43 which hold the scrapers in a horizontal position, but which
allow the frames and scrapers to rise off the bottom of the basin by
pivoting about the points 39, 40, 41 and 42 so that they are not
damaged when. they strike obstacles. Chains 44 and winches 45 mounted
on the railing 216 of the gangway 24 are provided so that operators
may raise the scraper plates from their worldng position and lower
them again as required. If the motor 28 is stopped for any appreciable
time, the scrapers should be raised in order to facilitate the
subsequent start of the machinery,. since the slurry will settle on
standing and if the scrapers were in position when the motor stared
the thick slurry settled at the bottom of the basin might overload the
machinery. The machinery is therefore started with scrapers raised;
they are then slowly lowered.
A permanent scraper 4;61 mounted at the top of the framework 5 keeps
the upper part of the basin wall free from slurry accumulations.
If there are two or more frameworks in the basin instead of one, all
the outside ends should be supported by wheels. In this case a driving
motor and distributing valve mechanism for compressed air may be
mounted at either some or all of the ends of the frame;worlds.
What we claim is:
1. A method of forming a homogeneous slurry in a circular basin having
10. one or more frameworks rotating within the basin about the vertical
axis. of the basin, each framework carrying means for supplying slurry
and compressed air to the basin and means for scraping the bottom of
the basin in which the slurry and compressed air are both supplied
subs.t2tlally evenly over the whole area of the bottom iof the basin.
2. A method according to claim 1 in which the slurry is supplied
through vertical and evenly spaced pipes: from a central tank via a
radial trough or pipe carried by each framework..
3s. A method according to claim 1 or claim 2 in which the compressed
air is supplied through vertical and evenly spaced pipes from a
compressed air supply ria a distributing valve mechanism carried xbzr
each framework.
4. A method according to any of the pre- ceding claims in which the
bottom of the 'basin is scraped by scrapers mounted so that they are
free to ride over obstacles on the bottom but push coarse particles.
to the periphery of the bottom of the basin'.
51. A circular slurry basin containing one or more frameworks to
rotate about the vertical axis of the basin, each framework carry; ing
scrapers for the bottom of the basin, vertical andi evenly spaced
pipes for supplying slurry to the basin, each pipe being controlled by
a regulating device so that the slurry can be fed substantially evenly
over rhe whole area of the bottom of the basin, a radial pipe or
trough connecting these vertical pipes to a central tank and vertical
and evenly spaced pipes for supplying- compressed air to the basin,
these pipes being connected to a distributing valve mechanism, also
carried on the
* GB786161 (A)
Description: GB786161 (A) ? 1957-11-13
Improvements in and relating to slurry basins
Description of GB786161 (A)
COMPLETE SPECIFICATION
Improvements in and relating to Slurry Basins
We, F. L. SMIDTH & Co., iA/S, a Danish
11. Company, of 77 Vigersiev Allee, Copenhagen
Valby, Denmark, formerly of 33 Vestergade
Copenhagen K, Denmark, do hereby declare
the invention, for which we pray that la patent may be granted .to us,
and the method by which it is to be performed, to. be particularly
described in and by the following statement:
This invention relates to slurry basins of the kind in which la
suspension of solids in a
liquid is converted into as homogeneous a slurry as possible.
These islurry basins are commonly circular
constructions of concrete and have a radial framework carrying
scraping and ihomogenis- ing devices, one end of the framework being
rotatably supported at the vertical axis of the basin and the other
end being supported by
one or more wheels running on the edge of the basin.
According to this invention the wheel or wheels and the edge of the
basin are frustoconical, having la 'common. apex on the vertical axis
of the basin, and either the edge of the basin is of rubber or other
resilient mater- ial, lor the wheel or wheels is or are provided with
a tyre or tyres of rubber or other resilient material. As a result,
there is a true rolling movement between the travelling wheel land he
edge of the basin, land since at least one of the bearing surfaces rat
the edge of the basin is of rubber or other resilient material the
wheel pressure is distributed over so large a surface that there is
little risk of the concrete at the edge of the basin being crushed,
and only a little noise is made Iby the wheels when running.
One basin according to the invention is shown in the accompanying
drawings, in, which:
Figure 1 is an elevation of plant of a circular slurry basin;
(Figure 2 is a plan of the same part; and
(Figure 3 is a diagrammatic representation of a wheel and the edge of
the basin.
The slurry basin is circular and shown at 1. and comprises an outer
wall 2 and a central column 3 with a pivot 4 having a vertical taxis
12 about which one end of a radial framework 5 may rotate
horizontally. The other end of the framework is supported by two
wheels to, of which one is coupled to and
Idriven by a motor 10 by means of a reduction gear 7 'and a
transmission 3. The motor 10 is mounted on a platform 9 at the outer
end ofthe framework 5. The position of the wheels 6 is such that their
axes 11 intersect each other on the vertical axis 12. The distance of
the travelling wheels from the axis d the basin is such that the
wheels run on the middle of the outer wail 2. The wheels and the edge
of the basin are frusto-conical, having a common apex on the axis 12.
12. The wheels are provided with tyres 13 of a resilient material, for
example rubber. The tyres may be pneumlatic, in which case la very low
wheel pressure per unit area and silent operation will be olb- tained.
What we claim is: -
)1. A circular slurry basin having a radial framework carrying
scraping and homogenising devices, one end of the framework being
rotatably supported at the vertical axis of the basin and the other
end being supported by one or more wheels running on the edge of the
basin, in which the wheel or wheels and the edge of the basin are
frusto-conacal having a common apex on the vertical axis of the
ibasin, either the edge of the basin being of rubber or other
resilient material or the Wheel or wheels being provided with a tyre
or trees of rubber lor other resilient material.
2. A scurry basin according to claim 1, subsltantilally as described
with referenoe to the accompanying drawings.
* GB786162 (A)
Description: GB786162 (A)
Pneumatic tires
Description of GB786162 (A)
A high quality text as facsimile in your desired language may be available
amongst the following family members:
BE536165 (A) CH325560 (A) DE1081332 (B) FR1152671 (A)
LU33422 (A) US2906314 (A) FR1161340 (A)
BE536165 (A) CH325560 (A) DE1081332 (B) FR1152671 (A)
LU33422 (A) US2906314 (A) FR1161340 (A) less
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The EPO does not accept any responsibility for the accuracy of data
and information originating from other authorities than the EPO; in
particular, the EPO does not guarantee that they are complete,
13. up-to-date or fit for specific purposes.
PATENT SPECIFICATION
Date Of filing Complete Specification (under Section 3 ( 3)
Act, 1949): Feb 25, 1955.
Application Date: March 2 1954 Na 602 Application Date: July 15, 1954
No 206 Application Date: Aug 17, 1954 No 23 E Complete Specification
Published: Nov 13, 1957.
Index at acceptance:-Classes 144 ( 1), B 4 E; and 144 ( 2), C( 3 B 5:
SF).
International Classification:-B 62 g.
COMPLETE SPECIFICATION
Improvements in Pneumatic Tyres We, DUNLOP RUBBER COMPANY LIMITED,
British Company, of 1, Albany Street, _ondon, N W 1, and HENRY WILLIAM
TREVASKIS, a British Subject, of the Dunlop Rim and Wheel Company
Limited, Foleshill, Coventry, do hereby declare the invention, for
which we pray that a patent may be granted to us, and the method by
which it is to be performed, to be particularly described in and by
the following statement: -
This invention relates to pneumatic tyres and to a method and
apparatus for their production.
Pneumatic tyres are customarily built on a collapsible cylindrical
building drum from plies of fabric cut on the bias from a length of
rubberized tyre cord fabric Several plies are wrapped around the drum
in a manner such that the cords in adjacent plies are disposed in
opposite directions, each of the plies overlap Ding each end of the
drum.
A preformed endless bead wire is slipped over the overlapping portion
of the plies at each end face and the plies are turned up and wrapped
around the bead wires to enclose them securely An extruded strip of
rubber to form the tread and sidewalls is then wrapped around the
drum, the drum is collapsed and the cylindrical cover removed
therefrom An annular airbag is then located within the cover and
lightly inflated to shape the cylindrical cover into one of customary
toroidal crosssection, the cover and airbag are inserted within a
mould and, after fully inflating the airbag, the cover is moulded
under heat and pressure.
It is the object of the present invention to provide tvres containing
a reinforcement constructed from a winding of cord in which the usual
bead wires are dispensed with and which will grip an associated rim on
inflation This is the reverse of the effect obtained with existing
commercially-available tyres, which contain bead wires and which tend
to be blown off the rim by the inflation pressure.
According to the present invention a pneulPrice 3 s 6 d l 786 162 ) of
14. the Patents 3/54.
636154.
854/54.
matic tyre comprises a body of natural rubber or other suitable
resilient material containing, as an internal reinforcement, a winding
of cord arranged in the form of at least one double layer in which the
cord of one layer crosses the cord of the other layer to form a
lattice and the cord in each layer extends in a series of unit waves
progressing continuously around the tyre in the same direction, each
unit wave of cord being completely embedded in the resilient material
and consisting of two substantially diagonally opposite arcuate
portions, each extending through and being substantially confined to
one bead of the tyre, alternating with portions passing through the
side walls and crown of the tyre which leave and approach the arcuate
portions substantially tangentially and take a path which is
substantially a geodesic with respect to the surface defined by the
layer, the arcuate portions of cord in the unit waves being
sufficiently long to ensure that, on inflation of the tyre, each of
the beads thereof will tend to contract in diameter over a major
portion of the transverse dimension of the foot of the bead as a
result of the tension imposed on the cord.
It will be noted that, in the tyre according to the invention, each
unit wave of the cord is completely embedded in the rubber or other
resilient material The arcuate portions of cord in the tyre are
substantially confined to the beads and when the tyre is inflated the
distribution of stress in all the unit waves of cord is substantially
the same.
In practice it is usually most convenient to wind the whole of the
reinforcement from a single length of cord, though it is possible to
use more than one long length if so desired.
For instance, each double layer can be wound from a separate length of
cord.
The tendency of the beads of the tyre to contract in diameter on
inflation will cause the tyre to grip a wheel rim on which it is
mounted This is the most important characteristic of tyres in
accordance with the invention, as it makes it possible to dispense
with bead wires and has other advantages which are referred to
hereinafter This tendency is due to the configuration of the unit
waves of cord, each of which, as stated above, consists of an arcuate
portion in one bead of the tyre, a curved portion running through the
walls and crown of the tyre to the other bead, an arcuate portion in
this other bead and a curved portion running back to the first bead.
The cord may be made of steel or of a suitable natural or artificial
textile material, e.g cotton, rayon, nylon or the polyester made from
15. terephthalic acid and ethylene glycol and sold under the Registered
Trade Mark "Terylene," and preferably consists of a number of twisted
strands, each of which consists of a number of twisted filaments.
The resilient material may be natural rubber or a synthetic rubber,
for example a butadienestyrene copolymer or the copolymer of
isobutylene with a small proportion of butadiene known as butyl
rubber.
The invention also comprises a method of making a pneumatic tyre which
comprises winding cord progressively around a former having thereon a
winding surface of substantially part-spherical shape to form a
reinforcement having edges of equal diameter and constituted by at
least one double layer of cord, the cord of one layer crossing the
cord of the other layer to form a lattice and each layer consisting of
a series of turns which are spaced equidistantly around the former,
extend obliquely around it in a geodesic path and make tangential
contact with opposite edges of the reinforcement at positions
substantially diagonally opposite, removing the reinforcement from the
former and thereafter subjecting it together with a vulcanizable
composition containing natural rubber or other suitable resilient
material to a shaping, heating and moulding treatment to vulcanize the
composition and form a tyre in which each turn of the cord is
completely embedded in the resilient material, this treatment
displacing the edges of the reinforcement axially inwardly, expanding
the crown portion of the reinforcement and deforming the cord so that
portions thereof extend arcuately in the beads of the tyre to an
extent sufficient to cause each of said beads to tend to contract in
diameter over a major portion of the transverse dimension of the foot
of the bead when the tyre is inflated.
An important advantage of tyres in accordance with the invention is
that the building of the reinforcement can be carried out
semiautomatically by means of a machine which lays the cord on a
former in the required path by the appropriate relative motions of the
former and the cord feed In such a machine both the former and the
feed may move or one may be stationary and the other move.
The process of tyre building may thus be largely mechanized.
Thus the invention includes apparatus for the manufacture of a
pneumatic tyre which comprises a former, means for feeding cord on to
the former and means for effecting relative movement between the
former and the 70 feeding means to lay the cord on a winding surface
of the former, which surface is substantially part-spherical
throughout its area and has two parallel circular edges of equal
diameter, in a series of turns progressing 75 around the former in the
same direction, each turn extending obliquely around the former in a
geodesic path and making tangential contact with each edge of the
16. winding surface at substantially diametrically opposite points 80 The
former is preferably a sphere or spheroid truncated at opposite ends
of a diameter to provide circular faces of equal area, said circular
faces having cylindrical or frusto-conical portions extending axially
there 85 from to prevent the turns of cord from falling off the edges
of the former proper With a former of this shape the cord is wound in
a series of turns in such a manner that, from a point of origin on the
spherical surface of 90 the former at the boundary of one of the
circular faces, it leaves the edge tangentially and follows a curved
path which is a geodesic over the curved outer surface of the former
to a second point, substantially diagonally 95 opposed and on the
spherical surface of the former at the boundary of the other circular
face The cord touches this other face tangentially and continues in a
curved path, which is a geodesic over the curved outer surface 100 of
the former, back to make tangential contact with the first face
thereof at a location adjacent the point of origin.
The cord may be laid in this manner by rotating the former slowly
about an axis of 105 symmetry and simultaneously traversing the cord
in a geodesic path inclined to the axis at such an angle that the cord
makes tangential contact with the circular edges of the former.
By adjustment of the relative rates of rotation 110 of the former and
traverse of the cord it can be arranged that each turn is displaced
circumferentially relative to the preceding turn to the extent
required.
The cord is preferably rubber-covered, e g 115 it may be sprayed or
dipped in rubber solution or coated with a rubber composition
containing a vulcanizing agent and accelerator such as is customarily
used for the production of tyre cord fabric, and is preferably wound
120 on to a layer of rubber secured to the former.
A reinforcement comprising one or more double layers of cord may be
provided.
When the reinforcement has been built up a layer of rubber may be
applied to the outer 125 cord layer and the tyre may then be completed
in the usual manner by the application of a tread strip and chafer
strips, followed by removal from the former, insertion of an airbag
and shaping and vulcanizing in a mould 130 786,162 Figure 4 is another
view of the reinforcement shown in Figure 3.
Figures 5 A to 5 E are related views of a former having a single turn
of cord wound thereon 70 Figures 6, 7 and 8 are three related
diagrammatic views of a single turn in an unmoulded reinforcement, i e
on a former, and of the corresponding unit wave in a tyre after it has
been moulded 75 Figure 9 illustrates, in developed form, the length
and configuration of one unit wave of cord around a tyre of given
dimensions.
17. Figure 10 is a diagrammatic view of apparatus for constructing a
reinforcement 80 according to the present invention, and Figure 11
shows graphically for a particular tyre the relation between cord
elongation and minimum bead lap angle.
The tyre and the method and apparatus for 85 making the tyre
hereinafter described with reference to the accompanying drawings
relate to a preferred embodiment of the invention wherein the
reinforcement is constructed by winding on a part-spherical former 90
The tyre shown in Figure 1 comprises an inner layer 1 of rubber, a
rayon cord reinforcement 2 and an outer layer 3 of rubber which is
provided with a tread 4 The rayon cord reinforcement comprises two
double layers 95 and 6 of rubberised rayon cord, the portions of cord
of each single layer crossing the portions of cord of an adjacent
layer over the crown and side walls of the tyre to form a close
lattice The portions of cord extending 100 in arcs in the vicinity of
the edges of the tyre together form the beads 7 The cords of each
layer extend continuously around the tyre and from one bead to the
other and approach and leave the arcuate portion in each 105 bead
substantially tangentially and trace a path across the crown and side
walls of the tyre between successive points at which the cord parts
from one bead and meets the other bead which is substantially a
geodesic with respect 110 to a surface defined by the layer Each unit
wave of cord comprises an arc extending through one bead, a
substantially geodesic portion extending across the crown and
sidewalls, an arc extending through the other 115 bead and another
substantially geodesic portion extending back across the crown and
side walls to the original bead.
The construction of the cord reinforcement is more fully shown in
Figure 2 One length 120 of cord only is employed, the portion shown in
the Figure starting at 8 and finishing at 9.
One complete unit wave is shown shaded at to illustrate more fully the
configuration thereof in a completed and moulded tyre 125 The
perspective view of the tyre reinforcement shown in Figure 3
illustrates how the bead 11 is built up A portion of cord, shown
shaded at 12, extending across the crown and side walls of the tyre,
meets the bead at 13 130 In the method of winding the cord onto the
former, as hereinabove described, the cord merely touches the circular
faces of the former tangentially at substantially diagonally-opposed
locations at opposite edges of the former.
However, after stripping the assembly from the former the beads are
forced axially towards one another and the crown is forced radially
outwardly During shaping and moulding the length of cord in each
geodesic, which was hitherto substantially in the shape of a circular
arc, is deformed into somewhat elliptical shape and the portions of
18. the cord at the edges of the reinforcement are repositioned so that in
a cured and moulded tyre they extend arcuately through the beads and
constitute the bead reinforcements.
The spacing between adjacent turns, the strength of the cord and the
number of double layers may vary and will be chosen in accordance with
the strength required in the tyre.
The apparatus in one specific embodiment comprises a substantially
part-spherical collapsible former in the shape of a sphere equally
truncated at opposite ends of a diameter and provided at said ends
with axially outwardly flaring frusto-conical portions to retain the
edges of the reinforcement The former is mounted on a spindle passing
centrally through its truncated ends and an arm is provided, mounted
on a shaft and so angled that the end thereof in one angular position
of the shaft is located adjacent the edges of one truncated portion of
the former and for a 180 i 5 revolution of the shaft said end moves
around to a location adjacent the edge of the other portion The end of
the arm lays the cord in substantially circular turns around the
former and from one edge to the other and at the same time the former
is slowly rotated to form a latticed envelope of cord on the former
The arm can be very light and can be made to move very rapidly around
the former so that the envelope is quickly laid.
In order that the invention may be more fully described, reference is
made to the accompanying drawings, which relate to a tyre
reinforcement constructed by winding on a part-spherical former and to
a preferred apparatus for constructing such a reinforcement and of
which: Figure 1 is a fragmentary, part-sectioned, perspective view of
a tyre containing a reinforcement constructed in accordance with the
present invention.
Figure 2 is a perspective view of a similar tyre which illustrates the
unit waves formed by the cord in a moulded tyre, only a few of the
unit waves being shown and those being widely spaced apart for the
sake of clarity.
Figure 3 is a perspective skeletal view of the reinforcement of a
moulded tyre, the unit waves of cord being spaced widely apart for the
sake of clarity.
786,162 and extends in an arc through said bead to a location at 14
whence it leaves the bead to return across the crown and side walls to
the other bead The arcuate portion of cord from 13 to 14 subtends at
the centre of the tyre an angle 9, herein termed the bead lap angle.
The cord enters the beads at 13 and leaves it at 14 in directions
substantially tangential to the arcuate portion from 13 to 14.
The view of the tyre reinforcement shown in Figure 4 illustrates the
configuration of the portions of cord in the crown and shoulders of
the tyre The double layer of cord 15 and 16, or 16 and 17, extends
19. over the crown in lattice formation, as illustrated, the cords 16
overlying the cords 15 over one half of the tyre, i e as far as cord
15 a, where they dip below cords 17 at 17 a to form the under layer
over the other half of the tyre It will be understood that on the
other side of the tyre the cords 16 similarly change from under layer
to upper layer Each layer of the double layer is generated
simultaneously The double layer develops at diagonally opposed
regions, starting at the beads, as each winding crosses corresponding
parts of previously-laid windings with opposite bias.
The angles of intersection of the cords of the lattice in the
circumferential direction increase from zero at each edge to a maximum
at the crown The cord density per unit area of former increases from
the crown to the edges of the reinforcement As will be seen there is
no interweaving of the cords in the two layers and any tendency of a
cord to chafe at points of crossing is therefore reduced to a minimum.
A method of manufacturing a tyre constructed in accordance with the
invention will now be described A collapsible former, of
part-spherical shape, i e equally truncated at opposite ends of a
diameter, is rotatable about an axis passing centrally through the
truncated ends This former is covered with a sheet of uncured rubber
which constitutes the inside of the complete tyre, and this sheet
forms a tacky surface to which the cord will readily adhere.
Rayon cord is led from a bobbin, through a nozzle which a Dolies a
coating of a vulcanizable rubber composition and through a tensioning
device and is then fed on to the former as it rotates slowly by means
of a winding arm which is rotatable about an axis intersecting the
rotational axis of the former and inclined thereto at the required
angle The arrangement is such that in one complete rotation of the end
of the arm around the former, the cord would, if the former were
stationary, extend in a circle from a point at one edge of the former
geodesically across to a diagonally opposed point at the other edge
and then back again to the original point, touching both points
tangentially.
This is illustrated in the accompanying diagrammatic Figures 5 A to 5
E which show five related views of a former 18 having a part-spherical
outer periphery 19 and circular flat portions 20 at opposite ends of a
diameter.
The spigots 21 indicate its axis of rotation A 70 turn of cord 22 is
shown extending geodesically around the former from one edge to the
other, meeting and leaving said edges tangentially.
On account of the slow rotation of the 75 former the cord is not laid
in a truly circular path as shown but in one which deviates from such
a path by an amount depending on the relative rates of rotation of the
arm and the former, so that the points of contact of the 80 cord with
20. each edge of the former advance or retreat progressively as the
winding continues until, when the former has made approximately one
rotation, an envelope comprising a double layer of cord has been
formed 85 As the cord reinforcement is built up on the former the
thickness thereof increases from the crown to the edges, and if
desired the configuration of the former may be slightly more convex
than spherical so that, when the 90 reinforcement is finally built up,
a surface lying between the inner and outer peripheries of the
reinforcement is truly part-spherical.
Two double layers of rayon cord are provided in all and a layer of
sheet rubber may be 95 applied between the double layers of cord A
breaker strip or strips may then be fitted to reinforce the crown of
the casing and an outer layer of rubber and a tread strip is fitted.
Chafing strips may also be added 100 The unmoulded tyre so formed is
removed from the former by collapsing the former The tyre at this
stage follows the configuration of the former and each turn of cord is
substantially circular During shaping and mould 105 ing the edges are
moved axially-inwardly to form the beads and at the same time the
crown of the tyre is forced radially outwardly to give a conventional
tyre section.
This is illustrated diagrammatically in 110 Figures 6, 7 and 8 which
show three related views of a single turn of cord as it extends on a
former, and also of the corresponding unit wave as it extends in a
tyre after it has been shaped and cured in a mould Reference 115
number 23 indicates the former and 24 indicates the moulded tyre On
the former the cord 25 of each turn leaves a location at one edge
tangentially, extends geodesically across the former to a
substantially diametrically 120 opposed location at the other edge,
arriving at and departing from said location tangenially, and extends
geodesically back across the former to arrive tangentially at a
location at the first edge adjacent said first location 125 When the
reinforcement is completely wound and the tread strip and other
elements are assembled the tyre is removed from the former, placed in
a mould, inflated by means of an air-bag and moulded The edges of the
tyre 130 786,162 the effects of friction and rubber adhesion between
the layers of cord during shaping and moulding of the tyre cause a
slight displacement of the portions of the cord extending between the
beads from the truly geodesic path and, due to the crowding of the
cords at the beads, the arcuate portions of cord in the beads assume a
path of varying radius which is circular with respect to the centre of
the tyre over a relatively small angle only Nevertheless, due to the
close packing of the cords and bonding material in the beads, these
arcuate portions of cord have a sufficiently large effective bead lap
angle to Produce the required grip on the wheel rim.
21. When the tyre according to the invention is inflated, each bead
contracts in diameter to grip the wheel rim around the whole of the
periphery of the rim and over a major portion of the transverse
dimension of the base of the bead and preferably across the whole of
the base of the bead from heel to toe The invention is best applied to
the manufacture of tyres in which the bead diameter is neither too
large nor too small in relation to the crown diameter Where the bead
diameter is very small in relation to the crown diameter, as in a
doughnut tyre, little, if any, grip on the wheel rim is obtained when
the tyre is inflated.
Where on the other hand, the bead diameter is only slightly less than
the crown diameter, as in a tyre for a pedal cycle, a satisfactory
grip on the wheel rim is obtained on inflation but if the cords are
laid sufficiently close to provide a satisfactory reinforcement of the
crown of the tyre the zone of the tyre in which the cords are crowded
extends so far up the side walls of the tyre as to make the side walls
excessively rigid.
For any given tyre dimensions, the dimensions of a former on which it
may be constructed may be readily computed In the case of a sphere
truncated at opposite ends of a diameter, the diameter of the sphere
is equal to the length of line MQ (taken from Figure 9) divided by r
The truncated portions of the sphere have a diameter substantially
equal to the diameter of the tyre bead although, in practice, a small
percentage is added to this to compensate for relaxation of the cord,
which is wound under tension, on removal of the reinforcement from the
former.
An apparatus for making a tyre in accordance with the invention is
shown diagrammatically in Figure 10 A rayon cord 30 is led from a
rotatable spool 31 and through a drying chamber 32, which comprises a
fan blowing air through an electrically-heated element and thence onto
the cord as it continually passes through said chamber The heat from
the drying chamber dries out moisture from the cord and also preheats
it for the next operation in which the cord passes through an extruder
unit 33 where a thin sheath of rubber is continuously extruded around
the are moved axially inwardly, as best shown in Figure 7, and the
crown of the tyre is moved outwardly The portions of cord forming each
geodesic, hitherto in the shape of a semis circle, are displaced into
substantially semielliptical shape, the loop 26 of each partellipse
extending over the crown of the moulded tyre, the intermediate
portions 27 extending down the sidewalls to the beads and the end
portions 28 being moved axially inwardly during the moulding process
so that, in the moulded tyre, they extend in diagonallyopposite arcs
in the beads Thus in a moulded tyre each unit wave is illustrated at
29 This movement of the cords takes place on moulding.
22. The arcs of cord which each extend adjacent the edges of the tyres,
together form the bead reinforcement which grips the rim when the tyre
is inflated Each arc subtends at the centre of the cover a bead lap
angle which, for any particular shape of tyre, should exceed a
theoretical minimum value dependent on the maximum working elongation
characteristics of the cord employed This feature will be more fully
explained later in the specification but it may here be noted that for
most sizes of tyre for motor road vehicles or aircraft the theoretical
minimum bead lap angle, which is calculated for a single unit wave of
cord only on the basis indicated in Figure 9 and on the assumption
that it contacts with the extreme edges of the tyre and extends
between said edges in a truly geodesic path, is of the order of 250
for rayon cord and about 50 for steel cord.
One unit wave of a moulded tyre may be developed as illustrated in
Figure 9 which is approximate only because it takes no account of
residual tension in the cord A straight line AB is laid out which is
equal to twice the distance around the cross-section of the
reinforcement in the moulded tyre plus twice the bead diameter Arcs LM
and PQ of the same diameter as the diameter across the beads of the
tyre are struck with centres at A and B. Another arc ST of the same
diameter is struck with its centre at 0, the point midway between A
and B A line is drawn connecting arc LM at one side of line AB
tangentially with arc ST at the other side of line AB and another line
is drawn connecting arc ST at the same side of line AB tangentially
with arc PQ at the original side of line AB The resulting composite
line MQ gives a close approximation to the theoretical length and
developed configuration of a single unit wave of cord around the
moulded tyre and the theoretical bead lap angle a is clearly shown It
will be seen that this angle increases with increase in the bead
diameter, if the circumferential length remains constant.
Figure 9 illustrates the theoretical bead lap angle obtained with a
single unit wave in respect of one type of car tyre In practice,
786,162 cord.
The extruder unit 33 comprises a chamber into which an unvulcanised
rubber composition is continuously fed by means of a driven screw
conveyor The cord passes into the chamber through a nipple at one side
and the rubber is extruded around the cord as it emerges from an
extruder nipple at the other side, said extruder nipple being
dimensioned to allow a thin coating only of rubber on the cord, and
being also electrically heated to better ensure even distribution of
rubber on the cord.
From the extruder unit 33 the cord passes through a clutch mechanism,
indicated generally at 34, which controls the tension in the cord.
In order to ensure that the completed tyre is symmetrical and free
23. from bulges and also to ensure that the correct bead diameter of the
moulded tyre is attained it is necessary, for any particular type of
cord, that a predetermined winding tension is accurately maintained
Thus for rayon cord a steady winding tension of the order of l Ib is
desirable However a greater tension, of the order of 3 lbs.
is necessary to pull the cord through the extruder unit, and this
tension may vary due, e g to the degree of plasticity of the rubber.
The clutch mechanism, which is more fully described in the
Specification of our co-pending Application No 3294/55 (Serial No.
786,165) comprises a clutch plate 35 rotatable
at a constant and controlled speed, a co-axial floating clutch plate
36 which is also driven and a freely rotatable drum 37 grooved to
accommodate the rubber-covered cord The cord passes over a pulley and
around the under part of said drum 37 and over and under another pair
of pulleys From said pulleys it passes around three pulleys, 38, 39
and 40 having their axes parallel and normal to the axes of the
previously-mentioned pulleys, the two outer pulleys 38 and 40 being
positioned to maintain the general line of direction of the cord
whilst the intermediate pulley 39 is offset a short distance, e g 3
inches, from the said general line and on the side thereof containing
the floating clutch plate 36 Said intermediate pulley is rotatably
mounted on one end of a lever arm 41, the other end of which is
pivotable about a fixed point 42 and said arm is supported in a
bracket 43 to permit movement thereof in a plane containing said
pulleys.
Adjacent said fixed point 42 and on the side thereof adjacent the
floating clutch plate 36 is a member which connects the lever arm with
a thrust race 44 which is associated with the floating clutch plate 36
A leaf-spring 45, having one end rigidly secured, reacts against the
lever arm to tend to move it angularly about its fixed point 42 and
away from pulleys 38 and 40.
The rubber-coated cord passes under and over and around these various
pulleys and drum, the operation of the clutch mechanism being as
follows.
The desired tension in the cord between the clutch and the winding
machine is imparted by the spring-loaded arm and with a tension of an
order of 1 lb, the clutch is in constant operation, hunting on and off
so rapidly that it draws the cord through the extruder with a force
such that the desired tension of 1 lb only is left in the cord between
the clutch and the winding machine If the friction or drag in the
extruder increases, the tension in the cord on the winding machine
side of the clutch tends to increase and this moves the lever arm
against the spring to so operate the dutch mechanism that it exerts a
greater force to draw the cord through the extruder, thus allowing the
24. winding tension to revert to 1 lb.
Similarly, if the force to draw the cord through the extruder
decreases so that the & winding tension drops substantially below 1 lb
then the lever arm is moved in the other direction by the spring so
that the clutch exerts a lesser drawing force.
From the roller 40 of the clutch mechanism 5 the rubber-coated cord
passes through a tension meter 46 and thence to the winding apparatus
Said apparatus comprises a former 47 in the form of a sphere truncated
at opposite ends of a diameter to form two 9 equisized circular ends
and having frustoconical portions 48 flaring axially outwardly
therefrom The former is collapsible and detachably mounted on a
spindle 49 fitted centrally through said frusto-conical portions 1 (
One end of this spindle is mounted in bearings and this end of the
spindle is driven, through reduction gearing 50, by a shaft 51 A
housing (not illustrated for the sake of clarity) is located adjacent
the former and a hollow 1 ( shaft 52 is mounted in bearings therein,
the axis of said hollow shaft intersecting the rotational axis of the
former and being inclined thereto at an angle of the order of 45 .
The axis of the hollow shaft is axially-aligned 11 with the centre of
the part-spherical former.
An arm 53 is secured to the end of the hallow shaft adjacent the
former, said arm being angled as illustrated so that the end thereof
in one angular position of the shaft is 11 located adjacent one edge
of the truncated sphere and for a 1800 revolution of the shaft the
said end moves round to a location adjacent the opposite edge
diametrically opposite the first location The arm is provided with 12
rollers 54 to guide the rubber-coated cord which is led thereby from
the tension meter 46 and through the hollow shaft on to the surface of
the truncated sphere A counter weight (not illustrated) may be
provided on an extension 12 of said arm 53.
A motor 55 drives the hollow shaft to rotate the arm, and the hollow
shaft 52 drives the shaft 51 l by means of gearing 56 The gearing is
such that for every revolution of the hollow 13 786,162 weight of the
wheel is obtained Since the improved tyre need not be a tight fit on
the rim when deflated, stripping and assembly of the tyre off and on
the rim is facilitated.
A further advantage of tyres constructed in 70 accordance with the
present invention is that the absence of the conventional bead wires
renders them more flexible and so facilitates fitting them to rims of
the one-piece type, having flanges integral with the base which 75 may
itself be flat or contain a central well.
This is of particular importance in tyres for heavy commercial
vehicles and aircraft which cannot normally be fitted to such rims on
account of the rigidity of their beads Tyres 80 of conventional
25. construction have therefore to be fitted to two or three piece rims,
which are not normally leakproof and, unless special measures are
taken to make them so, tubeless tyres cannot be used Tyres constructed
in 85 accordance with the present invention are capable of being
fitted to the one-piece rim, which is leakproof, and can therefore be
of tubeless construction.
Another advantage of such tyre construc 90 tions which is particularly
valuable in tubeless tyres is that, on inflating the tyre, the beads
thereof, which are normally rubber-covered, are forced into
fluid-tight engagement with the wheel rim 95 The strength/weight ratio
of a tyre constructed in accordance with the present invention is high
and since the normal bead wires are dispensed with the tyre is light
and flexible.
A further advantage of tyres constructed in 100 accordance with the
present invention is that the winding of the cord on the former can be
carried out automatically with very little attention from the operator
who can readily supervise simultaneously a number of cord 105 winding
machines Far less skill and labour are required to form the
reinforcement by winding on a former in accordance with the invention
than are involved in the case of the conventional method, referred to
above, in which the 110 reinforcement is built up manually on a drum
from plies of rubberized tyre cord fabric.
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* GB786163 (A)
Description: GB786163 (A) ? 1957-11-13
Wheel rims and wheel rim and tyre assemblies
Description of GB786163 (A)
26. PATENT SPEUFICATlON
Inventor:-JOSEPH WRIGHT.
Date of filing Complete Specification: Sept 16, 1955.
Application Date: Oct 5, 1954 No 28589/54.
Complete Specification Published: Nov 13, 1957.
Index at Acceptance Class 144 ( 2), C 511.
International Classification:-B 62 g.
COMPLETE SPECIFICATION.
Wheel Rims and Wheel Rim and Tyre Assemblies.
We, DUNLOP RUBBER COMPANY LIMITED, a British Company of 1, Albany
Street, London, N W 1, do hereby declare the invention, for which we
pray that a patent may be granted to us, and the method by which it is
to be performed, to be particularly described in and by the following
statement:-
This invention relates to wheel rims and more particularly to wheel
rim and tyre assemblies incorporating tyres of the kind more fully
described in the Specifications of our co-pending cognate Applications
Nos.
6023 /54, 20636/54 and 23854/54 (Serial No 786,162).
In these Specifications a pneumatic tyre is described comprising a
body of natural rubber or other suitable resilient material
containing, as an integral reinforcement, a winding of cord arranged
in the form of at least one double layer in which the cord of one
layer crosses the cord of the other layer to form a lattice and the
cord in each layer extends in a series of unit waves progressing
continuously around the tyre in the same direction, each unit wave of
cord being completely embedded in the resilient material and
consisting of two substantially diagonally opposite arcuate portions,
each extending through and being substantially confined to one bead of
the tyre, alternating with portions passing through the side walls and
crown of the tyre which leave and approach the arcuate portions
substantially tangentially and take a path which is substantially a
geodesic with respect to the surface defined by the layer, the arcuate
portions of cord in the unit waves sufficiently long to ensure that,
on inflation of the tyre, each of the beads thereof will tend to
contract in diameter over a major portion of the transverse lPrice 3 s
6 d l dimension of the foot of the bead as a result of the tension
imposed on the cord.
A feature of a tyre constructed in this way is that, on inflation, the
edges of the tyre which, unlike the rigid beads of conventional tyres
are flexible, are forced radially inwardly to grip an associated wheel
rim with a force which increases with increase in inflation pressure
The conventional rim tyre-retaining flanges, to prevent outward
spreading of the tyre walls, are thus unnecessary with a tyre of this
27. kind.
An object of the invention is to provide a wheel rim for a pneumatic
tyre of the kind described Another object of the invention is to
provide a novel wheel rim and pneumatic tyre assembly.
According to the invention a wheel rim comprises a rim base portion,
two annular tyre-retaining abutments formed thereon and an annular
bead seat portion formed axially-outwardly of each said abutment and
comprising the axially-outer edges of said rim.
According to the invention also a wheel rim and pneumatic tyre
assembly comprises a tyre of the kind described seated on the marginal
portions of a rim base having abutments keeping the edges of the tyre
spaced a predetermined distance apart.
Preferably the rim base is flat and the abutments, one adjacent each
edge thereof, are formed by steps each adapted to receive an edge of
the tyre The rim base may, however, be provided with a
radiallyoutwardly extending ridge formed axiallyinwardly of each edge
thereof or may slope radially outwardly from the median plane to each
abutment Preferably also the tyre is substantially flatter and wider
than conventional tyres Such a tyre is particularly suitable for
agricultural tractors and 786,163 786,163 the like The tyre may be
tubeless or provision may be made for an inner tube.
In order that the invention may be more clearly described, referer ce
is made to the a accompanying drawings of which:Figure 1 is a
part-sectional perspective view of a wheel and pneumatic tyre assembly
embodying the invention.
Figures 2 and 3 are part-sectional perspective views of a portion of a
wheel rim and pneumatic tyre assembly of other embodiments of the
invention.
In one embodiment of the present invention (Figure 1) a wheel rim and
inflatable tyre assembly is provided for an agricultural tractor It is
frequently desirable that such tyres should be as wide and as flat as
possible in order to provide the greatest area of ground contact per
unit weight of vehicle, since this helps to prevent the vehicle from
bogging down in soft ground.
Accordingly the tyre casing " A " is made on a former, by a method
described in the Specifications of said co-pendinig Applications, of
such a shape and size that when the easing is removed from the former
and cured in a mould it is shaped in section substantially as a minor
arc of a circle or as a very shallow D, the base of the D being of the
order of three or four times the depth thereof.
With a tyre easing of this nature the problem is not to prevent the
tyre walls 1, 2 from spreading apart when the tyre is inflated, since
the edges 3, 4 of the tyre grip the rim 33 base tightly when the tyre
is inflated and need no such support, but to prevent the tyre edges 3,
28. 4 from moving inwardly when the tyre is fitted to the rim base and
before inflation of the casing In order to effect this, ') abutments
are provided between the edges of the casing and in this embodiment of
the invention the rim bass 5 comprises a centre portion 9 f radially
and axially-outwardly sloping cross-section having a radially
inwardly-extending step 6 at each edge The casing " A " is stretched
over the rim base 5, the edges a, 4 of the easing being positioned one
on each step 6 When the casing is inflated the edges 3, 4 thereof are
urged radially and axially inwardly and firmly grip the steps.
Figure 2 illustrates a wheel rim having steps 6 formed on the edges
thereof to cooperate with the edges 3, 4 of a tyre casing as described
in the first embodiment, but in Jua which the centre portion S of the
rim base is of uniform diameter The radius of each stepped portion 6 a
is thus less than the radius of centre portion 8.
In a further embodiment of the invention, illustrated in Figure 3, the
wheel rim comprises an annular rim base 11 having a ridge 12 formed
adjacent each edge and equispaced one on each side of the median plane
of the rim The ridge 12 is formed by upsetting or folding a portion of
the rim 11 adjacent each edge and the tyre edges 3, 4 are located on
those portions of the rim between the ridge 12 and the adjacent edge
to co-operate therewith as previously desciibed The ridge however may
be formed by welding or otherwise securing to the annular rim a pair
of rings to thereby encircle said rim at the required location
adjacent each edge.
The casing may be provided with a suitably shaped inner tube or the
tube may be dispensed with and the edges 3, 4 of the casing ' A " may
be adapted to make leakproof engagement wsith the base of the step.
The tyre casing herein described and more fully described in the
Specifications of our above-mentioned co-pending Applications has
features which make it particularly advantageous for use in a tubeless
tvre construction since the edges thereof are forced firmly into
contact with the rim wyhen the casina is inflated.
so o 5
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