4986 4990.output

* GB785393 (A)
Description: GB785393 (A) ? 1957-10-30
Pigmented styrene polymers
Description of GB785393 (A)
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The EPO does not accept any responsibility for the accuracy of data
and information originating from other authorities than the EPO; in
particular, the EPO does not guarantee that they are complete,
up-to-date or fit for specific purposes.
C0MiETE SPEC1FICAON EDighaented Styrene Polymer$
-TD UNION CARBIDE CORPORATION, formerly
Union Carbide and Carbon Corporation, a corporation organised under
the laws of the
State of New York, United States of America, of 30 East 42nd Street,
New York, State of
New York, United States of America, do hereby declare the invention,
for which we pray that a patent may be granted to us, and the method
by which it is to be performed, to be particularly described in and by
the following statement:
This invention relates to improvements in the pigmentation of moldable
or extrudable styrene polymer compositions with titanium dioxide.
The use of titanium dioxide as a white pigment in molding and
extrusion compositions is highly desirable as the hiding power of
titanium dioxide in either the rutile on the anatase form is
severalfold that of other commonly used white pigments as for example
zinc sulphide, zinc oxide, antimony oxide and basic carbonate white
lead. Hence, to obtain any desired degree of whiteness in a molded or
extruded article, considerably smaller quantities of titanium dioxide
are required to be incorporated in the molding composition than is the
case with the other aforementioned white pigments.
Unsatisfactory results have been encountered, however, in the use of

convention titanium dioxide pigment in styrene molding or extrusion
compositions wherein the essential thermoplastic component is a
polymer of styrene or its homologues such as alpha-methyl styrene and
chlorostyrene or a copolymer of styrene and a monomer such as
acrylonitrile or butadiene. For reasons not known or fully
appreciated, it appears that the use of titanium dioxide pigment in
styrene molding or extrusion compositions is attended by anomalous
colour effects which in part are apparently due to exposure of the
styrene composition to the heat and pressures necessary to mold or
extrude the composition.
Frequently the molded article when examined immediately upon ejection
or discharge from the molding press or extruder exhibits dark strealts
interspersed between areas of the desired whiteness. Such streaks are
often present throughout the thickness of the molded piece, and
occasionally occur even on the surface. Strangely upon aging of the
molded article at room temperature, the streaks would tend to partly
or completely disappear after several weeks to months.
Another problem encountered in the use of titanium dioxide pigment is
that the color brightness of the molded piece as viewed by the eye and
confirmed by spectrophotometer measurements was highly variable
depending on the thermal and pressure conditions to which the molded
article was subjected to during the molding or extrusion operation. In
general, higher moulding temperatures and pressures appeared to
produce molded pieces of lower color brightness. But again, in many
instances upon aging of the molded article the color brightness would
tend to improve.
Accordingly, the principal object of this invention is the production
of styrene polymer molding or extrusion compositions pigmented with a
titanium dioxide pigment, said compositions in molded or extruded form
being characterized by freedom from color streaking and having a
stable color brightness upon aging of the molded article.
It has now been found that by treating commercial white titanium
dioxide pigment of either the rutile or anatase types with a small
amount of a hydrolyzable organosilane, hydrolyzing the silane after
application to the pigment to form silanols which are condensed to
form polysiloxanes, that the resultant polysiloxane coated pigment
when incorporated in a styrene molding or extrusion composition
surprisingly effects uniform and stable coloration in articles molded
or extruded therefrom,
At least a 1 per cent quantity of a hydrolyzable organosilane on the
weight of the titanium dioxide pigment is required to effect color
stabilization under molding or extrusion conditions. Above 4% by
weight of silane causes no appreciable gain in effectiveness. The
oganosilane treated titanium dioxide pigment will constitute between

one percent and ten percent by weight of the molding or extrusion
composition. The use of titanium dioxide in amounts more than 10 /g by
weight is unnecessary for a pigmenting function and is undesirable in
that it unduly stiffens the composition, thus impairing its
moldability, and tends to produce articles of a dull finish.
When the titanium dioxide pigment is the sole coloring agent in the
composition, quantities between 1% and 5% by weight usually impart
adequate opaque whiteness and colorbrslghtness to the molded
composition.
Amounts of titanium dioxide pigment less than one percent by weight of
the composition as for example 0.1% produce useful translucent white
articles. Obviously, if the styrene polymer or copolymer is itself
highly colored, more of the titanium dioxide pigment may be required
to obtain or match a desired degree of whiteness and opaqueness.
Furthermore, the use of titanium dioxide pigment treated as herein
described is not to be considered restricted solely to the production
of articles having a white coloration. Thus for example it has been
found that the same advantages, namely color-brightness, stability and
absence of objectionable streaking is to be had with pastel colored
compositions containing in addition to the treated titanium dioxide,
another pigment or pigments in amounts to produce the desired color or
shade.
Since titanium dioxide either treated with an organosilane or
untreated is somewhat abrasive in its action on molding equipment
surfaces, there is a likelihood for another type of streaking to occur
in molded pieces. Such streaking is believed due to the scouring
action of the titanium dioxide causing material to be abraded from the
heating surfaces of the forming equipment. This abraded material
becomes mixed with the molding composition during the molding
operation and its presence can be visually noted in the molded
article.
Streaking caused by a braded material is more likely to occur in
injection molding operations than in compression molding or extruding
operations because of the more severe heat and pressure conditions
under which injection molding is conducted.
Streaking caused by abraded material can be satisfactorily eliminated
by incorporating a small amount of lubricant in the styrene molding
composition. Suitable lubricants include waxes of synthetic or natural
origin, as for example waxy polyethylene oxides, beeswax,
microcrystalline wax and carnauba wax; and metal soaps such as zinc
stearate, aluminium stearate and sodium palmitate. The amount of
lubricant generally required lies between about 0.01% and 0.05% by
weight of the styrene composition when the lubricant is applied as an
external surface coating on the molding material granules. When the

lubricant is incorporated internally, as by intensive hot compounding
with heat-softened styrene polymer, then somewhat more lubricant is
required in order to prevent abrasion. With an internal lubricant,
amounts thereof between about 0.15% and 10% by weight of the
composition are indicated for adequate protection against the abrasive
action of titanium oxide.
Ordinarily a lubricant is not essential when the styrene polymer
composition is processed in an extruder or by compression molding. The
presence of a lubricant is highly desirable, however, in compositions
intended for injection molding purposes and particularly when high
molding temperatures and pressures are employed.
The hydrolysis and condensation of organosilanes to form polysiloxanes
is fairly well known. The organotrichlorosilanes are readily
hydrolyzed to silanois upon mere exposure to the moisture normally
present in air. Accordingly, simple mixing of such silanes with the
titanium dioxide pigment in the presence of air will cause hydrolysis
of the silane. The water for hydrolysis may be in part at least
supplied by the minute quantities of water which have been absorbed in
the pigment surfaces during storage of the pigment after manufacture.
Condensation of the silanols formed by the hydrolysis step to
polysiloxanes may then be promoted by heating the silane treated
pigment to moderate temperatures as for example, 100" C. to 300 C.
The organotrialkoxylsilanes do not hydrolyze as readily as the
organotrichlorosilanes and, therefore, conventional acid or basic
catalysts are preferably used with the alkoxysilanes to catalyze the
hydrolysis of the ether groups.
Suitable catalysts for promoting hydrolysis include sodium hydroxide,
hydrociloric acid, sulphuric acid, ammonium hydroxide, and amines such
as triethanolamine and dimethylamine.
Table I, shown below describes the results of treating white rutile
titanium dioxide piggents with several different trifunctional
organosilanes including alkyl and alkenyl tri chlorosilanes and alkyl,
alkenyl and aryl trialkoxysilanes. The column on the right records the
degree of streaking as determined by visual observation in white
polystyrene articles molded from a composition containing 2% by weight
of silane treated titanium dioxide pigment. The effect of treating the
titanium dioxide pigment with ethyl silicate and the results of an
untreated titanium dioxide pigment in white polystyrene articles are
presented for purposes of comparison.
TABLE I
Degree of streaking
Orrganosilane used in molded article Vinyltrichiorosilane - - - Very
little or no streaking
Ethyltriethoxysilane - - - " " " " 33 Methyltrichiorosilane - - -

Slight streaking
Vinyltriethoxysilane - - - 33 33
Phenyltriethoxysilane - - - 33 33 Vinyltri-B methoxyethoxysilaue 33 33
Amyltriethoxysilane - - - Noticeable streaking
Ethyltrichlorosilane - - - " 33 Phenyltributoxysilane - - - " 33
Nonyltriethoxysilane - - 33 " "
Ethyl silicate - - - - Very bad streaking
Untreated titanium dioxide - - 33 33 33
Pigment - - - - - " " "
As shown in Table 13 the effectiveness of the organosilane treatment
on the final molded article varies with the specific organosilane
employed. In this connection it is also to be noted that without
regard to the particular organosilane used the effect in reducing
streaks in the final molded article is pronounced in comparison with
an article colored by the untreated pigment or the pigment treated
with ethyl silicate.
It is the general practice to incorporate polymerization inhibitors
into monomeric styrene in order to prevent premature polymerization.
Consequently, prior to the polymerization operation it is necessary to
remove the inhibitor so that the monomeric styrene will readily
polymerize to form a plastic molding material.
In the event that the inhibitor is incompletely removed, discoloration
effects in the final molded article are likely to be encountered.
White polystyrene articles colored by untreated titanium dioxide
pigment were rendered commercially unacceptable by the presence of an
unremoved polymerization inhibitor in the initial monomeric styrene.
It has been found3 however, that titanium dioxide pigments treated
according to the teachings of this invention serve to offset any
discoloration effects due to the presence of an incompletely removed
inhibitor, in addition to providing the benefinial effect in
elminating streaking and improving light reflectance as already
mentioned.
The following methods serve to illustrate the formation of the
polysiloxane coating on the particles of the titanium dioxide
pigment:-
METHOD A
One thousand five hundred grams of titanium dioxide pigment were
placed in a glass bottle. Sixty grams3 or 2%, based on the total
weight of titanium dioxide of vinyltrichiorosilane were introduced
into the bottle and followed by the addition of another 1500 grams of
titanium dioxide pigment. The resulting mixture was stirred well with
a glass rod and the bottle was loosely covered. The mixture was heated
in an oven at 100" C. for two days and upon removal from the oven was
ready for use.

Methyltrichiorosilane and ethyltrichlorosilane were separately used to
treat titanium dioxide pigment in the manner described in
Method A for the enhancement of the coloring characteristics of the
pigment. Treatments by the method of Method A employing organosilanes
other than the chlorosilanes resulted in little or no enhancement of
the coloring qualities of the pigments untreated. The poor results
obtained in treating pigments with organosilanes containing no
chlorine reactive groups as found in chlorosilanes has been attributed
to the lower reactivity of these other organosilanes.
In order to promote the reactivity of silanes not containing highly
reactive chlorine radicals, such as those contained in the
trichlorosilanes, it is the customery practice to employ with
trialkoxysilanes a basic catalyst, for example3 sodium hydroxide,
potassium hydroxide, or quaternary ammonium bases. Therefore, as an
alternative method for treating titanium dioxide pigments with
organosilanes other than chlorosilanes the following example is
presented:
METHOD B
A thick slurry was prepared from 3000 grams of commercial white rutile
titanium dioxide pigment and enough methanol to completely submerge
said pigment. To this slurry was added 60 grams of
ethyltriethoxysilane (2% based on the pigment weight) and the mixture
was stirred well. From 2.5 grams to 7.5 grams of sodium hydroxide
dissolved in a small quantity of methanol was thereupon added and the
resulting mixture was placed in an oven maintained at a temperature of
100"
C. After thus removing the methanol by evaporation the pigment was
ready for incorporation into a polystyrene molding compositiolL
The method of treatment described in
Method B was applied to the separate treat ments of titanium dioxide
pigments with vinyltriethoxysilane, phenyltriethoxysilane, vinyl-fS-
methoxyethoxysilane, amyltriethoxysilane, phenyltributoxysilane and
nonyltriethoxysilane to provide enhanced coloring characteristics to
the pigments.
Although the amount of organosilanes, respectively employed in Methods
A and B, were specified to be 2% of the pigment weight, treatments
were also carried out in accordance with the Method A or Miethod B,
depending upon the particular organosilane employed, with each of the
organosilanes disclosed in
Table I in the respective amounts of 1%, 2% and 4%, based on the
weight of titanium dioxide, pigment being treated. In separate
treatments of commercial white rutile and anatase titanium dioxide
pigments with a par-ticular organosilane in the respective percentage
amounts on the pigment weight basis of 1%, 2% and 4%, it was found

that the effects in eliminating streaking and pry sting color
brightness became more pronounced as the amount of the organosilane
used was increased from 1% to 4%. It was further discovered that while
raising the amount Of the organosilane used in the treatment from 2%
to 4X did increase the eiiectiveness of the treatment, such an
increase in effectiveness was not proportional to the increase in the
amount of organosilane used. Inasmuch as the 2% amount appears to
produce optimum results in the pigment treatment, it is the preferred
amount. Never-heless3 since other amounts are equally or more
effective, the preference as to the 2% amount is not to be considered
as limiting on this invention.
In treatments of titanium dioxide pigments with less than 1, on a
pigment weight basis, of any hydrolyzable organosilane listed in Table
I, little or no effects on the coloring characteristics of the
pigments were noted.
When commercial titanium dioxide pigments were treated with more than
4%, based on the pigment weight, of a hydrolyzable organosilane, no
increase in effectiveness over the treatment with 4% of the same
organosilane resulted. In the latter case, it is suspected that any
amount of the organosilane over 4% of the commercially graded titanium
dioxide pigment weight is lost by vaporization during the treatment
and, hence, does not contribute to the effectiveness of the treatment.
Consequently, while amounts of hydrolyzable organosilanes in excess of
4% of commercially graded pigment weight may be employed in the
treatments set forth herein any such excess does not advantageously
contribute to the effectiveness of said treatments. The organosilane
range of 1% to 4% is, therefore, preferred but the upper limit
theresi, i.e. the 4 ", limit, is in no way intended to be restrictive
upon this invention.
The following examples are illustrative of several methods of
incorporating treated titanium dioxide pigment into polystyrene to
form a molding composition : -
EXAMPLE 1
A master batch containing 60 parts of rutile titanium dioxide pigment
treated in accordance with - Method B with -, of vinyltriethoxysilane,
based on the weight ot pigment, and 40 parts ot polystyrene was
prepared and compounded for ten minutes in a heated Banbury mixer. The
hot compound was then transferred to head mixing oils and mi:d ior 10
minutes to complete the dispersion of the pigment into the
polystyrene. Tne compound was then sleeted, granulated and mixed with
a sulilcient amount of polystyrene to reduce the pigment contend to
1.4 percent of the total mixture. The resulting mixture was then
compounded in a compounding machine. Extruded articles produced from a
composition prepared in accordance with this example were markedly

superior in color brightness and the absence ot streaks to articles
molded from composkion containing untreated titanium dioxide pigment.
F-XAMPLE 2
A molding composition was prepared. in a manner similar to that
described in Example 1 using, however, a master batch containing 75
parts of polystyrene and 25 parts of rutile titanium dioxide pigment
treated in accordance with the Method B with 2%, based on the weight
of pigment, of vinyltriethoxysilane. An injection molding composition
was then prepared by mixing the master batch with sufficient
polystyrene to reduce the pigment content to 2.0 , by weight of the
composition.
After fituang and granulating the mixture 0.25 parts of zinc stearate
were added and mixed with 100 parts of the composition as an external
lubricant. Articles injection molded from the molding csvmposition of
this example were found to be superior in color characteristics to
articles made from compositions having untreated titanium dioxide
pigment.
EXAMPLri 3
Sixty parts by weight of titanium dioxide pigment treated by Method B
with 2%, based on pigment weight, of vinyltriethoxysilane and 40 parts
by weight of polystyrene were compounded in a two roll mill to form a
master batch. Fifteen parts by weight of this master batch were then
compounded with 25 parts by weight of a mixture of styrene and
polystyrene in a weight ratio of 17 to 8, respectively. A composition
having a titanium dioxide pigment content of 1.4% is then produced by
injecting a sufficient quantity of the resulting compounded mixture
into the hot resin stream of a polystyrene production line. The
composition on discharge was granulated and mixed rrith 0.25 , by
weight of zinc stearate as an external lubricant This composition
yielded streak-free injection molded articles.
EXAMPLE 4
A master batch containing 80 parts by weight of titanium dioxide
pigment treated with 2%, based on the weight of pigment, of
vinyltriethoxysilane in the manner set forth fr:
Method B and 20 parts by weight of polystyrene was prepared on a two
roll mill, then 11.25 parts by weight of the master batch.
thus prepared, were compounded with 28.75 parts by weight of a mixture
of styrene and polystyrene based on the weight ratio of 17 to 11.75,
respectively. The compounded mixture was then injected into the hot
resin stream of a polystyrene production line in a sufficient quantity
to produce a molding composition containing approximately 1.4% of
titanium dioxide pigment. Zinc stearate was added as described in
Example 3.
It is generally recognized in the molding arts that molding

compositions made from master batches prepared in compounding machines
or on a two roll mill and containing proportionately large amounts of
pigments are not capable of providing molded articles having color
characteristics comparable with articles produced from molding
compositions prepared from master batches containing proportionately
smaller amounts of pigments. In preparing molding compositions
according to the present invention, a similar condition exists. For
example, articles made from compositions prepared from a master batch
described in
Example 4, i.e. a master batch high in treated titanium dioxide
pigment content, were inferior in color characteristics to articles
produced from compositions prepared from a master batch described in
Example 3, i.e. a master batch substantially lower in treated titanium
dioxide pigment content. This inferiority in color characteristics
appears to be caused by the excessive abrasion of the treated pigment
particles contained in the master batch of high pigment content during
the compounding procedure, although the likelihood of other causes,
such as the ease or difficulty in dispersing pigment particles in the
polystyrene, have been postulated. In any event, while some
uncertainty exists as to the exact cause of this condition, it is
possible to remedy the condition by means of proper master batch
formulations.
EXAMPLE 5
A master batch was prepared by ball milling titanium dioxide pigment
treated in accordance with Method B with 2%, based on the pigment
weight, of vinyltriethoxysilane into a solution of polystyrene in
styrene. The amount of this solution as well as its percentage
composition was inconsequential so far as the color qualities of the
final molding composition was concerned; these factors being
determined by the physical characteristics of the particular ball
milling equipment in use. When the pigment was well dispersed in the
polystyrene solution, the resulting suspension was diluted with
additional solution; the amount and percentage composition of said
solution being determined by the degree of nudity required .or the
particular pumping apparatus employed. The suspension was then
injected into the molten resin stream of a polystyrene production line
in such quantities that the resulting molding composition contained
1.4% of titanium dioxide pigment. Articles produced from a composition
prepared in this manner were superior in color characteristics to
articles colored with untreated titanium dioxide pigment and were
equaL in color characteristics to the best articles molded from
compositions prepared in accordance with Examples 1 to 4.
EXAMPLE 6
An injection molding composition having a pastel yellow color was

prepared by hot milling together the following ingredients:
% by weight
Polystyrene - - - - 99.2238
pleated titanium dioxide of
Ex. 2 - - ^ - - 0.50
Cadmium sulphide - - - 0.024
Cadmium sulphide selenide - 0.0022
After granulating the above milled composition, 0.25% by weight of
zinc stearate was dusted on the granules as a lubricant. This
composition produced streak-free injection molded articles having a
stable color-brightness on aging.
EXAMPLE 7
A titanium dioxide pigmented molding composition based on a
styrene-acrylonitrile copolymer resin was prepared by dipersing 2.0
parts of rutile titanium dioxide treated with vinyltrichiorosilane as
described in Method A in 98 parts by weight of styrene-acrylonitrile
copolymer formed by copolymerizing 75 parts styrene with 25 parts
acrylonitrile. The resultant composition produced satisfactory
streak-free, white extruded articles as well as compression molded
pieces.
EXAMPLB 8
A synthetic rubber-modified polystyrene composition was prepared by
milling together 30 parts by weight butadiene-styrene rubber (GRS) and
70 parts polystyrene. This composition was mixed with 6 parts of
rutile titanium dioxide treated with a silane according to Method B
and 0.5 parts zinc stearate.
The resultant composition produced streak-free articles of uniform
whiteness when injection molded.
It is to be noted that the amount of titanium dioxide pigment in a
master batch prepared in a ball mill, as described in Example 5, does
not affect the color characteristics of a molding composition prepared
from such a master batch. Whatever conditions existing on a two roll
mill or a compounding machine to adversely influence the coloring
properties of pigments contained in master batches processed in said
roll mill or machine, are not present in a ball mill. Consequently,
the need for critical master batch formulating. i.e. the need for
determining the optimum pigment content in the master batch as
illustrated in Examples 3 and 4 does not prevail when a ball mill is
used in compounding the master batch as, for example, is described in
Example 5.
While certain of the Examples 1 to 5, pre
sented above provide molding compositions having qualities superior to
the molding compositions of other examples, it is to be noted that the
compositions of every example possess beneficial qualities over

similar compositions containing untreated titanium dioxide pigment.
Accordingly, these examples are not intended to limit the present
invention, but are illustrative of the variety of compounding
procedures available for preparing molding compositions of treated
titamum dioxide pigment and polystyrene.
Although Examples 1 to 5 are specifically concerned with the
compounding of vinyltriethoxysilane treated titanium dioxide pigment,
similar compounding procedures may be applied to titanium dioxide
pigments treated with any one of the various hydrolyzable
organosilanes, inclusive of those recited in
Table I, in accordance with Methods A or B, depending upon the
particular organosilane used, without departing from the fundamental
concept of this invention.
The titanium dioxide pigments susceptible to improvement by the
invention herein described are those such as are ordinarily obtained
by hydrolysis of an aqueous solution of titanium sulphate to form
titanium hydroxide which on calcination at temperatures of about 600"
C.800" C. yields the anatase form of titanium dioxide. By calcinin
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* 5.8.23.4; 93p
* GB785394 (A)
Description: GB785394 (A) ? 1957-10-30
Improvements relating to the manufacture of structures produced by
depositing fibrous elements
COMPLETE SPECIFICATION
Improvements relating to the Manufacture of Structures
Produced by Depositing Fibrous Elements

We, CHANGEWOOD CORPORATION, a Corporation organised under the laws of
the State of Illinois, United States of America, of Suite 1160, 209
South La Salle Street, Chicago 4,
County of Cook, State of Illinois, United
States of America, do hereby declare the inInvention, for which we
pray that a patent may be granted to us, and the method by which it is
to be performed, to be particularly described in and by the following
statement:
This invention relates to the manufacture of structures produced by
depositing of fibrous elements of small to substantial dimension in
length or width and is more particularly concerned with new or
improved method and apparatus causing fibrous elements of this nature
to be deposited upon a collecting surface so as to form .a layer of
predetermined thickness and distribution capable of being moulded into
various objects, such as panels and boards, as by means of heat or
pressure and by use of a binding agent where necessary or advisable.
As used herein, the term "fibrous elements" is intended to include any
free-flowing fibrous elements such as, or example, wooden wafers which
may range in thickness from 0.0011 to 0.1215 inch or more and up to
S inches in length or width, with or without tapered ends, or pieces
of wooden veneer, or scraps thereof, cut into wafers or slivers of
these dimensions, or chopped straw or bagasse or flax shives, and the
like. The term also includes non-free-flowing elements such as textile
staple fibres, glass and slag fibres an!d fibres produced from
synthetic resinous materials and the like.
As will be realised, the invention described and claimed herein
embodies certain improvements in a means for flowing fibrous elements
of normal size for deposition on to a moving surface to produce a
fibrous web or structure. The invention also provides a simple and
efficient means for deposition of the fibrous elements and a more
uniform spreading of both large and small fibrous elements in the
manufacture of fibrous structures.
According to the present invention, a method of depositing fibrous
elements on a collecting surface in the manufacture of layers having
such elements in substantially uniform distribution, comprises
advancing the collecting surface continually in one direction, feeding
the fibrous elements at a uniform rate into one end of a distributor,
moving the other end of the distributor continually and successively
into either direct or indirect communication with a plurality of
separate conveyors at a rate to deliver substantially equal amounts
of the fibrous elements to each, and positioning the outlets of the
conveyors across and spaced above the collecting surface to deposit
the fibrous elements in substantially uniform concentrations across
the collecting surface.

According to another feature of the invention, apparatus for
depositing fibrous elements on a collecting surface in the manufacture
of layers having such elements in substantially uniform distribution,
comprises a collecting surface movable continually in one direction, a
distributor having an inlet and an outlet, means for feeding the
fibrous elements at a uniform rate into the inlet of ,xhe distributor,
a plurality of separate conveyors each having an outlet and of which
the several outlets are positioned, suitably adjustably, in a row, or
in spaced rows, extending transversely of the collecting surface, and
means for moving the outlet of the distributor continually and
successively into either direct or indirect communication with the
conveyors to deliver substantially equal amounts of the fibrous
elements to each for deposition in substantially uniform concentration
across the collecting surface upon issuance from the outlet of each
conveyor.
Preferably, when the fibrous elements are free flowing, they are
caused to move or flow gravitationally to, through or from the
distributor.
In the case of non-free-flowing elements, their movement by gravity
to, through or from the distributor may be supplemented or replaced by
a flow of air, or by moving con-
veyor belt means or the like.
In order to enable the invention to be readily understood, description
will now be given by way of illustration, but not of limitation, of
appropriate embodiments thereof shown more or less diagrammatically in
the accompanying drawings in which:
Figure 1 is a sectional side elevation of one form of apparatus
according to this invention.
Figure 2 a sectional plan of which the section is talons substantially
along the line 2-2 of Figure 1,
Figure 3 an enlarged fragmentary view of a portion of the apparatus
shown in Figure 1,
Figure 4 a schematic view of a modification which may b mad in the
lower portion of the apparatus shown in Figure 1,
Figure 5 .a front elevation of a modified form of apparatus according
to this invention,
Figure 6 a side elevation of another form of apparatus of the
invention, and
Figure 7 a plan of Figure 6 with parts omitted.
In the embodiment illustrated in Figures 1 to 3, 10 indicates fibrous
elements to be introduced continuously in metered amounts into an
inlet chute 11 leading into a distributor 12. It is preferred to make
use of an endless helt 13 upon which the fibrous elements 10 are
uniformly spread. These elements are delivered into the chute 11 by a

picker 14 rotated in a counter-clockwise direction and having radially
extending blades 15 which cooperate with the surface of the belt as it
turns about the idler roller 16. The distributor 12 is of swan-neck
form and tubular. It comprises an upper end portion 117 in
communication with the underside of the chute 11 and an outlet end
portion 18 positioned laterally with respect to 17 at the far end of a
curvilinear main portion 19. Through the latter the fibrous elements
are capable of movement or flow gravi@ationally from the inlet at 17
to the outlet at 18 which is presented substantially in the vertically
downward direction. The outlet end
portion 18 extends into a circular trough 20 having a radius
corresponding to the offset of
the outlet end portion *18 from the axis of the inlet end portion 117
about which the dis
tributor 12 is rotated by means of a driving motor 2-1. The latter
supports the distributor at such axis upon its drive shaft 22.
The trough 20 has upright side walls 23, 24 and a bottom wall 25 which
is formed with a plurality of openings 26, preferably equally spaced
iand equally sized, each of which leads into a separate conveyor in
the form of a down pipe 27 or conduit in communication with the
opening and leading downwardly from the underside of the wall 25. The
lower or outlet ends of the down pipes are slidably attached with a
certain amount of play to .a rod or rods, such as 2S, by means of
sleeves 29 or other brackets rigid with the down pipes.
The rods 28 extend transversely above the surface 32 upon which the
fibrous elements are to Ibe deposited and the adjustment allowed by
the rods and the sleeves 29 permits the lower end portions of the down
pipes ItO be secured to the rods in side by side relation to space the
outlet ends across the collecting surface.
Clamping means, such as setscrews (not shown) may be used for securing
.the sleeves 29 to the rods 28 when in adjusted position. Suirably,
the outlets of the down pipes are disposed as shown so that their axes
are uniformly spaced apart transversely of the collecting surface.
'In order to arrest the downward flight of the fibrous elements upon
issuing from the outlet end of the down pipes 27 and in order to
spread the elements for deposition substantially uniformly across the
collecting surface 32 without disturbing the fibrous elements
previously deposited thereon or deposited by adjacent conveyors, a
splash plate 30, Figures 1, 3 and 4, is secured to that end of each
down pipe so as to extend downwardly therefrom in angular relation
into the path of the fibrous elements issuing from the down pipes.
These splash plates comprise relatively flat (Figures 1 and 4) or
corrugated (Figure 3) rigid panels with a swivel connection 31, such
as a ball and socket, at the upper end to the lower end of the

corresponding down pipe, or a bracket thereon, so as to enable angular
adjustment of the plates both in a vertical plane and in a crosswise
plane, to control the deflection of the fibrous elements for
intermingling with one another and to avoid the formation of furrows
as the fibrous elements are deposited to form a layer on the
collecting surface 32. The latter may be an endless belt or screen
but, for gravity-deposited elements, it is preferred to constitute it
by lattice plates positioned end to end in continuous relation.
The collecting surface is moved constantly in one direction and
subsequently the layer of fibres with an added binding agent is
moulded thereon to produce panels or boards or other desired objects.
In most cases it is desirable to provide a series of directing troughs
33, preferably of V section, positioned in the space between the
splash plates 30 and the ends of the down pipes 27 so as to cooperate
with the splash plates in positively controlling the location of the
streams of fibrous elements issuing from the relatively large and
round down pipes 27.
For this purpose, the directing troughs are disposed in alignment with
the lower end of the down pipes and are preferably positioned to
incline at .an opposite angle to the cooperating splash plates beneath
them to cause revernal of the direction of movement of the fibrous
elements during travel from the douse pipes and the splash plates on
to the surface 32. These troughs may also be supported by ball and
socket parts 34.
In operation, fibrous elements, 10 advanced in metered amounts on belt
13 are displaced into the delivery chute 11 by the radially extending
arms 15 of the picker 14. The fibrous elements thus introduced into
the chute 11 travel downwardly through the tubular distributor 12
which is constantly being rotated by motor 21 thereby to parcel out
the fibrous elements in substantially uniform amounts about the
circular trough 20. The distributed elements pass through the openings
26 in the bottom wall 25 of the trough 20 into the conveyor down pipes
2.7 through which they fall by gravity toward the surface of the
collecting surface 32. Since the distributor parcels out the fibrous
elements for delivery in substantially equal amounts to each of the
openings 2-6, it will be apparent that the down' pipes, when arranged
in side by side relation at the delivery end, will distribute the
frbrous elements substantially equally across the Icollect- ing
surface and the directing troughs 33 land the splash plates 30
cooperating therewith will so control their movements as to gently lay
the fibrous elements flatwise and in a desired intermingling
relationship on to the collecting surface in a layer 35 of
substantially uniform thickness.
Should furrows form because of non-uniform distribution, the splash

plates 30 or the directing troughs 33 may be adjusted to deflect the
fibrous elements in one direction or the other, or the down pipes 27
or directing troughs may be individually adjusted laterally on the
cross rods 28 to over-come such nonuniformity. Depending upon the
number of down pipes and the thickness of the layer 35 of fibrous
elements to be deposited3 the outlet ends of the down pipes may be
arranged in loae or more rows crosswise of the collecting wall, such
as in two rows illustrated in
Figure 1, or in four rows according to the modification shown in
Figure 4. When arranged in more than one row, it is expedient to
arrange the splash plates to deflect the fibrous elements in the
direction towards each other to achieve a desired intermingled
relationship on the collecting surface. While lateral distribution
across the collecting surface may he achieved by proper adjustment of
the down pipes, it has been found that the coverage provided by the
down pipes can be greatly broadened and reduction of the number of
down pipes made possible, by use of splash plates and directing
troughs as described. In order to secure better lateral spreading of
the fibrous elements, more than one tier of splash plates arranged so
as to cause more than one reversal of direction of the falling streams
of elements may be provided.
According to the embodiment of the invention shown in Figure 5,
instead of securing distribution and delivery of equal amounts of
fibrous elements in the conveyors or down pipes by means of a
rotatable distributor operating in a circular trough, as described in
regard to Figures 1 and 2, a somewhat similar kind of distribution may
be obtained with an oscillatory distributor formed of an elongate
tubular member 40 pivoted at its upper end, as at 41, to the end of
the inlet chute 11.
The lower end portion 42 of the distributor 40 reciprocates throughout
its arcuate movement in an arcuate trough 43 having openings spaced
apart longitudinally in the bottom wall thereof with each opening in
communication with a separate conveyor or down pipe 27a.
Various means may be provided for reciprocation of the distributor 40,
depending upon the rate of movement desired in a particular portion of
the trough and variation in movement to achieve more uniform
distribution of fibrous elements for feeding into the down pipes. For
example, as illustrated schematically in Figure 5, the distributor 40
may be rocked about its pivot 41 in simple harmonic motion by means of
a crank arm 44 pivoted at one end on a pin 45 secured to an
intermediate portion of the distributor and having the other end
pivoted on a pin 416 offset from the axis of rotation of a wheel 47
rotatably mounted on a stub shaft 48. The wheel 47 is driven by means
of an electric motor 49 with which it is operatively connected by belt

50.
Movement of the distributor at a more constant speed may be achieved
by la modification of the device thus described wherein the other end
of the crank arm 44 is pivoted on a link of an endless member 51 in
the form of a chain operating at constant speed about sprockets 52 and
53.
As described in connection with the first embodiment, the lower end
portion of the down pipes 27a may be secured in one or more rows
extending crosswise over the collecting surface 32. The spaced
relation between the openings in the bottom wall of the arcuate trough
43 may be compensated to account for the fact that while the rate of
delivery of fibrous elements from the distributor 40 will be constant
and uniform, the linear speed at which the delivery end of the
distributor moves through the trough 43 may vary from a higher speed
at the centre, but, in any case, to a lower speed or dwell at the end,
whereby a greater number of such elements will be delivered in the
region towards and at the ends of the trough. By decreasing the size
of the openings and increasing the number of epen- ings and down pipes
towards and at the ends of the trough and by adjusting the width of
the openings in inverse proportion to the time of traverse of the
delivery end of the distribu@or over the openings, the amount of
fibrous elements entering each opening for passage through the
conveyors or down pipes 27 may be kept substantially uniform. In
general, the spacing of the openings in the trough is arranged to
relate to the motion of the outlet at 42 and the width of the openings
at any part of the trough is inversely proportional to the relative
speed of this outlet over that part with respect to its speed over
other parts of the trough, that is, .the widths are uniform where the
speed is uniform and the widths are approximately that of a sine-wave
when the distributor swings in a simple harmonic motion. Similar
considerations, of course, would apply to the previously described
embodiments of the invention. As in the first embodiment, the down
pipes 27a in Figure 5 are preferably provided at their lower ends with
splash plates 30 positioned to extend longitudinally tat a desired
downward .tilt across the outlet end and lasso, if desirable, with
directing troughs (not shown), which cooperate therewith to control
positively the posilotion of the streams and lay the fibrous elements
in a controlled series of streams gently dn position upon the
collecting surface and which can be adjusted to obviate small
non-uniformities in the rate of delivery of the elements from adjacent
down pipes.
It will be evident from the foregoing deascription that there is
provided a new and inaproved method and apparatus for the handling of
fibrous elements of substantial dimension for deposition thereof to

form a uniform layer with the fibrous elements in intermingled
relationship lor use in moulding into a strong and well-integrated
panel, board or other moulded structure. It will be apparent that the
apparatus described herein eliminates possibilities of the fibrous
elements becoming lodged in restricted distributor openings so as to
interfere with the uniform distribution thereof in the manufacture of
such fibrous structures and that means are provided for gently and
uniformly laying the fibrous elements on to a collecting surface in a
desired intermingled relationship with la minimum amount of equipment
.and in such manner as to avoid the necessity for the use of highly
skilled labour to effect the operations involved.
It will be understood that changes may be made in the construction,
arrangement and operation without departing from the scope of the
invention herein defined and claimed. For example, instead of
employing the picker 14 in introducing the fibrous elements into the
inlet chute 11, a brush roller may be arranged opposite, to and
slightly spaced from the conveyor roller 16 and to be operative at a
suffi- ciently high peripheral speed, in comparison with the roller
1i6, to cause a desirable volume of air to enter the chute along with
the fibrous elements to supplement the gravitational movement of the
fibrous elements through the distributor and the down pipes.
Alternatively, an impeller or iblower such as 70, Figure 5, could be
used to supply the air to the inlet chute 11 for the fibrous elements
instead of the rotatable brush roller. Such supplementary use of 'air
flow is advantageous when the fibrous elements have a high ratio of
length to thickness, for instance very fine glass or slag fibres
synthetic resin fibres, or cotton, wool or other stable fibres which
tend to form aggregates.
When such an air flow is used, a foraminous moving surface 32 for the
deposited web is provided, as shown diagrammatically in
Figure 5, land suction means such as a box 71 and exhaust fan 72,
Figure 5, are adopted for withdrawing air from its underside opposite
.the outlet ends of the down pipes, to accommodate the flow of air in
the desired volume either continuously or ait appropriate timing
through the distributor and down pipes and to hold the deposited
fibres in their -intermingled relationship on the collecting surface
during passage through the fibre depositing zone of the apparatus.
In the constructions of apparatus above particularly described, the
outlet of the distributor is moved continually and successively into
direct communication with the inlets such as 26, of the several
conveyors 27 cr 2.7a. Figures 6 and 17 illustrate a construction in
which there is indirect communication with .the inlets of the
conveyors, which latter take the form of a series of endless
travelling belts or the like 54.

The distributor comprises an endless .travelling belt or the like 55
mounted on a frame 56 fixedly carried by the vertical shaft 57 of a
geared motor 58. The constant stream of fibrous elements 10 is
delivered from the belt 13 on to the distributor belt or the like by a
rotatable brush 59. The layer 60 thus formed on the belt or the like
55 is brushed off the latter by a rotatable brush 61 mounted on the
rotatable frame 56. The fibrous elements are thus delivered into
equally sized openings 62 in a circular trough 53 from which rhe
elements drop down spouts 64 to the several conveyors 54. Thus the
outlet of the distributor delivers the fibrous elements indirectly by
way of the down-spouts 64 to the conveyors, and because the
down-spouts 64 are disposed about the axis of the trough 633 the
outlets from these down- spouts are disposed at different points
longitudinally of the different conveyor belts or the like 54 as will
be realised. The fibrous elements are kept in lateral position on
these belts or the like by providing the latter with upstanding side
members 65, which, with the belts or the like, in effect form ducts
for travel of the fibrous elements. Preferably, the conveyor belts or
the like 54 are moved at a speed much less than the moving collecting
surface 32 .and because of this the fibrous elements build up to an
appreciable thickness on these belts or the like. In each of the
conveyors or ducts 54, 65, the layer 66 of fibrous elements is
smoothed out by backwardly rotating rakes or brush rolls 67 and the
conjoined fibrous elements are finally brushed off the conveyors on to
the collecting surface 32 by a rotating brush 68 to form the layer 35.
It will be seen that the belts or the like 54 are illustrated in two
tiers. In practice, there could be more belts or the like than shown
in the tiers and several tiers could be used so as better to permit
the bringing of fibrous elements to adjacent belts or the like from
opposite openings in the trough 63 and thus smooth out any
irregularities introduced by the feed to and from the distributor
55-56. Arrangement (not shown) may be made for moving the delivery
ends or outlets of the conveyors laterally by slight amounts to
promote uniform deposition of the fibrous elements in the layer 35 on
the collecting surface 32. Or, instead, this could be provided for by
adjusting the effective width of the openings 62 in the trough 63. For
instance, a series of plates, such as 69, could be used hinged about
the radial edges of the openings to be adjusted in opposite directions
as shown by the arrows at one of the plates in Figure 7; or provision
could be made for raising up the trough 63 and adjusting the points of
discharge of the down-isipout 64 so as to vary the quantity of fibrous
elements delivered to the belts or the like 54.
The modification shown in Figures 6 and 7 is especially suitable for
use when long fragile fibrous elements like fibres of mineral wool are

to be dealt with.
It will be appreciated that instead of employing the endless belt 13
and the devices
14, 59 or the like for delivering the fibrous elements to the
distributor, other devices may be employed to the desired end, the
broad aim of the invention of depositing fibrous elements as a uniform
structure on a moving collecting surface being attainable by the
invention whether the fibrous elements be conveyed from the
distributor, through it, or to it, by gravity, by air stream or by
conveyor belts or the like, or by a combination thereof, suited to the
fibrous elements being handled.
What we claim is: -
1. Method of depositing fibrous elements on a collecting surface in
the manufacture of layers having such elements in substantially
uniform distribution, comprising advancing the collecting surface
continually in one direction, feeding the fibrous elements at a
uniform rate into one end of la distributor, moving the other end of
the distributor continually and successively into either direct or
indirect communication with a plurality of separate conveyors at a
rate to deliver substantially equal amounts of the fibrous elements to
each, and positioning the outlets of the conveyors across and spaced
above the collecting surface to deposit the fibrous elements in
substantially uniform concentrations across the collecting surface.
2. Method according to claim 1, wherein the fibrous elements are
caused to move or flow to, through, or from the distributor
gravitationally, or by a flow of air, or by moving conveyor belt means
or the like.
3. Method according to claim 2, wherein
the movement of the fibrous elements by gravity to, through or from
the distributor is sup
plemented by a flow of air, or by moving conveyor belt means or the
like.
4. Method according to any of the preceding claims, wherein the
distributor is operated
to move its outlet end continually over a surface having a plurality
of openings in communication with the inlets of said separate
conveyors.
5. Method according to claim 4 wherein the outlet end of the
distributor has a constart traversing period over the openings leading
to the inlets of the said separate conveyors.
16.. Method according to claim i4 or claim 5, wherein the axes of the
outlets of the said separate conveyors are positioned in predetermined
spaced apart relation across the upper side of the collecting surface.
7. Method according to any of the

* Sitemap
* Accessibility
* Legal notice
* Terms of use
* 5.8.23.4; 93p
* GB785395 (A)
Description: GB785395 (A) ? 1957-10-30
Improvements in or relating to automobile automatic clutches
PATENT SPECIFICATION
Date of Application and filing Complete Specification: Sept 28, 1955.
785,395 No 27671/55.
4 B a W l | Application made in France on Sept 28, 1954.
_____ Complete Specification Published: Oct30, 1957.
Index at acceptance:-Class 80 ( 2), C 1 C( 1:4 C 9:10), C 1 E(
2:3:6:7), D( 3 C:3 K:10), P( 1 J 1 A O 1 J 3 B:1 X:4).
International Classification:-FO 6 d, h.
Improvements in or relating to Automobile Automatic Clutches We,
SOCIETE ANO Nx YME FRANCAISE Du FERODO, of 64 Avenue de la Grande
Armee, Paris 17 eme, France, a French Body Corporate, do hereby
declare the invention, for which we pray that a patent may be granted
to us, and the method by which it is to be performed, to be
particularly described in and by the following statement:This
invention relates to automobile automatic clutches and more
particularly to the provision of a drive between an engine, such as an
internal combustion engine, and a driven shaft from which a drive is
transmitted, for example to the driving wheels of a land vehicle,
through a change speed gear-box.
The main object of the present invention is to provide an automobile
automatic clutch which will provide progressive starting and

acceleration of the driven shaft, for example of a land vehicle,
whilst the clutch is of simple construction, -ear changing is
facilitated and vet the braking power of the engine can be employed at
opportune moments.
According to the present invention an automobile automatic clutch
device has an auxiliary coupling unit incorporated therein, the
auxiliary unit comprising a parallel system of two branches, one
branch including a uni-directional transmission device and the other
branch including a torque limiting device the transmissible torque of
which is predetermined to a value below the maximum engine torque, and
declutching means for declutching said torque limiting device.
Further in accordance with the present invention, an automobile
automatic clutch is provided wherein, between the driving shaft and
the driven shaft are arranged in series, on the one hand a main
coupling the transmissible torque of which varies as a rising function
of the speed of the driving shaft, and on the other hand, an auxiliary
coupling comprising in parallel a free-wvheel locked in the forward
direction, and a torque-limiting device, the characteristics of which
are predetermined 50 and which is controlled by the gear lever in such
manner as to be free or engaged, depending on whether the said lever
is actuated or not.
The main coupling is preferably chosen 55 as a centrifugal type It may
be mechanical and be provided with weightheads or it may be hydraulic,
such as a coupling device or torque-converter, this coupling being
disengaged when the 60 engine is idling.
The predetermined torque transmissible by the torque-limiter of the
auxiliary coupling may be given a value slightly greater than the
torque developed by the 65 compression of the engine A torque
limitation of this kind, whilst enabling the engine to be used as a
brake, also enables the dimensioning and the strength of the
torque-limiter of the auxiliary coupling to 70 be reduced on the one
hand, and on the other hand, it prevents shocks being transmitted to
the transmission and skidding of the driving wheels.
In one preferred form of embodiment, 75 the torque-limiter of the
auxiliary coupling is provided with an electro-magnet which is
connected in a eireuit comprising a switch controlled by the
gear-lever This electromagnet may be arranged so as to 80 cause the
application of pressure to the friction linings of the limiter device,
or alternatively to annul such pressure when it is applied
mechanically In the first case, means are preferably provided to 5
render the electro-magnet active only when the driven shaft tends to
rotate the driving shaft, whilst the gear-lever is not actuated This
enables the consumption of electric current to be substantially 90
785,395 reduced.

In all cases, the control of the auxiliary coupling by the gear-lever
permits easy changing of gears in the transmission from the driven
shaft In fact, at the moment of changing gears in a land vehicle, the
user instinctively releases the accelerator.
The driving shaft then rotates less quickly than the driven shaft; the
free-wheel is thus released and the break is complete in the
transmission system at the point of the free-wheel as for the
torque-limiter of the auxiliary coupling.
With a view to freeing the -user from the necessity of releasing, even
instinctively, the accelerator at the moment of changing gear, a
special control of the butterfly valve of the accelerator may be
provided.
This control comprises, in addition to the pedal operated by the user,
a means controlled by the gear-lever and havinay a preponderance over
the pedal solely in order to close the butterfly valve when the lever
is actuated The primary of the ignition coil may also be mounted in a
circuit controlled by the switch which is in turn controlled by the
gear-lever, in order that the ignition may be cut-off at the moment of
operation of the gears.
In certain circumstances, for example when climbing a very steep slope
with a heavily-loaded vehicle, it might be feared that any voluntary
or automatic release of the accelerator and/or the cutting-off ou the
ignition at the moment of changing gears, would not be sufficient to
disengage the free-wheel and to permit an easy change of gears, since
the driven shaft -ould slow-down more quiielylv, than the driving
shaft As will be understood, this Is especially likely to occur when
the main coupling is of the hydraulic type and has a parasitic or
residual torque.
In order to overcome this drawback, an 1 in accordance with a further
special feature of the invention, the intermediate member arranged on
the rear side of the wain coupling and on the forward side of the
auxiliary coupling may comprise a -50 braking means on a fixed part,
which is made active or inactive, depending on 7 whether the
torque-limiter of the auxiliary cou 3 pling is free or engaged Even if
the gears are changed as the vehicle is climb-55 ing a difficult
slope, and even if the main coupling has a residual torque, the
interrmediate member is powerfully braked and slows-s dow-n -er murch
more rapidly than the dli- -en shaft The free-irheel is thus
60,eleased and the chan-ge of gear is carriedotit wvithout difficulty
This la Li of the intermediate shaft when the gear-leer is aetuated
removes the residual torque ov the mnain coupling -w h-leni the
-ehiele is stationary, and permits of eas enn-agement of a gear.
In order that the invention may be more clearly understood some
constructions in accordance therewrith will now le described, by way

of example, with 70 reference to the accompanliing drawings, in -which
Fig 1 is a viewv ini lonoituidinial crosssection of a device in
accordance with the invention; 75 Fig 2 is a view on a smaller scale
of a part of the said device in elevation, in the direction of the
arrowrs II-II of Fig 1:
Fig 3 is a diagram which illustrates the operation of the device; 80
Fig 4 is a view of a modified detail of the device of Fig 1, in
lon-itudinal crosssection, taken alon_ the line IJ-IY of Fig 5; Fi g i
is a correspondingo view cf this 85 detail in transverse
cross-sectioni following the line V-V of Fig 4, Fi 6 is a view similar
to that of Fig.
5, lint in -which the position of the members is different: 90 Fig- 7
is a diagram sholwin-g the operation of the device, comprising the
arrano'ement of Figs 4 to 6:
Fig S is a view similar to that of Fig.
1 lint relatino to an alternative form of ti L 95 device:
Fig 9 is a view to a larger scale of a detail of Fig S in elevation
flo-llowing the arrow -s IX-IN of this figure:
Fig 10 is a view in longitudinal cross 100 section, also to a larper
seale, of a further detail of Fig 8:
Fig 11 is a diagramn Shoiri the operation of the device of Figs S to
10.
In the drawinls the same reference 105 numerals are used in Figs 1-7
to designate the same or similar parts and the refererwe numerals are
useds in Fies S-il to designate in those figures the same or similar
parts 110 Iii the form of' emhodiajent shown in Figs 1 to 3 there can
bte seeni in these figures, at 10 the shaft of the engine 11 of an
autonmob-ile vehicle, and at 12 the primary shaft of the wear-hox 1
ivith 115 gear-lever 14 This '-earl-1 iox 1:3 is preferably of the
s;ynchronised type.
The driving shaft 10 is rigidly fixedi,,o a iy-whleel 15 which forms
the wei lt Head 4 arrier of a mechanical centritu ii 120 device 16
This device constitutes a main coupling which is sensitive to the
speed of the driving shaft The wveih-lt-lheias 17 are pi-oted alout
spinidles 18 carried hy the ti-L-l ee 1-,, Each wveiolit head 17 is
125 pro- -i I ed v i, a friction hiunii L: 19 and 4 Ooperate 3 iitlh
an, externmil cylindrical friction track fornied inside ai d Irinn 20.
In additionii 3 a return spring '21 is applied to each i-eniit-lhead
17 ih order to clinin 130 785,395 ate all parasitic contact at 19, 20,
when the speed of the shaft 10 is low Stop-members or abutments 22 are
associated with the springs 21 so as to retain the weight-heads thus
returned in suitable positions The drumn 20 is mounted so as to be
fixed axially but free for rotation from the flywheel 15 It is fixed
at 23 to the yoke 254 of an electromagnet, which is itself mounted on

a self-lubricating bearing 295 fixed to the plate 15 This bearing is
of small diameter and surrounds the shaft 12 which is kept centred in
this zone by a bearin, 26 It will be noted that the (centrifuial
device is thus housed with very small space requirements, between the
yoke 24 and the fly-wheel 15, inside the drum 20.
The yoke 24 is rigidly fixed to the external cage 27 of a free-wheel
28, the internal ring 29 of which is fixed to the primary shaft 12 The
free-wheel 28 is directed in such a way as to form a rigid coupling
between the drum 20 and the shaft 12 when it is the drum 20 whien
tends to drive the shaft 12, and so as to form no coupling or
restraint in the contrary case With the yoke 24 is associated an
armature 30 mounted fast for rotation f Iut free for lateral movement
on the yoke by any suitable means, and preferably bv means of flexible
tangential tongues (not shown).
Two friction plates 31 and 39 are respectily fixed to the yoke 24 and
to the armature '0, and are intended to grip between them a friction
disc 33 which is mounted fast for rotation on the shaft 12.
The plates 31, 32, the friction disc 33 and the electro-magnet 24, '30
form a torquelimitiii,, device connected in parallel with the
free-wheel 28 to constitute an auxiliary coupling The assemblv
comprised by the plates 31 and 32 is axially spaced apart from the
electro-magnet 24, 30, and the external plate 32 carries two collector
rings which are connected to the two ends of the coil 34 of the yoke
One of these rings 35 receives a brush 36 connected to earth at 37
(see Fig ' whilst the other ring 3 S receives a brush 39 supplied from
the battery circuit 40 of the vehiclel, through the medium of a relay
41 which cuts off or maintains the supply to the brush 39, depending
on whether the gearlever 14, which operates a switch 42 in the circuit
of the relay, is actuated or not.
It will be noted that the circuit which comprises the primary of the
ignition coil B and the switch R is controlled in dependence on the
position of the relay 41.
The electro-magnetie arrangement is chosen in such a way that when the
coil 34 is supplied with current, the attraction between the yoke and
the armature produces a gripping action on the friction disc 33 by the
plates 31 and 32, which permits of a torque slightly greater than the
torque developed by the compression of the engine 11, and
corresponding roughly to 70 one third of the maximum engine torque.
During operation, when the gear-lever 14 is not changed in position,
the coil 34 is supplied with current; the friction disc 33 is gripped
and is capable of transmit 75 ting a limited torque equal to the
braking torque of the engine If it is the engine which is driving the
vehicle, the free-wheel 28 forms a rigid coupling, since the
friction-dise 33 is short-circuited, and it is 80 the action alone of

the weight-heads 17 of the centrifugal device which governs the action
of the driving shaft 10 on the primary shaft 12 During starting and
when accelerating, a good progression is 85 obtained, whilst when the
engine has reached a suitable speed, the device rotates as a whole
without slip.
If it is the vehicle which tends to drive the engine, for example as a
result of a 90 sharp release of the accelerator, the freewheel is
inactive and the friction-disc 33.
then takes part in the transmission, in series with the centrifugal
device By virtue of the systematic limitation of the 95 torque
transmissible at 31, 33, 32, this enables advantage to be taken of the
braking torque of the engine, whilst at the same time preventing the
transmission of shocks to the transmission system or the 100 skidding
of the driving wheels, dangers which the centrifugal device alone
could not prevent in all circumstances.
When the lever 14 is disengaged into neutral in order to change gears,
the coil 105 34 is no lonoer supplied with current and the friction
disc 33 is totally disengaged.
At the same time, the circuit of the ignition is broken The engine
thus slowsdown very rapidly In addition, since the 110 driver
generally releases the accelerator when changing gears, the shaft 12
tends to rotate more rapidly than the driving shaft, the free-wheel 28
is thus inactivse and all coupling is eliminated between 115 the
shafts 10 and 12 The movement of the lever 14 into the neutral
position thus never meets with any resistance and is carried out with
great ease, as is also the engagement of the new gear, since all 120
coupling remains interrupted between the shafts 10 and 12 When
changing-up through the gears, the slowing-down of the engine is
always sufficient to disengage the free-wheel, in spite of the
slowing-down of 125 the shaft 12, due to the engagement of a higher
gear When changing-dowin through the gears, the shaft 12 accelerates
at the moment of engagement of a lower gear, and the free-wheel, which
is already 130 785,395 inactive, necessarily so remains after thih
operation.
It might, however, lie feared that wher climbing a steep slope with a
heavily.
loaded vehicle, the shaft 12 would have a tendenec to slow-down faster
than the engine speed would fall u-hen the accelerator is released,
the free-wheel being active and engagaed and preventing disengagement
of the -ear It should be noted however that in these special conditio
I Is in which the speed is low, the centrifugal device is not
influenced by the diirum and it thus has no residual torque.
on the contrary, it disengages very promptly by virtne of the springs
21.

Thus in any case, the lever can be disengaged from the neutral
position On the other hand, when a lower gear is engfaged, at which
the shaft 12 rotates more rapidly, such an engagement is readily
carried out.
In the form of embodinment shown in Figs 1 to 3, the coil 34 is
constantly energised with current, except durino chanuging gear,
although this current is actually only useful when the free-wheel 2 S
is made inactive It is in order to avoid this waste of current during
the inactive periods that certain means have been provided in the
alternative form shown in Fi's 4 to 7.
In accordance with these means, a switeh 43 is mounted between the
collector ring 9 IS and the coil 234 (see Fig 7) The switch 43
comprises a fixed terminal 44 see Figs 4 to 6) and a movable fin-er
ormed by a lever 45 The latter is pivoted so as to b)e electrically
insulated from the plate 232 and is engaged in the passage 46 of a
ring 47 which is fast for rotation with thie plate 32, and also in a
slot 4 S formied in a ring 49 The latter is mounted with a light
friction contact around the lhib of che frietion dise which is fixed
for rotation -<ith the primary shaft 12.
When the dr iving shaft 10 tends to witate more rapidly than the shaft
12, the lever 45 opens the switch 433 (see Fig G).
The coil 34 is no longer supplied ws=;ith tirrent WVhen the primarv
shaft 12 tends -o rotate more rapidly than the driving Kiaft 10 the
lever 45 closes the switeh 43 see Fig: 5) and the coil:341 is then
ecerised.
Reference will now be made to Figs 8 11 l in which a further
alternative form I embodiment is shown.
There will again be seen in Fig 8, the riving shaft at 10, and at 12
the primary shaft of the synchromesh gear-box The centrifu Lgal device
which flormns the main o(nplingo is in this case not mechanical but
h;-dtrauhic It consists, for example, of a coupler the pump 30 of
which is rigidly coupled to the shaft 10 and the turbine 51 of which
is fixed to a hollow shaft 52 The Llatter is suitab)ly centred with
respect to the shafts 10 and 12, anld surrounds the latter shaft 12 It
hias kbeyed on to it a 70 bell-shaped member 313 which is fixed at 54
to a plate 35) The plate 55 is fixed to the outer cag-e of a
free-wheel 56 the inner ring of whieh is fixed to the shaft 12.
A friction-disc 57 mounted fast for rota 73 tion with the saidl shaft
12 is intended to be gripped between the plate 55 and a plate 5 8
which is mounted so as to be axially movable but fixed for rotation
onl the plate 53 by means of small flexible 80 tangential tontues 59
(see Fias S and 9 The plate 3 S is applied against the frietion-disc
37 b means of the springs 60.
The latter are calibrated in such 5 wvay' that the gripping'^' actioii

onl the friction 83 disc 37 by the plates 55) and 55 & permits of the
transmission of a torqule which is slightlv greater thani the torque
developed by the compression of the engine.
The plate,8 is provided with projecting 9 Q radial limbs 61 onl whin
ii are fixed triction pastilles 62 co-operatinl w:ith a fixed wrall 63
of the eashig The tastilles 62 are moved awav trom the wall 63 when
the friction disc a 7 is n-RI'ipped betwveen the 93 plates 35 and madl
are applied against the wrall 6:3 when the frietion-disc 5; is
disenaaged The disengagement ot the firiction-dise 07 is earried out
by meains oi an electro-magnet, 100 the -o e 64 of which is ri-id
fixed to the bell whilst the armatun 5 is fixed to the plate 5 S The
le 4 cti" ianet,4 6.
the spw 60 tne olates -,, azid the frictionl-dise 57 form a
torlqie-linmiter 103 device Lien is lmounited in paralle 1 with the
-iree heel 36 to constitute an anxiliary coupling.
The enil 66 of the yoh e 64 llas its two-, ends -oninie ted, in tle tt
jel sn On at 67 110 (Fin 10 i to tvo coilector rinis 69 and 70 carid 1
tbe plate v Tile bs-es Ti and 72 ooer-te witi tie r'io-l S 69 and 70)
1 Ihe 71 sh 3 is conneeted to eartl.
while the trush 72 is connreeted as, shownf 13 in Fi 11 to the
1-attery ircit 7 of thle -ehile lb The irciiit cmprises a relay 74
similar to the relay 4 but op 1 ratinv in the -reverse direein The
relay 74 mailltains oi i nttsof thle etcurrent supply of the 12 l
Irusii ' 2 pedinn o wlhether the gearlev i 14 is actuated or not It
will ne noted irom Fing 11 that the eircnit of the i liit tfil) (oil
Bl is not afyeete(d bly tile funletionnifof' the 12 nt 5 h123 Tie eir
lit 7, also eomnirises a sol-nloid i, the moring armlature 76 of
w-hich is connleeted thro-lth a rod and eranlk system to the butterfly
valve S of the earbirettor The control of this valve 78 130 785,395
from the pedal of the accelerator 79 is specially arranged A spring 80
tends to open the butterfly valve 78, the opening of this valve by the
action of the spring being controlled by the pedal 79 by means of a
rigid one-way driving device 81, in such manner that when the solenoid
75 is not energised, the butterfly valve 78 is closely controlled by
means of the pedal 79, whilst when the solenoid 75 is energised, the
butterfly valve 78 is closed against the action of the spring 80,
whatever the position of the pedal 79 may be.
The operation of this arrangement is similar to that which has been
previously described, except that the consumption of current is
limited to the moments when changing gear It is to be noted that the
residual torque developed by the coupler 50, 51, and which may
interfere with the engagement of the gears when stationary and in
certain difficult circumstances, is counteracted in its effects by the
braking action at 62, 63 which causes an increased and immediate

slowing-down of the shaft 52 Any type of known and/or appropriate
device could also be provided, which are adapted to eliminate the
effects of residual torque, for example, as known per se, by an
arrangement for partly or wholly emptying the coupler when the engine
is idling.
It will also be appreciated that by virtue of the arrangement shown in
Fig.
11, the user is freed from the necessity of releasing the accelerator
when changing gear.
* Sitemap
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* 5.8.23.4; 93p
* GB785396 (A)
Description: GB785396 (A) ? 1957-10-30
Improvements in and relating to mining machines
Inventor: JAMES S R Ol B'BINS 785,396 Date of Application and filing
Complete Specification: Oct 3, 1955.
No 28116155.
Complete Specification Published: Oct 30, 1957.
Index at acceptance:-Class 68 ( 1), F( 3 AX: 4 B).
International Classification:-E 21 c.
Improvements; in and relating to Mining Machines We, GOODMAN
MANUFACTURING COMPANY, a Company, organised under the laws of the
State of Illinois, United States of America, of H Ialsted Street and
48th Place, Chicago 9, Illinois, United States of America, do hereby
declare the invention for which we pray that a patent may be granted

to us and the method by which it is to be performed to be particularly
described in and by the following statement:This invention relates to
mining machines of the kind which have at the front a rotary boring
head having one or more radial boring arms from which cutter supports
extend forwardly, each arm having such a cutter support at least at
its outer end and the cutter supports at the outer ends of the arms
having at their own outer ends cutters which are adapted to cut an
annular kerf in the mine face when jthe machine is advanced.
Such machines may have more than one boring head,, the heads being
arranged side-byside on an auxiliary frame and the machine being
provided also with horizontal upper and lower endless chain cutters
adapted to trim the face to produce flat roof and floor surfaces.
The head (heads) is (are) carried by an auxiliary frame which forms an
assembly with a conveyor for removing cut material to be discharged at
the back of the machine In order to provide a degree of flexibility in
the boring action of such heads and in order to increase the
manoeuvrability of the machine the cutter head and conveyor assembly
is laterally tiltable with respect to the main body or mobile base of
the machine In accordance with the invention the cutter head and
conveyor assembly is provided with an adjustable three point
suspension comprising a pair of supports near the front of the
assembly operable to tilt the assembly about a horizontal'longitudinal
axis and' a third support behind the other two pivotally connected to
the assembly to permit this lateral tilting.
Preferably the second support comprises a pair of substantially
upright hydraulic jacks arranged on either side of the assembly, the
lPrkc 3 s 6 d l upper and lower ends of ithe jacks being
interconnected by common fluid lines so that the jacks are free to
accommodate themselves to 50 lateral tilting of the assembly.
In order that the invention may be thoroughly understood two machines
in accordance with it will be described in some detail by way of
example, with reference to the 55 accompanying drawings, in which:
Figure 1 is a side view of a mining machine made in accordance with
the present invention; Figure 2 is a plan view of the machine 60 shown
in Figure 1; Figure 3 is a fragmentary detail section, taken on line
Ill-III of Figure 1; Figure 4 is an enlarged fragmentary detail
section taken generally on line IV-IV of 65 Figure 1; Figure 5 is a
section on the line V-V of Figure 4; Figure 6 is a section on the line
VI-VI of Fi'gure 5; 70 Figure 7 is an enlarged fragmentary view
showing details of one form 'of adjustable three point suspension for
the rear end of the cutter head and conveyor assembly of Figure 1;
Figure 8 is a fragmentary section taken on 75 the line VIII-VIII of
Figure 7; Figure 9 is an exploded perspective view of a second machine
having a different adjustable three point suspension for the rear end

of the cutter head and conveyor assembly; and 80 Figure 10 is a
diagrammatic view of the fluid, control system for the hydraulic jacks
shown in Figure 9.
The machine shown in Figures 1 to 8 has a mobile base frame 9, mounted
on parallel 85 endless treads 10, 10 The frame '9 has a lowslung cross
members '11 between the endless threads 10, 10 and forms, with the
treads, an open, longitudinal trough-like space for the reception of
the cutter head and conveyor 90 assembly The base frame carries the
usual driving motors and controls for them.
An upright auxiliary frame 13 carries a pair of forwardly projecting
boring heads 14, 14 each having three radial arms 15 The boring heads
14 are fixed on parallel shafts 16 journalled in the frame 13 Each of
the radial arms 15 carries forwardly projecting cutter supports 18 for
cutting circular keys in the working face and rotary breaker wheels 19
for breaking down standing cores.
A pair of horizontal endless chain cutter guides 20 and 21 are mounted
respectively along the top and bottom edges of the frame 13
immediately behind the radial arms 15 to form guides for an endless
cutter chain 22 which removes the depending and upstanding cusps left
by the two boring heads 14, 14 as they are advanced into the working
face.
Two similar electric motors 35, 35 are mounted integrally with
reduction gear casings a on main gear housings 36 which in turn, are
secured to the rear of the frame 13 These motors drive the boring
heads through the usual reduction and driving gears.
An endless conveyor 37 is rigidly connected to the auxiliary frame 13,
with which it forms an assembly which is supported for separate bodily
adjustment relative to the mobile base frame 9.
A pair of upright trunnion supports 38, 38 are mounted at the front
end of the frame 9 and carry inwardly projecting trunnion pins 39, 39
journalled in bearings on opposite sides of the auxiliary frame 13 As
shown in Figure 4, each trunnion pin 39 is mounted eccentrically on:
an annular hub 41 journalled, in a needle bearing 42 on the inner side
of a housing 43 forming part of one of the upright trunnion supports
38 The hub 41 is integral with a gear 44 in the housing 43, which may
be rotated manually by a ratchet handle 45 through a reduction gear
train consisting of a small pinion 46 on stub shaft 47, having its
inner end journalled on needle bearings within the gear 44 and its hub
41 The pinion 46 is meshed with a gear 48 fixed on another shaft 49
having a smaller pinion 50 meshed with the gear 44 The ratchet handle
has a shaft 45 a detachably connectable in a socket end 47 a of the
stub shaft 47, so as to permit said ratchet handle to be removed from
the machine when not in use.
Each of the trunnion pins 39 has a partially spherical bearing sleeve

51 rotatably and slidably mounted thereon, and engaged in a
correspondingly shaped bearing ring 52 fitted in the side of the frame
13 (Figure 4) so as to provide, in effect, a universal or ball joint
for each of the two trunnions, thereby permitting the frame 13 to
assume varying angles, and to tilt on varying axes, relative to the
base frame 9 The slidable mounting of the bearing sleeves 51 on
trunnion pins 39 permits limited endwise movement of said sleeves to
compensate for any increase in distance betveen the trunnions and the
subframe due to varying adjustments of the trunnion pins.
The two trunnion pins 39, 39 are each adjustable in a circle so as to
vary the position of the axis of tilting movement of the auxiliary
frame 13 relative to the base frame 9, as may be required to
counteract " spiralling" of the cutter head, or to make other minor 70
corrections in lateral or up-and-down steering of the machine while it
is in use For instance, if the machine starts to " spiral," i e cut
upwardly on one side and downwardly on the other, one side of the
frame 13 may be lifted 75 and the other side lowered by moving the
appropriate trunnion pin to a higher position and the other to a lower
position Similarly, minor corrections in steering can be made by
adjusting one of the trunnion pins to a more 80 forward position and
the other to a more rearward position Smaller adjustments can be made
by adjusting only one of the trunnion pins.
The trunnion pins 39 can be locked in any 85 position by a spring
loaded locking pin 53 (Figures 5 and 6) extending through the housing
43 to engage the teeth of one of the gears 48.
Adjustment of one or both of the trunnion 90 pins 39 also permits the
cutter head and conveyor assembly to tilt bodily about varying
transverse axes, depending upon the relative positions of the two
trunnion pins.
The conveyor 37 comprises a generally U 95 shaped frame 55 supporting
an endless flight type chain conveyor The conveyor frame 55 is rigidly
secured to the bottom of the auxiliary frame 13, and extends back at
an upwardly inclined angle, so that the chain con 100 veyor receives
loose material at the mine floor immediately behind the lower cutter
guide 21, and carries it for discharge The conveyor frame 55 provides
a support for the rear end of the cutter head and conveyor assembly be
105 hind the trunnion pins 39, 39 A motor 56 drives the flight
conveyor through a chain and sprocket drive 57 The motor 56 is also
supported below the rear end of the conveyor frame and' forms a part
of the cutter head and 110 conveyor assembly.
The cutter head and conveyor assembly can be tilted about the axis of
the trunnion pins 39, 39 by a mechanism which consists of a hand wheel
60 on a shaft 61 passing through 115 the conveyor frame 55 ' and
having worms 62, 62 meshed with worm wheels 63 on shafts 64 journalled

in bearings 65, 66 along each side of the conveyor frame Each shaft 64
also carries a larger worm 67 with a worm wheel 12 C segment 68 on a
bell crank lever 69 pivoted on the conveyor frame (Figures 7 and 8)
The other arms 70 of the two bell cranks 69 are pivotally connected to
opposite ends of a cross rod 71, free to swing beneath the conveyor
121 frame and having a ball joint 72 at its centre connected to the
end of a link 73 The lower end of the link 73 is pivotally connected
to a bracket 74 mounted, on the cross member 11 in the centre of the
base frame 9 (Figure 5) 13 ( 785,396 afford sufficient clearance for
any permissible tilting or 'lateral swinging adjustments of the cutter
head and conveyor assembly as a whole.
* Sitemap
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* 5.8.23.4; 93p
* GB785397 (A)
Description: GB785397 (A) ? 1957-10-30
Control valve for turbine governors
A high quality text as facsimile in your desired language may be available
amongst the following family members:
FR1133130 (A)
FR1133130 (A) less
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The EPO does not accept any responsibility for the accuracy of data
and information originating from other authorities than the EPO; in

particular, the EPO does not guarantee that they are complete,
up-to-date or fit for specific purposes.
Inventors: AKE NILS BALTZAR JARLBORG and GUNNAR EMANUEL ENSICOG
7855397 Date of Application and filing Complete Specification: Oct 8,
1955.
No 28722/55.
Complete Specification Published: Oct 30, 1957.
Index at acceptance:-Classes 110 ( 3), H 2 D 3; and 135, P( 1 F: 9 A
4: 24 X), VE( 1 F: 4).
International Classification:-F 03 b F 06 k.
Control Valve for Turbine Governors We, AKTIEBOLAGET KARLSTADS
MEKANISKA WERKSTAD, a Swedish Company, of 20, Verkstadsgatan,
Karlstad, Sweden, do hereby declare the invention, for which we pray
that a patent may be granted to us, and the method by which it is to
be performed, to be particularly described in and by the following
statement: -
The present invention relates to a control valve for turbine
governors, consisting of a valve housing and a control slide
displaceiable therein, and forming therewith two choke spots, one for
controlling the supply of pressure fluid to a hydraulic servomotor and
one for controlling the outlet of fluid from said servomotor, said
choke spots, being alternatingly in operation so that one of them is
opened and the other closed when the control slide passes through a
neutral position.
According as the control slide is displaced from the neutral position,
in which the two choke spots practically do not admit any liquid, the
one or the other choke spot comes into play and admits liquid either
in the direction to or in the direction from the servomotor, so that
the servomotor piston, which may be connected to the guide vane ring
of a hydraulic turbine, is displaced in one direction or the other The
control slide may be connected to and set by any governing means, e.g
a centrifugal governor.
The object of the invention is ito make it possible to adapt a control
valve of said kind to different operating conditions and to be able to
vary the sensitivity of the control.
According to the invention this is attained by an external adjustment
member by which such an adjustability is attained that, in operation,
the moment of opening of one of the choke spots is displaceable
forward or backward relatively to the moment of closing of the other
choke spot, i e, a variable positive or negative overlap is obtained
The term " overlap " designates the distance the control slide has to

be displaced after the flow has been lPrice 3 s 6 d l cut at one choke
spot until the flow is admitted, to start at the 'other choke spot In
case of a positive overlap a certain range of unsensitivity is
present, so' that the slide can be displaced a short distance without
having any con 50 trolling effect This may be desired, for instance in
such a case as when the slide is connected to a belt-driven
centrifugal governor, where a belt joint effects a periodic small
disturbance that should not influence the servo 55 motor adjusting the
guide wheel of the turbine The meaning of a negative overlap is that
the working ranges of the two choke spots overlap, so that the flow is
admitted' at the one choke spot before the flow is wholly 60 cut at
the other, a flow of liquid passing through the control valve all the
time This has the favourable effect that disturbing reactions on, the
control slide by the pressure fluid are greatly diminished 65 The
invention will be described' further by way of example with reference
to' the accompanying drawings, in which Fig, 1 and Fig.
2 are sectional views of two different embodimnents of the control
valve according to the 70 invention.
In Fig 1, numeral'11 designates a servomotor cylinder, in which a
piston 13 is displaceable Said piston is connected to and serves for
setting the guide ring of a hydrau 75 lic turbine, A passage 15
connects the cylinder to the control valve shown at the left side of
the figure 'Said valve controls the communication of said passage 15
with a pressure oil supply passage 17 as well as with an outlet 80
passage 19 The control valve consists of a valve housing 21 having a
cylindrical bore, and a control slide 23, 25 displaceable therein The
slide is connected to and is set:by a centrifugal governor (not shown)
driven by the & 5 turibine, The control slide is composed of two
members, viz a lower solid member 231 which wholly fills up the
cylindrical bore of the valve housing and which is integral with an
upwardly extending rod 217 of a smaller dia 90 meter, and an upper
sleeve-shaped member which also wholly fills up the bore of valve
housing and which is slipped upon the rod 27 and connected thereto by
threads 29.
The members 25 and; 27 are locked' relatively to each other by a lock
nut 30 integral with a handle 31 An index 32 attached to the rod 27
cooperates with a graduated scale 34 on the slide member 25 and serves
to show the relative position of the members 23, 25.
Turned out in the cylindrical bore of the valve housing are three
circumferentially extending recesses 33, 35 and 37 connected
respectively to the pressure oil supply passage 17, to the passage 15
leading to the servomotor cylinder, and to the outlet passage 19 The
upper edge of the recess 33 and the step of the slide member 23, where
the same merges; with the rod 27, form, together a control or choke

spot, by means of which the communication between the passages 17 and
15 is controlled In the shown neutral position of the control slide
the communication is barely closed When the slide is displaced
downwardly from said position the communication is gradually opened,
so that pressure oil can flow to the servomotor cylinder The lower
edge of the recess 37 and the lower end of the slide member 25 form
together a second control or choke spot controlling the communication
between the passages 15 and 19 In the shown neutral position of the
control slide also said communication is barely closed, and when
displacing the same upwards the communication is gradually opened so
that oil in the servomotor cylinder can escape through the passages 15
and 19 and the piston is allowed to move upwards.
4 When it is desired to make the turbine control more insensitive, the
lock nut 30 is loosened and the slide member 25 is screwed down on the
rod 27, so that the choking edges of the two slide members are brought
closer together, an overlap being reached whereby, after one of the
choking spots has closed its flow path, the control slide has to be
displaced a certain distance before the other choke spot opens its
flow path When it is desired instead to have a negative overlap or
what is also called overflow," the two slide members are screwed
farther away from each other, so that in certain positions around the
neutral position the abovementioned two flow paths are open
simultaneously The suitable magnitude of the overlap or overflow can
easily be tried out during operation of the turbine plant and can be
adapted to its varying working conditions.
In the control valve shown in Fig 2 the control slide is made of one
part, but instead the valve housing is provided with a divided lining
in order to make possible an adjustment of the overlap or overflow,
while the plant is in operation For the rest the design is similar to
that of Fig 1, and corresponding details bear the same designations in
the two figures.
Inserted in the bore of the valve housing having the turned-out
recesses 33, 35, 37 is a 70 lining which consists of an upper part 39
secured against turning and a turnable lower part 41, said parts being
connected to each other by threads 43 Threaded onto the lower end of
the lower lining part 41 is a nut 44 75 locked in a fixed position
thereto and a nut 45, by means of which the part 41 is fastened in its
adjusted position The lining has a cylindrical bore in which the
control slide 46 is displaceable Cut out in the inner surface 80 of
the upper part 39 of the lining is a recess 4.7 which by means of
holes 49 distributed all around communicates with the recess 37.
The lower part 41 of the lining has a corresponding recess 51 which by
means of holes 85 53 distributed all around communicates with the
recess 33 The control slide 46 has a part turned to a smaller

diameter, around which an annular space is left between the slide and
the valve lining Said space communicates 90 with the recess 35 by
means of holes 57 through the lining, distributed all around.
Where the full-sized slide part meets the turned-down part 55 there
are formed choking edges 59, 61 which cooperate 'with the 95 lower
edge of the recess 47 and with the upper edge of the recess 51,
respectively, so as to form therewith two choke spots, one for
controlling the communication between the passages; 15 and 19 and one
for controlling 100 the communication between the passages 17 and 15
The choking edges, 59, 61 are the outer edges of a number of bevel
cuts at the end of the full-sized, part of the slide The adjustment
nut 44 has a graduated scale 63 readable 105 against a fixed index 65.
When it is desired to change the overlap, the nut 45 is loosened and
the adjustment nut 44 is turned in one or the other direction, so that
the two parts 39, 41 of the valve 110 housing are moved towards or
away from each other, whereupon the part 41 is again fastened by the
nut 45 Said adjustment can easily be made while the turbine is running
and without disturbing its control The set 115 positive or negative
overlap can be read on the scale 63, and consequently it is possible
to accurately set the positions that by previous experience have been
found suitable for the different operating conditions 120
* Sitemap
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* Legal notice
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* 5.8.23.4; 93p

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