How does the study of Urban Geography contribute to our understanding of the nature of the city? of the possibilities of the ideal city? How does theology interface with urban geography?
This document discusses the concepts of urbanism and urbanization. Urbanism is defined as the sociological study of life and human interaction in metropolitan areas, as well as the role of cities in societal development. It originated from the work of sociologists like Marx, Tonnies, Durkheim, Weber and Simmel. The Chicago School further developed sociological theories of urbanism. Urbanization refers to the phenomenon of rural to urban migration and the factors driving this migration. The document examines elements that define an area as "urban" and discusses early urban sociologists' framing of symbolic interaction in urban settings. It provides an overview of sociologist George Simmel's work on the impacts of city life on mental life and
The good city by john friedman- planning theoryIshita5
The document discusses utopian thinking and its role in improving society and cities. It argues that utopian thinking has two parts: critique of current injustice, oppression, and problems, and a constructive vision for positive change. It also discusses several aspects of what makes a "good city", including: ensuring human flourishing and basic equality for all; valuing diversity and civil society; inclusive, democratic governance; and good governance principles like transparency, responsiveness, and nonviolent conflict resolution. The overall message is that utopian thinking, though imperfect, can help envision better social and urban futures and motivate action to address problems and injustices in society.
This document discusses various concepts and theories of urbanism. It begins by defining urbanism and the study of urban societies and city planning. It then discusses perspectives on how people live in densely populated areas from sociological and other lenses. It outlines different frameworks for urban planning practices around the world. It also discusses concepts like network urbanism, which applies network thinking to urban planning in response to issues with zone-based conceptions. The document also discusses mainstream vs alternative urbanism and outlines various spheres of urban design practice. It proposes new concepts are needed to embrace networks in urban planning and adapt to changing technological and social contexts. Pragmatism is discussed as a philosophical approach to urbanism emphasizing inclusion, experimentation and democracy
Louis Wirth describes three key characteristics of cities in his essay "Urbanism as a Way of Life": population size, social heterogeneity, and population density. These characteristics define the sociological aspects of cities and can affect their social order. Wirth argues that as urban populations increase, social diversity increases, resulting in segregation among social classes and an imbalance in social structure. However, social heterogeneity also allows individuals with common interests to organize into groups to achieve shared goals, forming social relationships and order. While population size and density must be controlled to maintain social relationships, individuals play an important role in forming social groups and maintaining a society's organization.
Cities and Urban Life: Globalization and the Modern Metropolis. (Urbanization)brunogiegerich
PowerPoint presentation on urbanization, urbanism (city) life and the metropolis in a globalizing world. Covers the rise of mega-cities and some sociological aspects of urban life; with many pictures, themes and key social theorists.
This document summarizes and discusses Julie Nichols' paper "Nomadic Urbanities: Constant’s New Babylon and the Contemporary City". It first provides background on Constant Nieuwenhuys' 1960s concept of "New Babylon", an imaginary city devoid of fixed identity or place that individuals would personalize. It then argues that New Babylon reflects the hyper-mobility of contemporary Southeast Asian cities. Finally, it explores how New Babylon, everyday practices, globalization, and virtual space relate to issues facing Southeast Asian urban societies today, such as loss of identity and culture.
Urbanism is characterized by impersonal social relations, a complex division of labor, high mobility, and interdependence among members. Louis Wirth identified four key aspects of urbanism: transiency, superficiality, anonymity, and individualism. Wirth proposed three factors that shape urbanism - population size, density, and demographic heterogeneity. Large populations in cities lead to impersonal, transitory contacts. High density segments activities and fosters competition. Heterogeneity erodes class distinctions but also leads groups to prioritize average interests over individuals. Wirth argued urbanism is shaped by its physical structure, social organization emphasizing non-kinship groups, and ideas that simplify communication.
How does the study of Urban Geography contribute to our understanding of the nature of the city? of the possibilities of the ideal city? How does theology interface with urban geography?
This document discusses the concepts of urbanism and urbanization. Urbanism is defined as the sociological study of life and human interaction in metropolitan areas, as well as the role of cities in societal development. It originated from the work of sociologists like Marx, Tonnies, Durkheim, Weber and Simmel. The Chicago School further developed sociological theories of urbanism. Urbanization refers to the phenomenon of rural to urban migration and the factors driving this migration. The document examines elements that define an area as "urban" and discusses early urban sociologists' framing of symbolic interaction in urban settings. It provides an overview of sociologist George Simmel's work on the impacts of city life on mental life and
The good city by john friedman- planning theoryIshita5
The document discusses utopian thinking and its role in improving society and cities. It argues that utopian thinking has two parts: critique of current injustice, oppression, and problems, and a constructive vision for positive change. It also discusses several aspects of what makes a "good city", including: ensuring human flourishing and basic equality for all; valuing diversity and civil society; inclusive, democratic governance; and good governance principles like transparency, responsiveness, and nonviolent conflict resolution. The overall message is that utopian thinking, though imperfect, can help envision better social and urban futures and motivate action to address problems and injustices in society.
This document discusses various concepts and theories of urbanism. It begins by defining urbanism and the study of urban societies and city planning. It then discusses perspectives on how people live in densely populated areas from sociological and other lenses. It outlines different frameworks for urban planning practices around the world. It also discusses concepts like network urbanism, which applies network thinking to urban planning in response to issues with zone-based conceptions. The document also discusses mainstream vs alternative urbanism and outlines various spheres of urban design practice. It proposes new concepts are needed to embrace networks in urban planning and adapt to changing technological and social contexts. Pragmatism is discussed as a philosophical approach to urbanism emphasizing inclusion, experimentation and democracy
Louis Wirth describes three key characteristics of cities in his essay "Urbanism as a Way of Life": population size, social heterogeneity, and population density. These characteristics define the sociological aspects of cities and can affect their social order. Wirth argues that as urban populations increase, social diversity increases, resulting in segregation among social classes and an imbalance in social structure. However, social heterogeneity also allows individuals with common interests to organize into groups to achieve shared goals, forming social relationships and order. While population size and density must be controlled to maintain social relationships, individuals play an important role in forming social groups and maintaining a society's organization.
Cities and Urban Life: Globalization and the Modern Metropolis. (Urbanization)brunogiegerich
PowerPoint presentation on urbanization, urbanism (city) life and the metropolis in a globalizing world. Covers the rise of mega-cities and some sociological aspects of urban life; with many pictures, themes and key social theorists.
This document summarizes and discusses Julie Nichols' paper "Nomadic Urbanities: Constant’s New Babylon and the Contemporary City". It first provides background on Constant Nieuwenhuys' 1960s concept of "New Babylon", an imaginary city devoid of fixed identity or place that individuals would personalize. It then argues that New Babylon reflects the hyper-mobility of contemporary Southeast Asian cities. Finally, it explores how New Babylon, everyday practices, globalization, and virtual space relate to issues facing Southeast Asian urban societies today, such as loss of identity and culture.
Urbanism is characterized by impersonal social relations, a complex division of labor, high mobility, and interdependence among members. Louis Wirth identified four key aspects of urbanism: transiency, superficiality, anonymity, and individualism. Wirth proposed three factors that shape urbanism - population size, density, and demographic heterogeneity. Large populations in cities lead to impersonal, transitory contacts. High density segments activities and fosters competition. Heterogeneity erodes class distinctions but also leads groups to prioritize average interests over individuals. Wirth argued urbanism is shaped by its physical structure, social organization emphasizing non-kinship groups, and ideas that simplify communication.
This document provides a summary of the author's undergraduate thesis analyzing the concept of "cities for people" through a case study of Hanoi, Vietnam. The author conducted observations over four weeks in three streets representing old, redeveloped, and new areas of Hanoi to understand how urban development has impacted public space usage. While initially thinking Hanoi exemplified a people-centered city, the author now believes it problematizes the concept by illustrating complexity not fully accounted for. The thesis draws on urban planning and design scholars like Gehl and Jacobs to critically analyze the implications of building cities for people and its relevance in 21st century urbanization globally and specifically in Hanoi.
In Donald Barthelme's 1974 short story "I Bought a Little City", the narrator decides one day to purchase Galveston, Texas, where he then tears down some houses, shoots 6,000 dogs, and rearranges what remains into the shape of a giant Mona Lisa jigsaw puzzle visible only from the air. As with much of Barthelme's work, the premise seems so absurd that one cannot help but shake it until a metaphor falls out, and here one might well assume that, in the words of the novelist Donald Antrim, "I Bought a Little City" is "a take on the role that a writer has in writing a story – playing god,
The article is a sociological study of the growth of the Chicago and describes about city`s processes of expansion, metabolism, and mobility.
Expansion as physical growth Expansion as a process Social organization and disorganization as the process of metabolism Mobility as the pulse of the community
This document discusses three key thinkers - Georg Simmel, Sigfried Kracauer, and Walter Benjamin - and their analyses of modernity and urban life in the early 20th century. Simmel examined how life in cities led to a more calculative and blasé mentality. Kracauer viewed the city as a place of distractions and analyzed fragments like amusement parks and movies. Benjamin looked at how modern experiences like shock were inherent to crowded cities with their overwhelming external stimulation.
This document provides an overview of various topics related to urban realities and theology. It begins with a table of contents listing sections on cities as systems, urban geography, urban anthropology/sociology, urban theology, urban economics, urban research, and migration. Other sections discuss features of urbanism, history of cities, biblical urban planning, marginality, urban ministry strategy, and applying urban realities to social analysis. The document aims to integrate sociological, geographical, theological, and economic perspectives on cities to inform missiological urban research and strategies.
This document summarizes and discusses the current issue of the journal (dis)Location. It begins by providing context on the uncertainties and changes occurring in 2016 that the issue aims to examine. The introduction describes how the issue seeks to present experiences in cities' awkward spaces and examine concepts like power, materiality, and positionality in planning. It then provides a table of contents summarizing several essays and articles in the issue. These include pieces on parking, grids, gentrification, and reflections on practicing planning across different community contexts. In underlining the ever-changing nature of cities and calling for greater reflection, the introduction sets out the overarching themes of examining urban changes and realities that the issue addresses.
What has been the culture of urbanism this last century? This is a precursor to studying Postmodernism. What have been theological responses? This is the Powerpoint that undergirds the Vimeo 540-7 TUL540-7 Urbanism: Theological Respeonses to Urban Culture at https://vimeo.com/322370054
This document summarizes and compares several articles about urbanization and the growth of cities outward from their cores to their peripheries. It discusses Edward Soja's analysis of increasing regional urbanization and the contrast between urban and suburban areas. It also examines Steve Pile's discussion of Lewis Mumford's view that both physical and social connections are important in defining cities. Examples are provided of Chicago growing due to its natural resources but then depleting them, and of cities like Tehran and Lahore experiencing uncontrolled urban sprawl, migration to the edges, and exploitation of rural areas.
The document discusses Philippine visual urban culture through an analysis of various sites, structures, and artworks in Manila. It examines how EDSA Avenue has served as a site of both resistance and consumerism. It also analyzes how bridges have transformed from places of transportation to sites of diverse urban activities. Monuments are discussed as symbols of national identity that have been appropriated by colonizers to promote their agendas. The document argues that infrastructure aims for order but also causes urban disorder by dislocating people and simulating street life.
Introduction to Dr. Yasser Elsheshatwy’s edited book “Planning Middle Eastern Cities: An Urban Kaleidoscope in a Globalizing World” published by Routledge (2004). It introduces critical assessments of contemporary Middle East cities.
The document discusses different perspectives on what constitutes a city and the social and cultural dynamics within cities. It addresses how cities can be seen as a center of collective unity but also division. Culture and policies around multiculturalism have impacted urban institutions and debates around development, gentrification, and who cities belong to.
Urban sociology is the sociological study of human interaction and lifestyle changes in metropolitan areas. It examines issues related to population growth, environmental impact, and resource depletion associated with urbanization. The field aims to understand urban institutions and structures to help policymakers address social problems uniquely faced in cities. Georg Simmel is considered the father of urban sociology for his early works analyzing the complex social world of cities and effects on mental life. Urban sociology studies cities and towns, examining problems that arise from industrialization and city organization.
Lewis Mumford defines the city as a geographic, economic, and social entity where human activities are focused and worked out through cooperation and conflict between individuals, groups, and events. For Sharon Zukin, the city symbolizes both collective unity and division. She argues that culture is used to both lift city dwellers out of everyday life and control cities by establishing who belongs in specific places. Zukin also notes that large numbers of immigrants have put pressure on cities to adopt policies of multiculturalism and that city boosters often redevelop cities through cultural strategies that pit economic interests against local communities.
Lewis Mumford defines the city as a geographic, economic, and social entity. He describes the city as a "geographic plexus", an "economic organization", an "institutional process", a "theater of social action", and an "aesthetic symbol of collective unity". He argues that within cities, human activities and interactions between people, events, and groups shape significant outcomes.
Sharon Zukin builds on this definition of the city. She views the city as a symbol of both collective unity and division due to differences, ambiguity, and conflicts between groups. She also discusses how cities reflect decisions about what and who should be visible or excluded through concepts of order, aesthetics, and language.
Lewis Mumford defines the city as a geographic, economic, and social entity where human activities are focused and played out through cooperation and conflict between individuals, groups, and events. Sharon Zukin expands on this, arguing that the city is also an aesthetic symbol that represents both unity and division, and is a site of cultural conflicts over social differences and fears of new immigrants. She notes that city leaders use culture and the image of the city to attract investment and tourism, which can pit the self-interest of developers against local communities. How a city is built and designed represents decisions about inclusion, order, and aesthetics that reflect whose version of the city is visible.
1) The document summarizes a book written by Kevin Lynch titled "The Image of the City". Lynch was an American urban planner who studied how users perceive and navigate cities.
2) The book analyzes how the built environment can impact a person's physical and mental development. It explores how characteristics of time and history in an urban setting affect children and shape them.
3) Lynch highlighted two important concepts - "imageability" and "wayfinding". The book examines the visual qualities and mental images people have of cities and divides the environmental image of cities into components like identity, structure, and meaning.
This document is an essay on social anthropology exploring the concepts of sustainable cities and communities. It begins by discussing how cities have historically been defined based on size and organization, from the Greeks' conception of ideal city size to modern definitions that lack clear borders. It then examines theories of space and place, including Marxist views that space is socially produced rather than just physical. The essay aims to understand what makes a sustainable city or community and how we can build them through exploring the relationships between these concepts.
Lewis Mumford provides a definition of what constitutes a city from a sociological perspective, arguing that a city is a collection of social groups and institutions that come together to support a common life and create opportunities for social interaction and cultural experiences. He asserts that limitations on a city's size, density, and area are necessary to support effective social relationships, and advocates for a model of multiple clustered communities rather than massive consolidated urban areas. Mumford's view of the city prioritizes social needs over purely physical planning considerations.
This document summarizes several of AbdouMaliq Simone's current research projects focusing on urbanization and religion:
1) "Urbanizing Faith" examines how religious practices shape urban systems and social spaces, and how faith-based groups help young people secure livelihoods through improvisation.
2) Emerging forms of urban collectivity are studied in cities like Jakarta, Johannesburg, Sao Paulo, and Delhi, where new generations are articulating unexpected forms of political and social organization.
3) Research in Jakarta explores less recognized forms of association and how heterogeneous urban districts collaborate without relying on traditional affiliations.
The Chicago School focused on understanding individuals and their interactions within urban environments through two main approaches: symbolic interactionism and urban ecology. Researchers used ethnographic methods like observation and interviews to study how people adapted to and competed over resources in cities. They mapped urban areas and analyzed how social groups were stratified. While insightful, the Chicago School had some limitations like overstating nature over nurture and producing theories not always applicable beyond North America. Overall, it created an empirical foundation for sociological research through localized, mixed methods studies of everyday urban life.
Jane Jacobs was an urban writer and activist who advocated for community-centered approaches to urban planning through her observations of cities. Her most influential work, The Death and Life of Great American Cities, criticized top-down urban planning and promoted mixed-use development, density, and bottom-up community planning. She viewed cities as complex living ecosystems and economies, and saw street life and social interaction as vital to urban health and security. Her work in the 1960s was ahead of its time in emphasizing the importance of local expertise, diversity of uses and users, and flexibility in urban development.
This document provides a summary of the author's undergraduate thesis analyzing the concept of "cities for people" through a case study of Hanoi, Vietnam. The author conducted observations over four weeks in three streets representing old, redeveloped, and new areas of Hanoi to understand how urban development has impacted public space usage. While initially thinking Hanoi exemplified a people-centered city, the author now believes it problematizes the concept by illustrating complexity not fully accounted for. The thesis draws on urban planning and design scholars like Gehl and Jacobs to critically analyze the implications of building cities for people and its relevance in 21st century urbanization globally and specifically in Hanoi.
In Donald Barthelme's 1974 short story "I Bought a Little City", the narrator decides one day to purchase Galveston, Texas, where he then tears down some houses, shoots 6,000 dogs, and rearranges what remains into the shape of a giant Mona Lisa jigsaw puzzle visible only from the air. As with much of Barthelme's work, the premise seems so absurd that one cannot help but shake it until a metaphor falls out, and here one might well assume that, in the words of the novelist Donald Antrim, "I Bought a Little City" is "a take on the role that a writer has in writing a story – playing god,
The article is a sociological study of the growth of the Chicago and describes about city`s processes of expansion, metabolism, and mobility.
Expansion as physical growth Expansion as a process Social organization and disorganization as the process of metabolism Mobility as the pulse of the community
This document discusses three key thinkers - Georg Simmel, Sigfried Kracauer, and Walter Benjamin - and their analyses of modernity and urban life in the early 20th century. Simmel examined how life in cities led to a more calculative and blasé mentality. Kracauer viewed the city as a place of distractions and analyzed fragments like amusement parks and movies. Benjamin looked at how modern experiences like shock were inherent to crowded cities with their overwhelming external stimulation.
This document provides an overview of various topics related to urban realities and theology. It begins with a table of contents listing sections on cities as systems, urban geography, urban anthropology/sociology, urban theology, urban economics, urban research, and migration. Other sections discuss features of urbanism, history of cities, biblical urban planning, marginality, urban ministry strategy, and applying urban realities to social analysis. The document aims to integrate sociological, geographical, theological, and economic perspectives on cities to inform missiological urban research and strategies.
This document summarizes and discusses the current issue of the journal (dis)Location. It begins by providing context on the uncertainties and changes occurring in 2016 that the issue aims to examine. The introduction describes how the issue seeks to present experiences in cities' awkward spaces and examine concepts like power, materiality, and positionality in planning. It then provides a table of contents summarizing several essays and articles in the issue. These include pieces on parking, grids, gentrification, and reflections on practicing planning across different community contexts. In underlining the ever-changing nature of cities and calling for greater reflection, the introduction sets out the overarching themes of examining urban changes and realities that the issue addresses.
What has been the culture of urbanism this last century? This is a precursor to studying Postmodernism. What have been theological responses? This is the Powerpoint that undergirds the Vimeo 540-7 TUL540-7 Urbanism: Theological Respeonses to Urban Culture at https://vimeo.com/322370054
This document summarizes and compares several articles about urbanization and the growth of cities outward from their cores to their peripheries. It discusses Edward Soja's analysis of increasing regional urbanization and the contrast between urban and suburban areas. It also examines Steve Pile's discussion of Lewis Mumford's view that both physical and social connections are important in defining cities. Examples are provided of Chicago growing due to its natural resources but then depleting them, and of cities like Tehran and Lahore experiencing uncontrolled urban sprawl, migration to the edges, and exploitation of rural areas.
The document discusses Philippine visual urban culture through an analysis of various sites, structures, and artworks in Manila. It examines how EDSA Avenue has served as a site of both resistance and consumerism. It also analyzes how bridges have transformed from places of transportation to sites of diverse urban activities. Monuments are discussed as symbols of national identity that have been appropriated by colonizers to promote their agendas. The document argues that infrastructure aims for order but also causes urban disorder by dislocating people and simulating street life.
Introduction to Dr. Yasser Elsheshatwy’s edited book “Planning Middle Eastern Cities: An Urban Kaleidoscope in a Globalizing World” published by Routledge (2004). It introduces critical assessments of contemporary Middle East cities.
The document discusses different perspectives on what constitutes a city and the social and cultural dynamics within cities. It addresses how cities can be seen as a center of collective unity but also division. Culture and policies around multiculturalism have impacted urban institutions and debates around development, gentrification, and who cities belong to.
Urban sociology is the sociological study of human interaction and lifestyle changes in metropolitan areas. It examines issues related to population growth, environmental impact, and resource depletion associated with urbanization. The field aims to understand urban institutions and structures to help policymakers address social problems uniquely faced in cities. Georg Simmel is considered the father of urban sociology for his early works analyzing the complex social world of cities and effects on mental life. Urban sociology studies cities and towns, examining problems that arise from industrialization and city organization.
Lewis Mumford defines the city as a geographic, economic, and social entity where human activities are focused and worked out through cooperation and conflict between individuals, groups, and events. For Sharon Zukin, the city symbolizes both collective unity and division. She argues that culture is used to both lift city dwellers out of everyday life and control cities by establishing who belongs in specific places. Zukin also notes that large numbers of immigrants have put pressure on cities to adopt policies of multiculturalism and that city boosters often redevelop cities through cultural strategies that pit economic interests against local communities.
Lewis Mumford defines the city as a geographic, economic, and social entity. He describes the city as a "geographic plexus", an "economic organization", an "institutional process", a "theater of social action", and an "aesthetic symbol of collective unity". He argues that within cities, human activities and interactions between people, events, and groups shape significant outcomes.
Sharon Zukin builds on this definition of the city. She views the city as a symbol of both collective unity and division due to differences, ambiguity, and conflicts between groups. She also discusses how cities reflect decisions about what and who should be visible or excluded through concepts of order, aesthetics, and language.
Lewis Mumford defines the city as a geographic, economic, and social entity where human activities are focused and played out through cooperation and conflict between individuals, groups, and events. Sharon Zukin expands on this, arguing that the city is also an aesthetic symbol that represents both unity and division, and is a site of cultural conflicts over social differences and fears of new immigrants. She notes that city leaders use culture and the image of the city to attract investment and tourism, which can pit the self-interest of developers against local communities. How a city is built and designed represents decisions about inclusion, order, and aesthetics that reflect whose version of the city is visible.
1) The document summarizes a book written by Kevin Lynch titled "The Image of the City". Lynch was an American urban planner who studied how users perceive and navigate cities.
2) The book analyzes how the built environment can impact a person's physical and mental development. It explores how characteristics of time and history in an urban setting affect children and shape them.
3) Lynch highlighted two important concepts - "imageability" and "wayfinding". The book examines the visual qualities and mental images people have of cities and divides the environmental image of cities into components like identity, structure, and meaning.
This document is an essay on social anthropology exploring the concepts of sustainable cities and communities. It begins by discussing how cities have historically been defined based on size and organization, from the Greeks' conception of ideal city size to modern definitions that lack clear borders. It then examines theories of space and place, including Marxist views that space is socially produced rather than just physical. The essay aims to understand what makes a sustainable city or community and how we can build them through exploring the relationships between these concepts.
Lewis Mumford provides a definition of what constitutes a city from a sociological perspective, arguing that a city is a collection of social groups and institutions that come together to support a common life and create opportunities for social interaction and cultural experiences. He asserts that limitations on a city's size, density, and area are necessary to support effective social relationships, and advocates for a model of multiple clustered communities rather than massive consolidated urban areas. Mumford's view of the city prioritizes social needs over purely physical planning considerations.
This document summarizes several of AbdouMaliq Simone's current research projects focusing on urbanization and religion:
1) "Urbanizing Faith" examines how religious practices shape urban systems and social spaces, and how faith-based groups help young people secure livelihoods through improvisation.
2) Emerging forms of urban collectivity are studied in cities like Jakarta, Johannesburg, Sao Paulo, and Delhi, where new generations are articulating unexpected forms of political and social organization.
3) Research in Jakarta explores less recognized forms of association and how heterogeneous urban districts collaborate without relying on traditional affiliations.
The Chicago School focused on understanding individuals and their interactions within urban environments through two main approaches: symbolic interactionism and urban ecology. Researchers used ethnographic methods like observation and interviews to study how people adapted to and competed over resources in cities. They mapped urban areas and analyzed how social groups were stratified. While insightful, the Chicago School had some limitations like overstating nature over nurture and producing theories not always applicable beyond North America. Overall, it created an empirical foundation for sociological research through localized, mixed methods studies of everyday urban life.
Jane Jacobs was an urban writer and activist who advocated for community-centered approaches to urban planning through her observations of cities. Her most influential work, The Death and Life of Great American Cities, criticized top-down urban planning and promoted mixed-use development, density, and bottom-up community planning. She viewed cities as complex living ecosystems and economies, and saw street life and social interaction as vital to urban health and security. Her work in the 1960s was ahead of its time in emphasizing the importance of local expertise, diversity of uses and users, and flexibility in urban development.
This document provides an overview of using social network analysis to study cultural production. It discusses how the Manchester punk/post-punk music scene from 1976-1980 formed a cultural network among over 100 key actors. Having a "critical mass" of interconnected artists allowed resources and enthusiasm to be pooled, cultural work to be completed, and a music scene to emerge and be recognized. The network structure influenced opportunities for collaboration, support, and innovation. Studying relationships and dynamics within cultural networks can provide insights into how conventions, resources, and opportunities are distributed and how cultural production unfolds over time.
This document provides an overview of topics covered in a sociology unit on social change, including theories of population change, urbanization, and ecological issues. It discusses factors that affect population growth and decline such as birth rates, death rates, and migration. Regarding urbanization, it summarizes theories of urban structure, life in cities, and the evolution of different city types. On ecological issues, it outlines the relationship between humans and the environment and effects of urbanization and environmental racism.
This document provides information about Shireen Mirza, including her educational background, research areas, and proposed contributions to IIIT-Delhi. It summarizes that she has a Ph.D. in Sociology & Anthropology from SOAS University of London and her research focuses on urban studies, infrastructure, waste management, and the intersection of society, environment, and technology. She proposes developing new courses in these areas and applying for grants to collaborate with IIIT-D and the Delhi government on infrastructure projects.
Post-postmodernism oens the possiblity of reformation f spiritulity to replace the postmodern losses with the new centre of authority in the cosmi Christ, of truth in the living expression of God, of meaning in the Cosmic coming Kingdom of God, loss of integration with nature in relationship to the personhood of nature
Jane Jacobs - Life and Work, a short presentation.Mudassir Haqqani
Jane Jacobs was an American-Canadian journalist, author, and activist who influenced urban studies, sociology, and economics. This is a short presentation that I prepared for my course in my Masters.
The document discusses theories of population growth and urbanization, highlighting that world population has grown rapidly to over 7 billion people due to declining mortality rates, high fertility rates in developing countries, and migration. It examines the demographic transition from high birth/death rates in pre-industrial societies to low rates in industrialized nations as well as the emergence and evolution of cities from ancient times to modern post-industrial metropolitan areas. Conflict, functionalist, and symbolic interactionist perspectives on urban development and suburbanization are also considered.
1. Urban sociology examines issues in metropolitan areas like migration trends, economics, poverty, and race relations.
2. It seeks to understand how populations react to their urban environment and how these dynamics affect lives and structures.
3. Studying urban sociology can provide insights for policies and strategies to improve city growth and address problems arising from social interactions.
The document summarizes the work and ideas of Néstor García Canclini, an Argentine academic known for theorizing the concept of "hybridity." Some key points:
- García Canclini got his PhD from University of Paris X and currently works in Mexico City, directing urban culture studies.
- His books include "Hybrid Cultures" and "Consumers and Citizens," which discuss how mass media have contributed to a reshaping of Latin American cultures rather than erasing local forms of expression.
- He believes cultures are becoming "hybrid" through a mixing of local traditions and global influences, and sees this as contributing to understanding failures in certain political models based on modern notions of autonomy
The document discusses key concepts in anthropology including ethnographic fieldwork, culture, cultural anthropology, and social anthropology. It describes how anthropologists study culture through fieldwork, examines different definitions and perspectives of culture, and outlines the historical development of cultural and social anthropology from early 20th century evolutionism to modern approaches integrating social theory and ethnography.
This document provides an overview of the development of urban sociology from the Chicago School in the early 20th century to more recent trends. It discusses the key contributions and theories developed by scholars from the Chicago School like Robert Park, Louis Wirth, and Ernest Burgess. Their early studies focused on human ecology and analyzing how the social and physical environment of cities impacted their growth. The document also examines later political economic and postmodern approaches to urban sociology.
Cultural Intermediation as the Practice of GoverningPhil Jones
This document summarizes the work of a research project team examining cultural intermediation and governance. The team took an interdisciplinary approach, studying cultural intermediation through an arts and humanities lens. They examined cultural intermediation's role in both formal governance structures and informal everyday practices. Through baseline assessments, case studies, and diary-keeping with participants, the team explored how cultural intermediation connects and disconnects different cultural sectors and communities. Their goal was to understand how cultural intermediation could help "re-govern" creative cities to be more inclusive. The team planned to share their findings through academic publications, policy discussions, and local seminars.
The document discusses Jane Jacobs' critique of modernist planning principles and her ideas about cities from her influential book "The Death and Life of Great American Cities." It provides context on Jacobs' background and experience that informed her urban theories. The book argued for urban density and diversity, rejecting the conventional views that saw old neighborhoods as blighted and in need of demolition. Instead, Jacobs emphasized the importance of sidewalks, parks, and neighborhoods in making cities safe and vibrant. The document outlines some of her key principles for street design and the natural surveillance needed to support urban life.
The document discusses the history and characteristics of major cities throughout history. It begins by examining 18th century Paris as the original modern metropolis, noting its organized boulevards and role as a center of consumer goods from France's colonies. It then discusses modern megacities like New York City, Tokyo, and how their populations and global influence far exceed 18th century Paris. The document reviews several classical sociological theories of urbanization including Tonnies' concepts of gemeinschaft and gesselschaft bonds, Simmel's idea of the "blasé attitude" in metropolitan residents, and the Chicago School's view of cities developing in zones based on inhabitants' adaptation. It notes both criticisms of and positives identified in these early
Kevin Lynch proposes criteria for evaluating good city form, including vitality, sense, fit, access, and control. He tests these criteria on issues of city size, growth, conservation, and planning practices. The book provides a comprehensive discussion of urban theory and a normative theory relating the value of a city to its spatial characteristics. Lynch argues that independent forces transform human settlements and that the first cities emerged after agricultural revolutions, developing new skills to serve new elites within carefully planned layouts.
urban geography is the subdisciple of geographyeshitaakter2
Urban geography is the study of urban areas and cities with reference to their geographical context, examining topics like their spatial distribution and internal structure, as well as how places are defined as urban. It analyzes cities using approaches that have developed from environmentalism to postmodernism. Urban geography is studied at different levels from the neighborhood to the world system of cities to better understand urban places.
Similar to 540-7 Missiological Tools for Analyzing Urban Realities: Urban Anthropology and Sociology (20)
The Holy Spirit is the structurer of the universe, so walking in spirituality involves walking with him in structuring society or in defending those treated unjustly. What does Justice Spirituality look like? What are its principles?
The voice of God, the wind of the Spirit that carreis that voice calls us and we become the vehicle of that voice. What spiritual disciples foster this correlation of he divine with the strucrures of the academy?
The two pathways for coping with the rage of being oppressed: increasing bitterness and violence or peacemaking and reconciliation? The way of Alinksy or the way of Assissi!! How does identifying rage then enable it to be turned into productive engagement in changing oppression?
The document summarizes four methodologies for examining one's conscience:
1) The Ignatian Examen involves reflecting on one's day to discern God's presence and guidance through feelings of consolation and desolation.
2) John Wesley's self-examination questions guide reflection on virtues like trustworthiness, obedience, and pride.
3) Renovare's questions for spiritual formation groups examine areas like prayer, temptation, and sharing one's faith.
4) The 12 steps of Alcoholics Anonymous likely involve admitting powerlessness, moral inventory, and making amends.
This document discusses expanding the land justice network among Christians globally to address issues related to land ownership and use. It provides background on land rights in Nigeria and challenges faced by minority Christian communities, especially in northern Nigeria. Key points include:
- Land rights in Nigeria are governed by both customary and statutory law, with the Land Use Act of 1978 vesting ownership of all land in each state with the governor as trustee.
- Minority Christian communities face difficulties acquiring land for churches, schools and other uses from traditional leaders in rural areas, who control land allocation and often refuse such requests.
- Rampant compulsory land acquisition by states and local governments under the guise of "overriding public purpose" also
1) O documento discute a importância da terra para as comunidades pobres e desapropriadas ao redor do mundo, com ênfase na necessidade de justiça de posse de terra e reconciliação.
2) A Bíblia mostra quatro movimentos relacionados à terra: de sem terra a possuidores da terra prometida, exílio e retorno, e a mensagem de Jesus de um jubileu eterno.
3) A reconciliação com as comunidades indígenas sobre questões de terra é fundamental para o reavivamento espiritual e cultural
This document provides brief biographies of several individuals involved in faith-based community development work in Africa, including:
- Caroline Powell who works with churches in South Africa on issues of land justice and equality.
- Bert Newton who organizes for affordable housing in Los Angeles through a faith-based organization.
- Nyumnloh David who works in international humanitarian law and human rights in Cameroon.
- Benvictor Dibankop who is the Country Director for Development Associates International in Cameroon.
The two-day Land Justice Network event will discuss theology of land rights and advocacy, historic issues of land dispossession, theology of creation care, land rights practices regarding eviction and tenure, local responses to land rights issues, land rights advocacy practices, disaster relief, and wider urban planning and environmental issues. The schedule provides details of presentations from various places including South Africa, Cameroon, the US, Sierra Leone, Nigeria. Presenters will share case studies and reflections. Participants will discuss the potential for a global land rights advocacy network. The event aims to equip participants to advocate for adequate housing, infrastructure, and address land injustice from practical and spiritual perspectives.
In Cameroon, all land is considered national land and is governed by Ordinance No 74-1. National land can be classified for housing, farms, or plantations. The process to purchase land involves searching, investigating, negotiating price, surveying, signing a deed, and registering the land certificate. However, this system is prone to issues like price inflation, conflicts of interest, and long delays in obtaining certificates. To address these problems, the document recommends properly investigating land before purchase, avoiding prohibited areas, registering land after purchase, and seeking legal remedies for disputes. It also suggests churches could help vulnerable Christians purchase affordable land and mediate conflicts between buyers and sellers.
This document discusses the need for a global Christian network to explore theology and practices around engagement in land rights issues affecting slums and tribal areas. It outlines various land rights challenges in Nigeria, including insecure land tenure, land grabbing, conflicts, and limited access to land for women. Specific examples from Jos Plateau are provided. The role of the church in advocacy, legal assistance, empowerment, and pastoral support is discussed. The conclusion calls for developing a global Christian culture to adequately address these land rights issues.
Caroline Powell works with The Warehouse Trust in Cape Town, South Africa. She is passionate about the role churches can play in imagining a more just and equal society. Through research, teaching, and engaging with church leaders, especially young people, she hopes churches will play a role in issues of land justice.
Bert Newton organizes for affordable housing justice in Pasadena, California through Making Housing and Community Happen. As a faith-based organization, they mobilize churches to transform their city on housing issues.
Yakubu Nuhu Chayi is the Country Director for TASTE in Nigeria, an organization focused on uplifting impoverished communities. With experience in development work, he provides strategic
This document outlines Dr. Viv Grigg's work developing theological education programs for slum communities. It discusses the origins of the programs in Manila slums in the 1970s-80s and the growth of indigenous movements in various global cities. It then details the curriculum developed for a Master's in Transformational Urban Leadership (MATUL) that trains slum leaders through action-based, story-telling methods influenced by Paulo Freire. The MATUL program incorporates fields like urban missiology, leadership studies, and grassroots theology. The document calls for expanding such training networks and resources to serve the growing number of slum residents and movements worldwide.
Central to the MATUL degree is the reality that the church is often the center of much of the development or community organization and transformation.
This document discusses various approaches to conducting research to understand a city from a missiological perspective. It outlines 9 areas of focus for urban research: 1) the city as an organism with evolving structures, 2) the city's geographic structures, 3) its peoples, 4) church planting and growth, 5) maps and statistics, 6) leaders within cities, 7) history to predict responsiveness, 8) factors for transformation, and 9) citywide networks. The goal is to listen to God's heart for the city, understand its dynamics, and discern strategic ways to engage its peoples and structures with the gospel.
A overview on the prophetic books in the Bible as they engage with issues of stratification, poverty, wealth and injustice. A related video may be found at https://vimeo.com/236668836
This document outlines 7 steps in entrepreneurship in slums:
1. Learn biblical economic principles like productivity and management.
2. Identify existing entrepreneurs through a profile analysis.
3. Form self-help groups to build capital through monthly savings.
4. Research the local market through mapping businesses, flows of goods, and identifying needs to find opportunities.
5. Develop a basic business plan with a proposed budget for a $100 seed project.
6. Get trained in necessary production and marketing skills.
7. Work with a team of two others for support and to leverage different skills for success.
How does one develop the dialogue between Christian theology and the domain of Economics? What are the options, process, desired outcomes? This is a presentattion in the course on Community Economics that is part of he MA in Transformational Urban Leadership and the Graduate Certificate (=Post-grad Diploma) in Social Entrepreneurship at William Carey Internaitonal University (www.wciu.edu/matul) See also www.matul.org. The video may be found at https://vimeo.com/731250415
The binding of cosmological structures by massless topological defectsSérgio Sacani
Assuming spherical symmetry and weak field, it is shown that if one solves the Poisson equation or the Einstein field
equations sourced by a topological defect, i.e. a singularity of a very specific form, the result is a localized gravitational
field capable of driving flat rotation (i.e. Keplerian circular orbits at a constant speed for all radii) of test masses on a thin
spherical shell without any underlying mass. Moreover, a large-scale structure which exploits this solution by assembling
concentrically a number of such topological defects can establish a flat stellar or galactic rotation curve, and can also deflect
light in the same manner as an equipotential (isothermal) sphere. Thus, the need for dark matter or modified gravity theory is
mitigated, at least in part.
The technology uses reclaimed CO₂ as the dyeing medium in a closed loop process. When pressurized, CO₂ becomes supercritical (SC-CO₂). In this state CO₂ has a very high solvent power, allowing the dye to dissolve easily.
The debris of the ‘last major merger’ is dynamically youngSérgio Sacani
The Milky Way’s (MW) inner stellar halo contains an [Fe/H]-rich component with highly eccentric orbits, often referred to as the
‘last major merger.’ Hypotheses for the origin of this component include Gaia-Sausage/Enceladus (GSE), where the progenitor
collided with the MW proto-disc 8–11 Gyr ago, and the Virgo Radial Merger (VRM), where the progenitor collided with the
MW disc within the last 3 Gyr. These two scenarios make different predictions about observable structure in local phase space,
because the morphology of debris depends on how long it has had to phase mix. The recently identified phase-space folds in Gaia
DR3 have positive caustic velocities, making them fundamentally different than the phase-mixed chevrons found in simulations
at late times. Roughly 20 per cent of the stars in the prograde local stellar halo are associated with the observed caustics. Based
on a simple phase-mixing model, the observed number of caustics are consistent with a merger that occurred 1–2 Gyr ago.
We also compare the observed phase-space distribution to FIRE-2 Latte simulations of GSE-like mergers, using a quantitative
measurement of phase mixing (2D causticality). The observed local phase-space distribution best matches the simulated data
1–2 Gyr after collision, and certainly not later than 3 Gyr. This is further evidence that the progenitor of the ‘last major merger’
did not collide with the MW proto-disc at early times, as is thought for the GSE, but instead collided with the MW disc within
the last few Gyr, consistent with the body of work surrounding the VRM.
Unlocking the mysteries of reproduction: Exploring fecundity and gonadosomati...AbdullaAlAsif1
The pygmy halfbeak Dermogenys colletei, is known for its viviparous nature, this presents an intriguing case of relatively low fecundity, raising questions about potential compensatory reproductive strategies employed by this species. Our study delves into the examination of fecundity and the Gonadosomatic Index (GSI) in the Pygmy Halfbeak, D. colletei (Meisner, 2001), an intriguing viviparous fish indigenous to Sarawak, Borneo. We hypothesize that the Pygmy halfbeak, D. colletei, may exhibit unique reproductive adaptations to offset its low fecundity, thus enhancing its survival and fitness. To address this, we conducted a comprehensive study utilizing 28 mature female specimens of D. colletei, carefully measuring fecundity and GSI to shed light on the reproductive adaptations of this species. Our findings reveal that D. colletei indeed exhibits low fecundity, with a mean of 16.76 ± 2.01, and a mean GSI of 12.83 ± 1.27, providing crucial insights into the reproductive mechanisms at play in this species. These results underscore the existence of unique reproductive strategies in D. colletei, enabling its adaptation and persistence in Borneo's diverse aquatic ecosystems, and call for further ecological research to elucidate these mechanisms. This study lends to a better understanding of viviparous fish in Borneo and contributes to the broader field of aquatic ecology, enhancing our knowledge of species adaptations to unique ecological challenges.
Or: Beyond linear.
Abstract: Equivariant neural networks are neural networks that incorporate symmetries. The nonlinear activation functions in these networks result in interesting nonlinear equivariant maps between simple representations, and motivate the key player of this talk: piecewise linear representation theory.
Disclaimer: No one is perfect, so please mind that there might be mistakes and typos.
dtubbenhauer@gmail.com
Corrected slides: dtubbenhauer.com/talks.html
ESR spectroscopy in liquid food and beverages.pptxPRIYANKA PATEL
With increasing population, people need to rely on packaged food stuffs. Packaging of food materials requires the preservation of food. There are various methods for the treatment of food to preserve them and irradiation treatment of food is one of them. It is the most common and the most harmless method for the food preservation as it does not alter the necessary micronutrients of food materials. Although irradiated food doesn’t cause any harm to the human health but still the quality assessment of food is required to provide consumers with necessary information about the food. ESR spectroscopy is the most sophisticated way to investigate the quality of the food and the free radicals induced during the processing of the food. ESR spin trapping technique is useful for the detection of highly unstable radicals in the food. The antioxidant capability of liquid food and beverages in mainly performed by spin trapping technique.
Describing and Interpreting an Immersive Learning Case with the Immersion Cub...Leonel Morgado
Current descriptions of immersive learning cases are often difficult or impossible to compare. This is due to a myriad of different options on what details to include, which aspects are relevant, and on the descriptive approaches employed. Also, these aspects often combine very specific details with more general guidelines or indicate intents and rationales without clarifying their implementation. In this paper we provide a method to describe immersive learning cases that is structured to enable comparisons, yet flexible enough to allow researchers and practitioners to decide which aspects to include. This method leverages a taxonomy that classifies educational aspects at three levels (uses, practices, and strategies) and then utilizes two frameworks, the Immersive Learning Brain and the Immersion Cube, to enable a structured description and interpretation of immersive learning cases. The method is then demonstrated on a published immersive learning case on training for wind turbine maintenance using virtual reality. Applying the method results in a structured artifact, the Immersive Learning Case Sheet, that tags the case with its proximal uses, practices, and strategies, and refines the free text case description to ensure that matching details are included. This contribution is thus a case description method in support of future comparative research of immersive learning cases. We then discuss how the resulting description and interpretation can be leveraged to change immersion learning cases, by enriching them (considering low-effort changes or additions) or innovating (exploring more challenging avenues of transformation). The method holds significant promise to support better-grounded research in immersive learning.
PPT on Direct Seeded Rice presented at the three-day 'Training and Validation Workshop on Modules of Climate Smart Agriculture (CSA) Technologies in South Asia' workshop on April 22, 2024.
When I was asked to give a companion lecture in support of ‘The Philosophy of Science’ (https://shorturl.at/4pUXz) I decided not to walk through the detail of the many methodologies in order of use. Instead, I chose to employ a long standing, and ongoing, scientific development as an exemplar. And so, I chose the ever evolving story of Thermodynamics as a scientific investigation at its best.
Conducted over a period of >200 years, Thermodynamics R&D, and application, benefitted from the highest levels of professionalism, collaboration, and technical thoroughness. New layers of application, methodology, and practice were made possible by the progressive advance of technology. In turn, this has seen measurement and modelling accuracy continually improved at a micro and macro level.
Perhaps most importantly, Thermodynamics rapidly became a primary tool in the advance of applied science/engineering/technology, spanning micro-tech, to aerospace and cosmology. I can think of no better a story to illustrate the breadth of scientific methodologies and applications at their best.
ESA/ACT Science Coffee: Diego Blas - Gravitational wave detection with orbita...Advanced-Concepts-Team
Presentation in the Science Coffee of the Advanced Concepts Team of the European Space Agency on the 07.06.2024.
Speaker: Diego Blas (IFAE/ICREA)
Title: Gravitational wave detection with orbital motion of Moon and artificial
Abstract:
In this talk I will describe some recent ideas to find gravitational waves from supermassive black holes or of primordial origin by studying their secular effect on the orbital motion of the Moon or satellites that are laser ranged.
ESPP presentation to EU Waste Water Network, 4th June 2024 “EU policies driving nutrient removal and recycling
and the revised UWWTD (Urban Waste Water Treatment Directive)”
hematic appreciation test is a psychological assessment tool used to measure an individual's appreciation and understanding of specific themes or topics. This test helps to evaluate an individual's ability to connect different ideas and concepts within a given theme, as well as their overall comprehension and interpretation skills. The results of the test can provide valuable insights into an individual's cognitive abilities, creativity, and critical thinking skills
5. Preparing for Prophetic Envisioning
Prophets do not hear God in a vacuum
• Their perceptions and phrases are
based on ideas already in their
minds
• Thus, the academic prophet seeks
both an inner spirituality and an
academic depth of understanding
6. Anthropology: the study of cultures
Traditionally, the study of primitive
populations, relying on being
embedded.
1. Anthropology
8. How Does Anthropology Discern
Truth?
Studies Culture
• Cognition (Why?)
• Micro (Interacting in
the street)
• Comparative between
Societies/Cultures
• Qualitative approach
(Narrative ethnographies)
• Participant-Observation
• Describes primarily
“Life”
• Involvement
• “Emic”----Categorized
from Within
• Tries to examine the
whole
9. 2. Urban Sociology
• Sociology studies societies
• Normally a large population
sample
• Macro-perspectives based
on
• Quantitative analysis
10. Truth Searching in Sociology
Sociaology Studies. . .
• Group and social
organization
• Behavior (What?)
• Macro (Examining
from the balcony)
• Quantitative approach
(Statistics)
• Questionnaires
• Describes “Laboratory”
and “Life”
• Detached observation
• “Etic”---Categorized
from Outside
11. Essential Methodology: Journal +
Analysis
• Are you journaling, detailing
your observation where you
are?
• What are you noting that
serves as anthropological
data?
12. Significant Early Sociologists
Karl Marx (1818-1883)
For Marx, the primary moving force in society and the city:
• Was the economic-political component
• Economic/Political drives Social Organizational Change
which drives Belief Systems
13. Significant Early Sociologists
Emil Durkheim (1858-1917): Considered the
“Father” of French sociology.
• Saw the city as a social organization out of
which its economic and ideological
development and structure were derived.
• Social Organization drives Economic
Systemic Change which drives Belief
Systems
14. Weber on Calvin &
Urban Mindset
• Max Weber (1864-1920): Posited that mind-set
was the motor driving the City from which social
organizational change and economic structural
change occur.
• Weber would say that the City is a mind-set; ideology
causes people to behave the way they do. Changes in
belief, over time change social organization. The
Church is shaped by its theology, and its theology
shapes society.
15. The Influence of Calvinism,
according to Max Weber
• New theological ideas allowed for
individualism, activity and valuing work,
certainty of “election”
• New Christian personality now valued as
entrepreneurism, delayed gratification
• New godly values such as industry,
frugality, punctuality, justice, honesty,
fairness
• These are the basic tenets of modern industrial
capitalism.
16. Q1: Which is the chicken?
• Question: What is the relationship
between economics and religious
orientation?
• Do we change ideas first, or
economics, or social context?
17. Q2: Are people in the city different?
• Migratory Selection: Those who come to
the City are the most motivated,
inventive
• The City reshapes people, i.e. sensory
overload
• The City allows for critical masses
which affirm aberrations
• The City involves the jostling of cultural
groups which influence each other
18. Q3: Are Urban Values Different?
Harvey Cox:
• “anonymity” and “mobility”
• The City as “locus of power”
• The City as “change agent”
Louis Worth
• The City as a “Way of Life” (Louis Wirth)
• The City as pathological (“culture of
poverty”--Oscar Lewis), crime, anomie
19. Q#4: Is there an “urban culture”?
How do sub-cultures interact with each other in the City?
• Demographics versus Geodemographics
• e.g. search for Claritas Prism that segments society for marketing
• 66 Segmentations: “Movers and Shakers”; “Money and Brains”; “Sunset
Blues”
• Moving from relationships based on geography, genes and
generations to vocation and voluntary associations
• From multiplex roles (countryside) to simplex roles (City)
• In Missiology: From People Groups to Hybridization of Peoples….
The debates are between “Lumpers” and the “Splitters”; Urban
Culture or Cultures within the city; People Groups or Reaching Cities
20. Urbanism vs Urbanization
• Urbanism is the lifestyle of a city, the values
of the urbanites.
• (Urbanization is the process of urban growth).
• The early major theories of urbanism are
products of the Chicago School, that reflect
the experience of American cities.
• Study of Majority World cities has produced
quite different models.
21. “Organization” versus “Organism”
Viewing systems in interaction with each other
(like the systems of the body)
• “Limited good” (the pizza gets divided more
ways) versus “Unlimited good”, (gets
bigger).
• Tonnies (1887): Gemeinschaft (community)--
-intimate relationships and collective
activities of the feudal community; versus
Gesellschaft (society), with impersonal,
contractual bonds in the capitalistic society.
22. Transformation of Relationships
• You are in a big city. How do you
build meaningful relationships?
• How many of your relationships are
“transactional” rather than
“transformational”?
• How does your target group process
this progression?
• How do they contrast their style of
relationships with the oppressor
culture?
23. Significant Names and Movements
in Early Anthropology
• 19th Century: Armchair Anthropologist, James Frazer,
The Golden Bough
• 19th Century: The influence of Christian Missionaries
(Livingston, Stanley, etc)
• 1938: Louis Wirth’s essay, “Urbanism as a Way of Life
• 1930s-40s: The Chicago School of Urban Ecology:
Robert Park, focusing on urban social problems based on
residential succession. Looked at shapes of cities
• 1960s: The Emergence of Urban Anthropologists:
Robert Kemper, Eames, Claude Fisher, George Foster
24. Organic Theory - Robert Park
• A journalist, firsthand experience reporting.
• Studied under the German sociologist George Simmel,
• Moved to the University of Chicago in 1914, taught in the
Department of Sociology.
• Drawing on the insights of Darwin, Park drew analogies between
plant communities and human communities.
• His ideas were first promoted in a 1916 article: 'The City -
Suggestions for Investigation of Human Behaviour in the Urban
Environment’.
• Called the Organic Model of the city, Park's analysis drew on
extensive study of different groups within the city.
• Focussed on interaction between humans and their environment,
comparing this to the evolutionary process in the world of plants.
25. i. Competition
• As with plant species, people in the city compete for
limited space and access to the most desirable location for
residence and business.
• Such competition is marked by land values, which sort
urban dwellers into separate types occupying specific
areas.
• The slum represents the area of minimum choice; that
which is left over. Competition thus leads to segregation.
26. ii. Dominance
• Within different varieties of plants growing in one area, a
certain species will exert a dominant influence in that it
controls the environmental conditions which encourage or
discourage other species. In the city as a whole, the
Central Business District will play such a dominating
role. In local areas of the city, certain activities will
dominate the environment.
27. Park: Cities as Organisms (contd)
iii. Invasion and Succession
• Plants change the micro-environment in which they live, and
make it possible for other less tolerant species to thrive under
the new conditions. Park applied this concept to urban
communities, noting the way in which an ethnic area could
be invaded by people from a different ethnic group who
would eventually establish dominance.
• Park's work was seminal, and established the Chicago
School' of urban sociology, which has itself been dominant in
the field for most of this century.
Park, R.E. (1952). Human Communities, Chicago: University
of Chicago Press. A later summary of his work.
28. The Original Theory of Urbanism -
Lewis Wirth
Urbanism as a Way of Life (1938)
A theory of urban life as a universal model of the
city.
The three major factors which affect the significant
demography of the city are:
• (i) large size
• (ii) high density
• (iii) heterogeneity.
29. Wirth: Polar Models
• Tribal to Peasant to Urban
• urban society is impersonal, heterogenous and secular
• folk society is peaceful, well integrated and
comparatively free of strife.
• The city was increasingly perceived as negative,
the rural life as idyllic. (Refuted by others)
• Hiebert’s application to Missiology: Clan, Tribal,
Peasant, Urban
• Grigg: Modern Urban, Postmodern Megacity
30. Peasants in Cities
• Oscar Lewis, an anthropologist, reacted to this definition
by studying migrants into Mexico City and denied that
everyday life in the city is largely the product of
urbanism. The villagers kept their religious ties and
familial ties in the migration.
• "Social life is not a mass phenomenon. It occurs for the
most part in small groups, within the family, within
neighbourhoods, within the church, formal and informal
groups and so on. Consequently, the variables of
number, density and heterogeneity are not crucial
determinants of social life or personality".
31. Peasants in Cities (Contd)
i. Social Worlds
Lewis, Rotenberg and Hannerz have argued that the primary social groups is not the
city as a whole, but smaller intimate circles based on kinship, ethnicity,
neighbourhood, occupation, lifestyle, or similar factors.
ii. Social Dynamics
Formative factors for people in a city are not primarily those of size, density, and
heterogeneity, according to these writers. Rather the dynamics of social life are
controlled by socio-economic class, culture, and stage in the life cycle. Thus the
broad strokes of any person's social position can be determined by their occupation
and wealth, their ethnic background and culture, and their marital and family status.
It is easily seen that these factors are relatively independent of the size of the
community. All urban context is relevant only insofar as it affects the social
categories. For example, large cities may provide better-paying jobs, or attract
more immigrant male workers than females. It will in turn affect the social worlds
of that particular city, but the effects of cities on the individual are indirect rather
than direct.
32. Gulick (Connectedness)
Gulick (1989) integrates these opposing poles into a
schemata examining
• disconnectedness
• minimal connectedness
• connectedness
33. Sub-cultural Theory - Claude
Fischer
• A middle way between these views is suggested
by Fischer (To Dwell Among Friends: 1982).
He agrees that urbanism has a direct effect on
social life, but not by destroying social worlds.
Rather it creates and strengthens them.
• Herbert Gans (The Urban Villagers) described
an Italian-American neighbouhood in Boston as
an “urban village”.
34. Sub-cultural Theory - Claude Fischer
(1975,1995)
i. Sub-cultures
• The single most important social effect in the growth in size
of a given community is the promotion of diverse sub-
cultures. Subcultural theory identifies
• social solidarity
• sociabilility
• mutual assistance
• Street kids, punks, yuppies and psych patients are all
examples of subcultures which provide the basic community
for groups of urban residents.
• share distinctive traits
• interact primarily with each other
• and have a relatively distinct set of beliefs and behaviour.
35. ii. The Shaping of Sub-cultures
• Subcultural theory sees an important role of the urban
environment in shaping new sub-cultures.
• As communities grow in size, they begin to create new
sub-cultures, modify existing ones, and promote contact
between them.
• Integral in this is the emergence of networks (a set of
links between individuals or groups)
• and associations.
36. ii. The Shape of New Communities
• Large communities attract migrants from wider areas
than do smaller towns. These migrants have a wide
variety of cultural and social backgrounds, and so provide
for a diverse set of social worlds.
• The bigger the city, the more differentiation and
specialisation takes place. Structural differentiation
provides the basis for new subcultures, based around
occupation or special interest.
• Once the loose boundaries of a new subculture have been
formed, the urban environment acts to consolidate and
intensify the grouping.
37. Technology in Rural - Urban
Culture Change
• Gideon Sjoberg developed a theory about the
preindustrial city seeking to distil the essential elements
from pre-industrial cities in Europe and parts of the third
world today.
• Nels Anderson (1962) analysed modern industrial
society as a whole demonstrating the driving power of
technology in the development of these urban values.
• This is similar to the sociologist, Jacques Ellul in his
study of Technique as determinant of modern
personhood.
38. Economics and Urbanism
• More recent anthropological studies have looked at
cities as part of the larger socio-economic systems
in which they are embedded. Jane Jacobs
published on the economics of interrelated cities
(Cities and the Wealth of Nations) Others have
looked at such relationships from Marxist
categories..
• More recent urban analyses may be found related
to postmodernism vs urbanism (See Dear and
Soja), and in Urban Planning discussions linked to
UNHabitat.
39. Sociologist: Peter Berger
The Homeless Mind
• Berger, in developing the concept of an urban world
view, defines the two components of modernity as
technological production and bureaucratic organization.
He claims that the following patterns develop in the
urban situation:
• a. Componentiality, or the breakdown of something into
basic or atomic interchangeable parts that can be
manipulated;
• b. Interdependence of components and their sequences
and consequences, producing a formula approach to
events (The same events are seen as
producing the same results); and
• c. Separation of means and ends.
40. Sociologist: Peter Berger
The Homeless Mind
• These bring about a mechanistic view of the
world and of social organization. The
consequences in social organization, as seen in
the factory and bureaucracy, are a mechanistic
approach and an engineering mentality. They
result in human control and manipulation of
both nature and the social order—
41. Sociologist: Peter Berger
The Homeless Mind
According to Berger, we find standardization and
reproducibility of thought patterns in the urban world-
view. Tasks are broken down into subtasks in a linear
fashion. Measurability, production and profit orientation
are seen in speech patterns, emerging vocabulary, and new
relationships.
My experience indicates that the above outcomes described
by Berger, while evident in urban middle classes, are not
evident in the slums. They occasionally intrude, but are not
significant in the culture of the urban poor.
42. Berger: The Urban Mindsent
• Berger describes the urban personality using
terms like componentialization of self in public
(anonymous self roles) and in private (personal
self), alienation between components, emotional
management, multi-relationalism (a sense of
“Everything’s happening to me at once”),
dissociation (“It’s not my problem”), and
meaninglessness, anomaly (“I see no order”).
43. Slumdewllers: Transitions from Oscar Lewis
to Peter Berger urban mindset
Why should these characteristics occur in the slums
and not the ones listed earlier derived from the Culture
of Poverty and peasant culture analyses?
These latter personality traits develop mainly because
of the breakdown in the closely-knit rural family.
Loss is felt not as the migrant family moves into the
technology and industrialization of the city, but as
they lose personal, face-to-face relationships.
44. Broken Community: New Community
• Many families in the slums live in isolation from each
other, afraid of all relationships outside of their rural
clan. They have a public self that they bring to the
church, but unless the church contains a number of
people from those old clan relationships, they will be
hesitant to reveal their private selves.
• To break down these walls, the successful church in
the slums must develop patterns that match the old
community relationships as much as possible.
• One key to success in this is the migrant’s sense of
long-term loyalty. Another is the sense of “in-
groupness.”
45. Grigg: Judging? the Traditional Mindset
• What many might call “lack of management skills”
among the peasants in the city may be viewed positively
as the persistence of effective “folk culture” traits of
relating and decision-making.
• The new skills of urban life described by Berger are not
better than the old in coping with life in the city, so we
are wise not to make value judgments about the ability of
those in the slums to manage.
• Modern management skills are largely inappropriate in
coping with the culture of the slums.
•
46. Generational Mindset Change
It will be frustrating for the Christian
worker to enter the slums expecting to
impart such management skills without
studying the long transitional periods
required to move from one pattern of
thought process to another. It is doubtful
whether this transition can be made in a
generation—except perhaps by a small
handful out of each ten thousand migrants.
47. References
• Mumford, Lewis. (1969) The City in History, Its Origins, Its Transformations, and Its Prospects,
New York: Harcourt, Brace & World.
• Sjoberg, Gideon (1966). “The Rural-Urban Dimension” in Handbook of Modern Sociology, Robert
L Faris,ed
• Park, R.E. (1952) Human Communities, Chicago: University of Chicago Press. A later summary
of his work.
• Berger, Peter L., Berger, Brigitte & Kellner, Hansfried. (1973). The Homeless Mind: Modernization
and Consciousness. New York: Random House.
• Grigg, Viv. (2004) An Insiders Perspective. In Cry of the Urban Poor. Authentic.
• Gulick, John. (1989) The Humanity of Cities: An Introduction to Human Societies. Bergin and
Garvey.
• Jocano, Landa C. Round the Clock Activities. In Slums as a Way of Life. Manila: NewDay.
• Lewis, Oscar. (1966). "The Culture of Poverty." Scientific American, 215 (4), 3-9.
• Sjoberg, Gideon. (1960). The Preindustrial City, Past and Present. New York: Free Press of
Glencoe.
• Mayer, Egon (1979). From Suburb to Shtetl: the Jews of Boro Park. Philadelphia: Temple
University Press, p16.
• Miner, Horace (1953). The Primitive City of Timbuctoo. Princeton NJ: Princetone University Press.
• Bascom, William (1955) Urbanisation Among the Yoruba. American Journal of Sociology. 60:446-
454
Editor's Notes
To reproduce the SmartArt graphic on this slide, do the following:
On the Home tab, in the Slides group, click Layout, and then click Blank.
On the Insert tab, in the Illustrations group, click SmartArt.
In the Choose a SmartArt Graphic dialog box, in the left pane, click Picture. In the Picture pane, double-click Title Picture Lineup (fifth row) to insert the graphic into the slide.
Click each of the four picture placeholders in the SmartArt graphic, select a picture, and then click Insert.
Select the graphic. Under SmartArt Tools, on the Format tab, in the Size group, enter 5.92” in the Height box and 8.75” in the Width box.
Also under SmartArt Tools, on the Format tab, in the Arrange group, click Align, and then do the following:
Click Align to Slide.
Click Align Center.
Click Align Middle.
Select the graphic, and then click one of the arrows on the left border. In the Type your text here dialog box, enter text.
Press and hold CTRL, and then select all of the text boxes above the pictures. On the Home tab, in the Font group, select Gill Sans MT from the Font list, and then select 26 pt. from the Font Size list. Click Font Color and select White, Background 1.
Press and hold CTRL, and then select all of the text boxes above the pictures. Under SmartArt Tools, on the Format tab, in the Shapes group, click Change Shape, and then under Rectangles, click Round Diagonal Corner Rectangle.
Also under SmartArt Tools, on the Format tab, in the Shape Styles group, click the Format Shape dialog box launcher. In the Format Shape dialog box, click Fill in the left pane, in the Fill pane, click Gradient fill, and then do the following:
In the Type list, select Linear.
In the Angle box, enter 0.3°.
Under Gradient stops, click Add gradient stop or Remove gradient stop until three stops appear in the slider.
Also under Gradient stops, customize the gradient stops as follows:
Select the first stop in the slider, and then do the following:
In the Position box, enter 0%.
Click the button next to Color, click More Colors, and then in the Colors dialog box, on the Custom tab, enter values for Red: 77, Green: 28, and Blue: 27.
Select the next stop in the slider, and then do the following:
In the Position box, enter 50%.
Click the button next to Color, click More Colors, and then in the Colors dialog box, on the Custom tab, enter values for Red: 136, Green: 50, and Blue: 48.
Select the last stop in the slider, and then do the following:
In the Position box, enter 100%.
Click the button next to Color, click More Colors, and then in the Colors dialog box, on the Custom tab, enter values for Red: 77, Green: 28, and Blue: 27
Also in the Format Shape dialog box, click Line Color in the left pane, in the Line Color pane, click No line.
Also in the Format Shape dialog box, click Shadow in the left pane, in the Shadow pane, click the button next to Presets, and then under Outer, click Offset Diagonal Bottom Left (first row).
Press and hold CTRL, and then select the three text boxes below the pictures. On the Home tab, in the Font group, select Gill Sans MT from the Font list, select 24 in the Font Size box, and then click Font Color and select White, Background 1.
Also on the Home tab, in the Paragraph group, click Align Text Left.
Press and hold CTRL, and then select the three vertical lines in the SmartArt graphic. Under SmartArt Tools, on the Format tab, in the Shape Styles group, click the Format Shape dialog box launcher. In the Format Shape dialog box, click Line Color in the left pane, in the Line Color pane, click Gradient line, and then do the following:
In the Type list, click Linear.
In the Angle box, enter 90°.
Under Gradient stops, click Add gradient stop or Remove gradient stop until two stops appear in the slider.
Also under Gradient stops, customize the gradient stops as follows:
Select the first stop in the slider, and then do the following:
In the Position box, enter 46%.
Click the button next to Color, click More Colors, and then in the Colors dialog box, on the Custom tab, enter values for Red: 40, Green: 15, and Blue: 14.
In the Transparency box, enter 0%.
Select the last stop in the slider, and then do the following:
In the Position box, enter 100%.
Click the button next to Color, and then under Theme Colors click Black, Text 1 (first row).
In the Transparency box, enter 100%.
Press and hold CTRL, and then select all three pictures. Under SmartArt Tools, on the Format tab, in the Shapes group, click Change Shape, and then under Rectangles, click Round Single Corner Rectangle.
Under Picture Tools, on the Format tab, in the Picture Styles group, click Picture Effects, point to Shadow, and then under Inner, click Inside Diagonal Top Right.
Also under Picture Tools, on the Format tab, in the Picture Styles group, click Picture Border, and then click No Outline.
To reproduce the background effects on this slide, do the following:
On the Design tab, in the Background group, click Background Styles, and then click Format Background. In the Format Background dialog box, click Gradient fill, and then do the following:
In the Type list, click Radial.
In the Direction list, click From Center.
Under Gradient stops, click Add gradient stop or Remove gradient stop until three stops appear in the slider.
Also under Gradient stops, customize the gradient stops as follows:
Select the first stop in the slider, and then do the following:
In the Position box, enter 0%.
Click the button next to Color, click More Colors, and then in the Colors dialog box, on the Custom tab, enter values for Red: 153, Green: 57, and Blue: 55.
Select the next stop in the slider, and then do the following:
In the Position box, enter 50%.
Click the button next to Color, click More Colors, and then in the Colors dialog box, on the Custom tab, enter values for Red: 114, Green: 42, and Blue: 40.
Select the last stop in the slider, and then do the following:
In the Position box, enter 100%.
Click the button next to Color, click More Colors, and then in the Colors dialog box, on the Custom tab, enter values for Red: 40, Green: 15, and Blue: 14.
To reproduce the SmartArt graphic on this slide, do the following:
On the Home tab, in the Slides group, click Layout, and then click Blank.
On the Insert tab, in the Illustrations group, click SmartArt.
In the Choose a SmartArt Graphic dialog box, in the left pane, click Picture. In the Picture pane, double-click Title Picture Lineup (fifth row) to insert the graphic into the slide.
Click each of the four picture placeholders in the SmartArt graphic, select a picture, and then click Insert.
Select the graphic. Under SmartArt Tools, on the Format tab, in the Size group, enter 5.92” in the Height box and 8.75” in the Width box.
Also under SmartArt Tools, on the Format tab, in the Arrange group, click Align, and then do the following:
Click Align to Slide.
Click Align Center.
Click Align Middle.
Select the graphic, and then click one of the arrows on the left border. In the Type your text here dialog box, enter text.
Press and hold CTRL, and then select all of the text boxes above the pictures. On the Home tab, in the Font group, select Gill Sans MT from the Font list, and then select 26 pt. from the Font Size list. Click Font Color and select White, Background 1.
Press and hold CTRL, and then select all of the text boxes above the pictures. Under SmartArt Tools, on the Format tab, in the Shapes group, click Change Shape, and then under Rectangles, click Round Diagonal Corner Rectangle.
Also under SmartArt Tools, on the Format tab, in the Shape Styles group, click the Format Shape dialog box launcher. In the Format Shape dialog box, click Fill in the left pane, in the Fill pane, click Gradient fill, and then do the following:
In the Type list, select Linear.
In the Angle box, enter 0.3°.
Under Gradient stops, click Add gradient stop or Remove gradient stop until three stops appear in the slider.
Also under Gradient stops, customize the gradient stops as follows:
Select the first stop in the slider, and then do the following:
In the Position box, enter 0%.
Click the button next to Color, click More Colors, and then in the Colors dialog box, on the Custom tab, enter values for Red: 77, Green: 28, and Blue: 27.
Select the next stop in the slider, and then do the following:
In the Position box, enter 50%.
Click the button next to Color, click More Colors, and then in the Colors dialog box, on the Custom tab, enter values for Red: 136, Green: 50, and Blue: 48.
Select the last stop in the slider, and then do the following:
In the Position box, enter 100%.
Click the button next to Color, click More Colors, and then in the Colors dialog box, on the Custom tab, enter values for Red: 77, Green: 28, and Blue: 27
Also in the Format Shape dialog box, click Line Color in the left pane, in the Line Color pane, click No line.
Also in the Format Shape dialog box, click Shadow in the left pane, in the Shadow pane, click the button next to Presets, and then under Outer, click Offset Diagonal Bottom Left (first row).
Press and hold CTRL, and then select the three text boxes below the pictures. On the Home tab, in the Font group, select Gill Sans MT from the Font list, select 24 in the Font Size box, and then click Font Color and select White, Background 1.
Also on the Home tab, in the Paragraph group, click Align Text Left.
Press and hold CTRL, and then select the three vertical lines in the SmartArt graphic. Under SmartArt Tools, on the Format tab, in the Shape Styles group, click the Format Shape dialog box launcher. In the Format Shape dialog box, click Line Color in the left pane, in the Line Color pane, click Gradient line, and then do the following:
In the Type list, click Linear.
In the Angle box, enter 90°.
Under Gradient stops, click Add gradient stop or Remove gradient stop until two stops appear in the slider.
Also under Gradient stops, customize the gradient stops as follows:
Select the first stop in the slider, and then do the following:
In the Position box, enter 46%.
Click the button next to Color, click More Colors, and then in the Colors dialog box, on the Custom tab, enter values for Red: 40, Green: 15, and Blue: 14.
In the Transparency box, enter 0%.
Select the last stop in the slider, and then do the following:
In the Position box, enter 100%.
Click the button next to Color, and then under Theme Colors click Black, Text 1 (first row).
In the Transparency box, enter 100%.
Press and hold CTRL, and then select all three pictures. Under SmartArt Tools, on the Format tab, in the Shapes group, click Change Shape, and then under Rectangles, click Round Single Corner Rectangle.
Under Picture Tools, on the Format tab, in the Picture Styles group, click Picture Effects, point to Shadow, and then under Inner, click Inside Diagonal Top Right.
Also under Picture Tools, on the Format tab, in the Picture Styles group, click Picture Border, and then click No Outline.
To reproduce the background effects on this slide, do the following:
On the Design tab, in the Background group, click Background Styles, and then click Format Background. In the Format Background dialog box, click Gradient fill, and then do the following:
In the Type list, click Radial.
In the Direction list, click From Center.
Under Gradient stops, click Add gradient stop or Remove gradient stop until three stops appear in the slider.
Also under Gradient stops, customize the gradient stops as follows:
Select the first stop in the slider, and then do the following:
In the Position box, enter 0%.
Click the button next to Color, click More Colors, and then in the Colors dialog box, on the Custom tab, enter values for Red: 153, Green: 57, and Blue: 55.
Select the next stop in the slider, and then do the following:
In the Position box, enter 50%.
Click the button next to Color, click More Colors, and then in the Colors dialog box, on the Custom tab, enter values for Red: 114, Green: 42, and Blue: 40.
Select the last stop in the slider, and then do the following:
In the Position box, enter 100%.
Click the button next to Color, click More Colors, and then in the Colors dialog box, on the Custom tab, enter values for Red: 40, Green: 15, and Blue: 14.
To reproduce the SmartArt graphic on this slide, do the following:
On the Home tab, in the Slides group, click Layout, and then click Blank.
On the Insert tab, in the Illustrations group, click SmartArt.
In the Choose a SmartArt Graphic dialog box, in the left pane, click Picture. In the Picture pane, double-click Title Picture Lineup (fifth row) to insert the graphic into the slide.
Click each of the four picture placeholders in the SmartArt graphic, select a picture, and then click Insert.
Select the graphic. Under SmartArt Tools, on the Format tab, in the Size group, enter 5.92” in the Height box and 8.75” in the Width box.
Also under SmartArt Tools, on the Format tab, in the Arrange group, click Align, and then do the following:
Click Align to Slide.
Click Align Center.
Click Align Middle.
Select the graphic, and then click one of the arrows on the left border. In the Type your text here dialog box, enter text.
Press and hold CTRL, and then select all of the text boxes above the pictures. On the Home tab, in the Font group, select Gill Sans MT from the Font list, and then select 26 pt. from the Font Size list. Click Font Color and select White, Background 1.
Press and hold CTRL, and then select all of the text boxes above the pictures. Under SmartArt Tools, on the Format tab, in the Shapes group, click Change Shape, and then under Rectangles, click Round Diagonal Corner Rectangle.
Also under SmartArt Tools, on the Format tab, in the Shape Styles group, click the Format Shape dialog box launcher. In the Format Shape dialog box, click Fill in the left pane, in the Fill pane, click Gradient fill, and then do the following:
In the Type list, select Linear.
In the Angle box, enter 0.3°.
Under Gradient stops, click Add gradient stop or Remove gradient stop until three stops appear in the slider.
Also under Gradient stops, customize the gradient stops as follows:
Select the first stop in the slider, and then do the following:
In the Position box, enter 0%.
Click the button next to Color, click More Colors, and then in the Colors dialog box, on the Custom tab, enter values for Red: 77, Green: 28, and Blue: 27.
Select the next stop in the slider, and then do the following:
In the Position box, enter 50%.
Click the button next to Color, click More Colors, and then in the Colors dialog box, on the Custom tab, enter values for Red: 136, Green: 50, and Blue: 48.
Select the last stop in the slider, and then do the following:
In the Position box, enter 100%.
Click the button next to Color, click More Colors, and then in the Colors dialog box, on the Custom tab, enter values for Red: 77, Green: 28, and Blue: 27
Also in the Format Shape dialog box, click Line Color in the left pane, in the Line Color pane, click No line.
Also in the Format Shape dialog box, click Shadow in the left pane, in the Shadow pane, click the button next to Presets, and then under Outer, click Offset Diagonal Bottom Left (first row).
Press and hold CTRL, and then select the three text boxes below the pictures. On the Home tab, in the Font group, select Gill Sans MT from the Font list, select 24 in the Font Size box, and then click Font Color and select White, Background 1.
Also on the Home tab, in the Paragraph group, click Align Text Left.
Press and hold CTRL, and then select the three vertical lines in the SmartArt graphic. Under SmartArt Tools, on the Format tab, in the Shape Styles group, click the Format Shape dialog box launcher. In the Format Shape dialog box, click Line Color in the left pane, in the Line Color pane, click Gradient line, and then do the following:
In the Type list, click Linear.
In the Angle box, enter 90°.
Under Gradient stops, click Add gradient stop or Remove gradient stop until two stops appear in the slider.
Also under Gradient stops, customize the gradient stops as follows:
Select the first stop in the slider, and then do the following:
In the Position box, enter 46%.
Click the button next to Color, click More Colors, and then in the Colors dialog box, on the Custom tab, enter values for Red: 40, Green: 15, and Blue: 14.
In the Transparency box, enter 0%.
Select the last stop in the slider, and then do the following:
In the Position box, enter 100%.
Click the button next to Color, and then under Theme Colors click Black, Text 1 (first row).
In the Transparency box, enter 100%.
Press and hold CTRL, and then select all three pictures. Under SmartArt Tools, on the Format tab, in the Shapes group, click Change Shape, and then under Rectangles, click Round Single Corner Rectangle.
Under Picture Tools, on the Format tab, in the Picture Styles group, click Picture Effects, point to Shadow, and then under Inner, click Inside Diagonal Top Right.
Also under Picture Tools, on the Format tab, in the Picture Styles group, click Picture Border, and then click No Outline.
To reproduce the background effects on this slide, do the following:
On the Design tab, in the Background group, click Background Styles, and then click Format Background. In the Format Background dialog box, click Gradient fill, and then do the following:
In the Type list, click Radial.
In the Direction list, click From Center.
Under Gradient stops, click Add gradient stop or Remove gradient stop until three stops appear in the slider.
Also under Gradient stops, customize the gradient stops as follows:
Select the first stop in the slider, and then do the following:
In the Position box, enter 0%.
Click the button next to Color, click More Colors, and then in the Colors dialog box, on the Custom tab, enter values for Red: 153, Green: 57, and Blue: 55.
Select the next stop in the slider, and then do the following:
In the Position box, enter 50%.
Click the button next to Color, click More Colors, and then in the Colors dialog box, on the Custom tab, enter values for Red: 114, Green: 42, and Blue: 40.
Select the last stop in the slider, and then do the following:
In the Position box, enter 100%.
Click the button next to Color, click More Colors, and then in the Colors dialog box, on the Custom tab, enter values for Red: 40, Green: 15, and Blue: 14.