5401 5405.output

* GB785809 (A)
Description: GB785809 (A) ? 1957-11-06
Improvements in or relating to temperature-responsive means
Description of GB785809 (A)
PATENT SPECIFICATION
785,809 l 3 Ct Date of application and filing Complete Specification
Dec 14, 1955.
No 35959/55.
;/ ' Complete Specification Published: Nov 6, 1957.
Index at acceptance:-Class 38 ( 5), B 1 S( 3: 4: 12), B 2 C 6 C 2.
International Classification:-HO 2 c.
COMPLETE SPECIFICATION
Improvements, in or relating to Temperature-Responsive means We,
FREDRIC LAFARGUE BEST, a British Subject, and BEST PRODUCTS LIMITED, a
British Company, both of Felix Works, Felixstowe, Suffolk, do hereby
declare the invention, for which we pray that a patent may be granted
to us, and the method by which it is to be performed, to be
particularly described in and by the following statement:This
invention relates to temperature-responsive means, for an electrically
heated kettle or like vessel for heating liquids, to effect a control
action when a selected temperature has been attained Apparatus is
known wherein rotation of a shaft is prevented by soldering the shaft
to a surrounding fixed member; the shaft is able to rotate when the
solder softens or melts on a rise of temperature and rotation of the
shaft releases a spring-loaded member to open a control-switch for the
heating circuit.
According to this invention a temperatureresponsive means comprises a
shaft having on it an axially directed cup of which the interior is of
distinctly non-circular transverse cross-section, a fixed member of
distinctly non-circular cross-section projecting into the cup and a
fusible alloy contained in the said cup thereby preventing, when
solid, rotation of the said shaft Since the said fixed member and the
interior of the cup are of noncircular cross-section it is not
necessary for the fusible alloy to be bonded to either the said fixed

member or the cup, thereby eliminating the necessity of fluxing and
tinning the surface of the fixed member and the inside surface of the
cup The shaft is therefore keyed to the said fixed member by the shape
of the fusible alloy when it is solid.
The said fixed member may be of rectangular cross-section and it is
preferred to make the cross-section of the fixed member longer than it
is broad, i e in the form of a blade.
The internal section of the said cup may be rectangular and is
preferably square.
lPrice 3 s 6 d l According to another feature of this invention the
said shaft is rotatable within a hollow tube in which the said fixed
member is secured 50 Preferably the said fixed member is secured in
heat-conducting engagement with the heating element of the kettle or
the like.
The temperature-responsive means according to this invention may
conveniently 55 be used in conjunction with the controlswitch
operating and resetting means described in our Application No
2,637/53, Serial No 767,501, instead of the temperature-responsive
means described therein 60 In the accompanying drawings which
illustrate one embodiment of this invention, Figure 1 is a sectional
view of a temperature-responsive device according to this invention
secured to an electric immersion 65 heating-element, Figure 2 is a
sectional view of the device shown in Figure 1 on the line a-a, Figure
3 shows the device, illustrated in Figures 1 and 2, in conjunction
with the 70 operating means described in our Application No 2,637/53
(Serial No 767,501) and Figure 4 is a view looking on the underside of
Figure 3.
Referring first to Figures 1 and 2, the 75 electric immersion heater
element 10, illustrated as of horseshoe form, is mounted in a
heater-head 11 whereby it is secured in the base of a vessel whereof
the contents are to be heated A tube or casing 12 closed at 80 one end
by a fixed member 13 is mounted between the limbs of the element 10
with its closed end in good thermal contact with the metal sheath of
the heater-element 10 The other end of this casing 12 is open to the
85 outside of the heater-head 11 A shaft 14 is mounted in the casing
12, and the inner end of this shaft is provided with a cup 16; the
horizontal cross-section of the interior of the cup is distinctly
non-circular and may be for 90 example an oval, or a polygon such as a
square This cup 16 is filled with the fusible alloy and the fixed
member is formed with a part 17 projecting downwardly in the cup 16 so
that the part 17 is submerged in the fusible alloy The horizontal
cross-section of the part 17 is distinctly non-circular and is made,
most conveniently, in the form of a blade, i e the horizontal
cross-section is longer than it is broad and the interior of the cup

is made with a square horizontal crosssection Therefore the fusible
alloy, when solid, forms a key whereby the cup 16 and the part 17 are
locked to one another due to the interlocking shapes of the cup and
the alloy and of the alloy and the blade This eliminates the necessity
of cleaning and fluxing, and then tinning, the surfaces of the cup 16
and the part 17 which are in engagement with the fusible alloy.
The shaft 14 is provided with a tongue and groove connection to an
extension piece or spindle 19 (see Figure 3) and a screw 20 is a tight
fit in the end of the spindle 19 and this screw is engaged in a
bracket 21 to constitute a bearing for the spindle 19 and shaft 14 The
bracket 21 is secured on a base 22 of a suitable dielectric material,
this base being mounted on the heater-head 11.
An operating arm 23 is loosely mounted on the shank of the screw 20
and it is coupled to the spindle 19 by a helical spring 24 which is
tightly coiled around the spindle 19, one end of the spring abutting a
shoulder 25 on the spindle 19, the other end of the spring 24 is
formed as a radially extending arm 26 which is engaged with the arm 23
in any suitable manner, as for example by pressing a tubular boss 27
out from the arm 23.
An operating spring for the arm 23 is constituted by a few helical
turns 29 loosely engaged with the screw 20, and one end of this spring
is anchored at 30 in an opening in the bracket 21; the other end of
this spring 28 extends radially and is engaged with the arm 23 by
hooking it over an edge thereof This spring is arranged so that it
tends to swing the arm 23 about the axis of the spindle 19 in the
direction in which such movement causes the helical spring 24 to bind
on the spindle 19 and constitute a one-way clutch between these parts
Movement of the arm 23 in the opposite direction about the axis of the
spindle 19 can take place freely, because the coils of the helical
spring 24 are opened by this movement and do not bind on the spindle.
This application of the invention to the heating-element 10 is
arranged to cut off the current supply to the element when it, or that
part of it near the closed end of the casing 12 and the fixed member
13, has attained the pre-determined temperature This temperature is
determined by the selection of an appropriate fusible alloy.
For this purpose a switch is connected in series with the heating
element and it is constituted by two contacts 31, 32, see Figure 4,
whereof in this construction the contact 31 is carried on a rigid rod
or bar 33 and the contact 32 is carried on a resilient arm 34.
The operating arm 23 carries an abutment 70 36 which conveniently is
in the form of a disc of insulating material which is so positioned
that it engages the end 35 of the spring arm 34 when the arm 23 is in
its operative position towards which it is moved by the 75 spring 28,
29, 30 It is shown in this position in Figure 4, and the contacts 31,

32 have been separated by this movement of the arm 23 When the arm 23
is swung clockwise in Figure 4, the spring arm 34 brings the con 80
tact 32 into engagement with the contact 31.
This device operates as follows T-he arm 23 is normally in its
inoperative position and the circuit for the heater is closed by the
switch 31, 32 The fusible alloy is solid and 85 holds the shaft 14 and
spindle 19 against rotation, and the clutch spring 24 locks the arm 23
to the spindle 19 so that it cannot move When the heater-element 10
attains the pre-determined temperature, the fusible 90 alloy softens
or melts, and the shaft 14 is thereby free to rotate This rotation is
imparted to it by the spring 28 operating on the arm 23, and through
the clutch spring 24 to the spindle 19, and the movement of the 95 arm
23 to the position shown in Figure 4, which is its operative position,
separates the contacts 31, 32 so as to open the circuit to the heater
The current supply has therefore been cut off on the attainment of a
pre 100 determined temperature.
When the heater element 10 cools down, the fusible alloy hardens or
sets and thereby locks the shaft 14 against rotation; when another
heating period is required, the arm 23 105 is swung back to its
inoperative position and this can be efected since the clutch spring
24 disengages the arm 23 from the spindle 19 When, however, the arm 23
is in its inoperative position, the spring 28, 29, 30 is 110 stressed,
and tends to return the arm to its operative position but it cannot do
so, since the clutch locks the arm to the spindle 19 which cannot
rotate after the fusible alloy has set 115 The coiled portion 29 of
the spring is arranged to be in axial compression so that it presses
the spindle 19 and thereby the shaft 14 inwards in the casing 12, so
that cup 16 surrounds the blade 17 and engagement with 120 the fixed
member 13 effectively seals the space containing the fusible alloy.
Stops 37 and 38 are preferably provided to define the positions of the
operating arm 23 when inoperative and operative respectively 125 The
temperature-responsive control as applied to an immersion-heater
element in the manner above described, is particularly suitable for
use as a safety switch to prevent damage to the heating element in the
event 130 785,809 the internal section of the said cup is square.
6 A device according to any one of the 25 preceding claims wherein the
said shaft is rotatable within a hollow tube in which the said fixed
member is secured.
7 A device according to any one of the preceding claims wherein the
said fixed 30 member is secured in heat conducting engagement with the
heating-element of a kettle or the like.
8 A temperature responsive device substantially as described with
reference to and 35 as illustrated in Figures 1 and 2.
9 A temperature-responsive switch substantially as described with

reference to and as illustrated in Figures 3 and 4.
A kettle or the like provided with a 40 temperature responsive device
substantially as described with reference to and as illustrated in
Figures 1, 2, 3 and 4.
BOULT, WADE & TENNANT, 111 & 112, Hatton Garden, London, E C 1,
Chartered Patent Agents.
of it being switched on when the element is not fully immersed, or of
the liquid boiling away.
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* GB785810 (A)
Description: GB785810 (A) ? 1957-11-06
Improvements in or relating to convertor bottoms
785,810 Date of Application and Filing Complete Specification: -
January 25, 1956.
No 2480/56.
Application made in Luxembourg on February 5, 1955.
Complete Specification Published: November 6, 1957.
Index at acceptance:-Class 72, C 1 A.
International Classification: C 21 c.
Improvements in or relating to Convertor Bottoms.
We, A R B E D Acieries Reunies de Burbach-Eich-Dudelange, Societe
Anonyme, a Company organised under the laws of the Grand Duchy of
Luxembourg, of Avenue de la Liberte, Luxembourg, The Grand Duchy of
Luxembourg, do hereby declare the invention, for which we pray that a

patent may be granted to us, and the method by which it is to be
performed, to be particularly described in and by the following
statement: -
This invention relates to convertor bottoms provided with tuyeres or
blow holes and is concerned with facilitating the adaption of such
convertor bottoms to varying operating conditions and also with
prolonging the effective operational life thereof.
A convertor bottom in either a basic or acid convertor is generally
perforated with holes known as tuyeres or blowholes, so that refining
gases may be passed through the perforations The total area utilized
by these tuyeres in the bottom, which is known as the tuyere area, is
of course dependent on the weight and composition, both chemical and
physical, of the metal to be treated as well as the refining gas
employed Thus, for example, when the convertor is operating and
blowing with ordinary air, the tuyere area is between 8 and 25 cm 2
per ton of steel; the use of air enriched to 30 % oxygen, for example,
enables the tuyere area to be reduced slightly, whilst the use of
mixtures still richer in oxygen, or 02-C 02 or 02-H 20 mixtures,
necessitates a greater reduction in the tuyere area, which is then
reduced by to 70 % The use of methods employing surface blowing with
oxygen requires that the tuyeres be completely dispensed with, whilst
if combined surface blowing and bottom-blowing refining processes are
used, it will be necessary to retain a number of tuyeres in the
bottom.
Thus the tuyere area of convertor bottoms is in practice anything
between 0 and 25 cm 2 per ton of steel.
It will be seen that a steelworks, which has to deal with pig irons of
variable quality or has to use simultaneously several of the processes
indicated hereinbefore, for reasons 50 of quality and / or costs, must
either have available a large number of different bottoms or else must
be able to stop up a number of tuyeres The tuyeres are usually blocked
by introducing and ramming refrac 55 tory materials, which may or may
not be mixed with organic binders, into the upper parts of the tuyeres
in contact with the metallic bath or throughout the entire length of
the tuyeres In the large majority of 60 cases, cavities continue to
form in the tuyeres thus stopped, and this necessitates frequent
repair work; moreover the heat of the metallic bath and of the
convertor bottom results in the refractory material being 65 baked or
sintered so that it becomes practically impossible to re-open tuyeres
which have thus been blocked.
Therefore charges which are to be worked according to a given process
must be blown 70 consecutively in one and the same convertor which
deprives the steelworks of any flexibility in working and causes
difficulties in the organisation of the works, so that it is generally

preferred to use convertor bottoms 75 having an average tuyere area;
this average cross-section is too small for some of the processes
envisaged, and too large for other processes, and results in practice
in an increase in the duration of blowing when the 80 former processes
are being employed, and in an excessive diminution of the duration of
blowing when the latter processes are being employed The quality of
the steels produced is thereby lowered and excessive 85 wear takes
place on the bottoms.
According to one aspect of the invention there is provided a method of
adapting a convertor bottom provided with tuyeres to varying operating
conditions wherein any or 90 each of said tuyeres is hermetically
plugged at the -lower tuyere orifice in a manner which permits ready
withdrawal of the plug for re-opening the tuyere.
According to another aspect of the invention, a convertor bottom is
provided with tuyeres in excess of the maximum number required for
refining operations, surplus tuyeres being plugged according to the
method indicated and the tuyeres being employed selectively until the
bottom is completely worn out.
The lower orifice of any one of the tuyeres, which usually have their
lower orifices situated in a cast iron or steel plate forming a base
for the convertor bottom, may be hermetically stopped by means of a
sealing plug made of metal, refractory material or plastic or like
material, which is screwed or crimped either into the base plate or
into the metal tube which is often used to line the tuyere An
effective seal between plug and tube or between plug and plate can be
guaranteed by using known intermediate packings such as lead,
asbestos, or plastic materials.
Another way of carrying out the invention is to introduce into the
lower orifice or into the tube, a plastic plug of self-hardening or
heat hardening material, and to make this plug hermetically tight by
applying a lacquer thereto or by placing a metallic covering thereon.
It has been found that penetration of metal and/or slag into a tuyere
through the upper orifice thereof, which results in permanently
blocking the said tuyere, can be prevented effectively by introducing
into the tuyere a rod of refractory or non-refractory material which
is of the same diameter as, or of a slightly smaller diameter than,
the tuyere, the lower orifice of the tuyere being stopped up after the
introduction of the said rod into said tuyere It is thus sufficient,
for example, to introduce into the tuyere a rod made of metal,
refractory material, carbon, graphite, fireproofed or non-fireproofed
wood or of any other material and then to plug the lower orifice
hermetically; this rod can easily be withdrawn when the converting
conditions vary Particularly interesting results are obtained by using
wooden rods which can be allowed to burn in the tuyeres after the

sealing plugs are removed.
A further sealing method is to combine the sealing plug and the rod,
for example, by screwing the rod into the plug.
It was also found that penetration of metal and/or slag into the
tuyere may be prevented effectively by introducing into the tuyere to
be plugged a paste of organic material, or a paste having as its basis
a mixture of organic material and refractory material, such as, for
example, papier-mache paste or a mixture of papier-mache paste and
powdered refractory material, the lower orifice being sealed
hermetically after the said paste has been introduced into the tuyere;
in this case the tuyere is unstoppered after removal of the plug
either by piercing 70 the carbonised residue of the paste by means of
a pin, or automatically by combustion of the carbon by the oxygen of
the refining gas during the refining of the following charge 75 The
application of the aforesaid processes has been found to make possible
an increase in the working life of the bottoms In fact convertor
bottoms become worn mainly about the tuyeres which are used, and stop
80 ped tuyeres according to the invention have far greater resistance
to wear It is thus possible to manufacture bottoms comprising a
greater number of tuyeres than is necessary for refining, for example
from 30 to 200 ' 85 more than normally required, all the extra tuyeres
being plugged according to the methods of the invention After 5, 10 or
charges, for example, all or some of the tuyeres which have been
operating are plug 90 ged, and an equivalent number of plugged tuyeres
are unstoppered This procedure is continued until the bottom is
completely worn out.
It is also possible to reserve a proportion 95 of the tuyeres for
blowing a given gas, other proportions being reserved for other gases.
For example the tuyeres at the centre of a bottom can be reserved for
an Qr-CQ or O 2.4120 mixture, whilst the tuyeres situated 100 towards
the exterior are reserved for blowing ordinary air or oxygen-enriched
air, or vice versa In this case it may be of advantage to construct
the central part of the bottom either of magnesia or dolomite richer
in 105 magnesia than the dolomite normally used.
The plugging of the tuyeres according to the invention has nothing in
common with plugging by means of refractories, such as has been
practised heretofore In fact the 110 traditional method of plugging
does not ensure perfect fluid-tightness, since the refractories have
always a porosity of between 7 and 40 %, which has the result that
cavities are often formed in the tuyeres which have 115 been plugged
in this manner; moreover the conventional plugging does not enable the
stopped tuyeres to be unplugged at will Due to the hermetic stopping
according to the invention the tuyeres can now be plugged 120 and
unplugged without risk of cavities forming in the plugged tuyeres.

The application of the invention therefore affords a great number of
advantages; it allows rapid change-over from one refining 125 process
to another and from one pig iron quality to another without changing
the bottom, and yet in each case making an optimum cross-section of
blowing available.
Thus it is possible, by plugging a number 130 785,810 of tuyeres, to
change from ordinary ail i blowing, to blowing with mixtures richer in
1 oxygen, such as 2 Q-120 or 02-CO 2 mixtures and then to change from
the latter, to surface blowing after stopping the remainder i of the
tuyeres and then return to ordinary air blowing after unplugging the
tuyeres I Finally, the invention makes it possible to lengthen the
working life of the bottoms.
A number of non-limitative examples illustrating the practical
application of the method of the invention will now be described with
reference to the accompanying drawings, in which:Figure 1 is a
sectional view of a convertor bottom, Figure 2 is an enlarged
sectional view of the lower part of the bottom shown in Figure 1, and
Figures 3 and 4 are views similar to Figure 2 but showing modified
bottoms.
A steelworks comprising convertors with a capacity of 25 tons of steel
normally blows with air enriched to 30 % oxygen, only part of the
production being carried out with an Q 0-H,0 or 02-CO 2 mixture When
blowing with the air enriched to 30 % 02, the best results are
obtained with a total tuyere area of 290 cm 2; when blowing with an
02-H 20 mixture, the optimum tuyere area is 17 G cm 2, or 59 % of the
total tuyere area used when blowing with enriched air It will be seen
that when blowing with the 02-H 20 mixture, 41 % of the tuyeres thus
have to be eliminated.
In Figure 1 of the drawings, a convertor bottom has a steel or cast
iron base plate A, and refractory material B consisting of dolomite
and/or magnesia Open tuyeres C are provided through the plate A and
material B and also tuyeres D which are closed by the method of the
invention This method consists in hermetically closing the tuyeres by
means of plugs E inserted in the lower orifices of the tuyers opening
into the windbox, and, where appropriate, introducing into the tuyers
either a rod F of wood or of another refractory or non refractory
material, or a paste of an organic material or composed of a mixture
of organic material and refractory material.
In Figure 2 a tuyere D' is shown containing a rod F' made of wood or
of a refractory or non-refractory material, and a tuyere D 2 is shown
containing a paste F 2 which may or may not be mixed with a refractory
material In this Figure the plug E (also marked b) is screwed or
crimped directly in the plate A, whereas the plug E (also marked c) is
also provided with an intermediate packing H composed of lead,

asbestos, copper, plastic or any other material which can be used to
make the gaps gas tight.
In the modification shown in Figure 3, 65 Lhe tuyeres D are lined with
metal tubes K of copper or steel and jointed with the base plate A in
a gas-tight manner by an intermediate packing H which may also be used
to fix and render gas-tight the plug E (also 70 marked b) In the case
of the plug E (also marked c) however, it is the metal tube K itself
which serves as an intermediate packing between the base plate A and
the plug E 75 In Figure 4 the convertor bottom A has a plurality of
tuyeres D closed simultaneously by the same plug E, screwed or crimped
on to or into the base plate.
After blowing the desired number of 80 charges with oxygen-steam or
02-CO 2, the plugs are removed and where appropriate the rods are
introduced into the tuyeres and blowing is carried out with air
enriched with oxygen as previously 85
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* GB785811 (A)
Description: GB785811 (A) ? 1957-11-06
Improvements in supports for wearing apparel
Inentaor: ARI'STIDE REGUITTI Date of Application and filing Complete
Specification: Feb 24, 1956.
No 5792/56.
V:8 7 8 (Patent of Addition to No668,007, dated March 24, 1950).
Complete Specification Published: Nov 6, 1957.
Index at acceptance: -Class 141, N 1 A.

International Classification:-A 47 j.
COM-PLETE SPECIFICATION
Improvements, in Supports for Wearing Apparel We, 'Soc A R L ELLI
REGUITTI, a body corporate organised and existing under the laws of
Italy, of Rue Renzana 5, Agnosine (Brescia), Italy, do hereby declare
the invention, for which we pray that a patent may be granted to us,
and the method by which it is to 'be performed, to be particularly
described in and by the following 'statement: -
This invention relates to supports for wearing apparel and is an
improvement in or modification of that claimed in the parent patent
Specification 668,007.
The parent patent specification describes an improved support for
wearing apparel of the kind comprising, in combination, a portable
stand on which jackets and the like can be tidily hung, and a
stretcher and presser for trousers or other garments; it claims such a
support in which the stretcher and presser comprises a pair of
co-acting presser boards one of which is hingedly connected to the
support stand at its lower end, the other board being fixed and a
spring urgedl clamping plate co-acting with the lower part of the
hinged board, characterised in that the clamping plate is so pivotally
mounted and constrained as to move as a unit with said presser board
towards and away from the fixed presser board but is stopped; in an
intermediate position while the hinged presser board completes its
opening movement.
According to the present invention the outward movement of the movable
presser board, which has side bars pivoted to the uprights of the
support, is limited by the action of two slotted side links pivoted to
said uprights and the slots of which are engaged by pins projecting
from the side edges of the movable presser board.
By way of example an embodiment of the invention is shown on the
accompanying drawing Figs 1, 2 and 31 of the drawing respectively
depict a front view, a side view in the open position and a back view
of the garment support.
Figs 4 and 5 represent cross sections relPnice 3 s 6 d l spectively on
the lines A-A of Fig 1 and B-B of Fig 3.
The two side elements forming the uprights 1 carrying the fixed
presser board 2, are joined at the top by the coat-hanger 3 with or
without a tray 4 for the contents of the pockets.
The movable presser board 5 has side bars 7 pivoted at 6 to the
uprights Slotted links 8 are also pivoted to the uprights, and pins
attached to the side edges of the movable presser 'board slidably
engage the slots of these links, The purpose of these slotted links 8
is to restrict the outward swing of the movable presser board when it
is opened to admit the trousers The already mentioned pivot pins 6 at

the lower ends of the uprights also carry side bars 10 to which is
secured a movable cross bar 9 This movable cross bar is biased by ttwo
or more springs 11 attached to a fixed cross bar 12 on the presser
board 2, By the action of the springs 11, when the movable presser
board 5 is swung out in the manner indicated in Fig 5, the cross-bar 9
is caused to move forward into contact with the turnups or cuffs of
the trousers placed between the fixed presser board 2 and the movable
presser board 5 The maximum angle of swing of the movable cross bar 9
is limited by a pin 13 engaged by one of the side bars, 10 to which
the movable cross bar 9 is, secured The upper part of the support
described further carries hinged handlest 14 while the movable presser
board 5 is provided with co-acting spring catches 15 whereby the
movable presser board can be urged towards the fixed presser board 2
in order to press the trousers.
The arrangement described and illustrated is susceptible of
modification in the details' of construction within, the scope of the
invention as defined; by the appended claims.
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* GB785812 (A)
Description: GB785812 (A) ? 1957-11-06
Improvements in or relating to electric storage batteries
A high quality text as facsimile in your desired language may be available
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The EPO does not accept any responsibility for the accuracy of data
and information originating from other authorities than the EPO; in
particular, the EPO does not guarantee that they are complete,
up-to-date or fit for specific purposes.
Date of Application and filing Complete Specification: Feb 27, 1956.
No 6070156.
Application made in United States of America on Feb 28, 1955.
Index at acceptance:-Class 53, B 53 A( 1: 2: 3).
International Classification:-H Olm.
Improvements in or relating to Electric Storage Batteries We, THE l
UDYLITE RESEARCH CORPORATION, a Corporation organised and existing
under the laws of the State of Michigan, United States of America, of
1651 East (irana Boulevard, Detroit, Michigan, United States of
America, do hereby declare the invention for which we pray that a
patent may be granted to us, tand tie method by which it is to be
performed to be particularly described in and by the following
statement: -
This invention relates to electric storage batteries and more
particularly to improvements in the electrolyte of such batteries,
including lead storage batteries and the Edison storage battery.
According to the present invention an electric storage battery
includes, dissolved in the electrolyte thereof, a quantity of at least
O 005 grams per litre of electrolyte of a perfluoroalkane sulphonic
acid or sulphonate containing 5 to 10 carbon atoms in its molecule.
It has been found that the said perfluoroalkane sulphonic acids are
stable to the powerful oxidising conditions existing at insoluble
anodes during electrolysis of aqueous electrolytes, as for example at
lead anodes during the formation of lead dioxide by anodic oxidation
None of the wetting agents or surface-active agents commonly available
in commerce were found to be stable to the powerful oxidising
conditions existing at lead or lead alloy anode surfaces or at the
lead dioxide surfaces and the ordinary commercial wetting agents are
of very little value The lead dioxide which itself is a powerful
oxidising agent is formed or reformed by powerful anodic oxidation
when the cell or battery is charged or re-charged It has been found
that the compounds used in the present invention are stable not only

to the lead dioxide, but to the even more powerful oxidising
conditions existing during charging.
The presence in the electrolyte of the surface-active perfluoroalkane
sulphonic acid or suiphonate of this invention makes possible low
surface tension values and the rapid and complete wetting-out and
penetration by the 1 Pdce 3 s 6 d l electrolyte of the spongy lead,
lead dioxide, and lead sulphate materials making up the electrodes of
the lead cell or battery This aids in decreasing the internal
resistance of the cell and increases ithe efficiency of the cell or
battery Ordinary surface-active agents on the other hand, because they
react with lead dioxide, reduce or " run down " the efficiency of the
cell or battery Furthermore, the surface-active perfluoroalkane
sulphonic acids of tthe present invention cause a more rapid
detachment of any hydrogen or oxygen bubbles (in the form of much
smaller or finer bubbles) that may be formed at the cathodes and
anodes respectively during electrolysis.
The presence of adhering bubbles of hydrogen and oxygen on the
cathodes and anodes interferes with uniform formation and conversion
of the lead sulphate back to lead dioxide at the anode and lead at the
cathode Further, the exceptional wetting-out and penetrating action of
the electrolyte containing the surface-active perfluoroalkane
sulphonic acids of this invention ensures a slower rate of current
decay on the discharge of current from the cell or battery in both new
and older batteries, and assists the formation of a finer particle
size of lead dioxide during the re-charging.
The finer particle size results in an increased surface area of active
electrode material in a given cell or battery and brings about an
increase in effectiveness of the battery between charges and
discharges which in iturn prolongs the time necessary before
re-charging of the battery is needed, and in this way also increases
the life and efficiency of the battery.
Thus these additives are not only desirable for new storage batteries,
but also for old ones.
The surface-active perfluoroalkane sulphonic acids or sulphonates of
this invention decrease appreciably the evaporation of water from the
electrolyte especially during warm days and active use, and further
have a sequestering or solubilisation effect on certain salts such as
those of calcium, ithus decreasing the precipitation of impurities and
decreasing Ithe sensitivity of the cell or battery to such 785812 SO
impurities (which may become present through impure water additions).
Only one addition of a perfluoroalkane sulphonic acid or sulphonate,
as defined above, needs usually to be made for the life of the
electrolyte of the cell or battery, i e one addition to lower the
surface tension of the electrolyte will result in a substantially

constant surface tension value as long as the electrolyte is not lost
This arises because the compounds used are substantially stable to all
conditions of battery operation and charging Surface tension values as
low as 20 or 25 dynes/cm can be obtained with the compounds used in
this invention and these values are lower than those obtainable with
most commercial surfaceactive agents Actually, the lowest values of
surface tension are not necessary to afford improved results, for
values even as high as about 60 dynes/cm show improvements over the
plain electrolyte which commonly has a surface tension of about 72 to
73 dynes/cm.
Thus improvements are obtained with as little as 0 005 to 0 01 grams
per litre of n-perfluoroctane 1-sulphonic acid (or its potassium, 25
sodium, ammonium or lithium salt) The useful range of concentrations
of the compounds is from about 0 005 grams per litre to saturation
Above concentrations of about 8 grams per litre in the cell or battery
little additional 30 improvement is obtained except for the lower
molecular weight members, that is, those containing five or six
perfluorocarbon atoms Perfluoroalkane sulphonic acids containing more
than 10 perfluorocarbon atoms are not soluble 35 in the electrolyte
whereas those containing less than 5 perfluorocarbon atoms do not
produce the desired improvement Preferred compounds for use in the
present invention are set out in the following table, together with 40
the preferred range of concentrations of each.
TABLE
1) Perfluoro (para methyl cyclohexane) sulphonic acid 2) Perfluore
(para ethyl cyclollexane) sulphonic acid 3) Perfluoro iz-heptane
1-sulphonic acid 4) Perfluoro, n-octane 1-sulphonic acid 5) Perfluoro
( 2-cyclohexyl ethane) 1-sulphonic acid 6) Perfluoro cyclohexane
sulphonic acid 7) Perfluoro hexane 1-sulphonic acid Mixtures of the
above may be employed, such as 0 01 to 02 grams per litre of perfluoro
n-octane 1-sulphonic acid with 1 to 2 grams per litre of perfluoro
(para ethyl cyclohexane) sulphonic acid The compounds may be added
as-the free acids or as sulphonate salts such as the potassium,
sodium, lithium or ammonium salts or as organic salts such as the
pyridine salt Examp Jes 1 and 2 of the Table foam less in the
electrolyte than examples 3 and 4 containing respectively the same
number of perfluoro carbon atoms This is important during gassing or
during water additions to ithe electrolyte, and the minimum
Concentration grams/litre 0.1-6 C 2 F 5 { 3 503 H CF,(CF)65 OH
CF,(CF,)75 H -C 2 F 450 i CF,(CF 2),SOH 0.01-2 0.005-1 0.05-3 1-8 1-8
foaming with the lowest surface tension can be obtained with examples
1 and 2 of the Table at not higher than about 1 to 4 grams/ litre
concentration Generally compounds containing 6 to 8 carbon atoms are
preferred.

The compounds exemplified in the Table are also beneficial and stable
in the alkaline electrolyte of the Edison storage cell or battery, and
are not lost on standing or on electrolysis of the cell under the
highest oxidising conditions and, just as they do not reduce lead
dioxide in the lead storage battery, they do not reduce nickelic
oxides (Ni Og) or Ni OQ x Hlo.
785,812 C F 3 503 H C-7:785,812 The perfluoiroalkane sulphonic acids
used in quantity of at this invention are usually best handled as the
perfluoroalka, potassium, sodium, or ammonium salts containing 5 The
term " perfluoroalkane sulphonic cule.
acids" is intended to mean an alkane sul 2 An elec phonic acid in
which all of the bonds of the claim 1 whet carbon atoms except that
attached to the sul battery.
phonic acid group, are attached to fluorine 3 An elec and ito each
other claim 1 whi Another advantage of the use of the corm storage
batter pounds of this invention is in suppressing of 4 An elec mist
and acid spray from the battery during any of claim use, thereby
minimizing corrosion of electrical contains 6 to contacts and leads,
besides keeping the acidic 5 An elec mist out of ithe atmosphere
claims 1 to
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* GB785813 (A)
Description: GB785813 (A) ? 1957-11-06
Improvements in or relating to electric circuit arrangements employing
transistors

Inventor: LEON HENRY LIGHT 785813 Date of Application and filing
Complete Specification: March 29, 1956.
No 10048/56.
Index at acceptance:-Class 40 ( 6), T.
International Classification:-HO 3 f.
Improvements in or relating to Electric Circuit Arrangements Employing
Transistors We, THE MULLARD RADIO VALVE COMPANY LIMITED, of Spencer
House, South Place, Finsbury, London, E C 2, a British Company, do
hereby declare the invention, for which we pray that a patent may be
granted to us, and the method by which it is to be performed, to be
particularly described in and by the following statement: -
This invention relates to electric circuit arrangements employing
transistors.
In many transistor circuits, signal drive is injected in series with a
circuit element or elements providing a source of D C bias.
Such element or elements should present a low impedance to signal A C
so as to minimise signal loss therein Hitherto, base bias voltage has
usually been provided by a separate resistance potentiometer connected
across the power supply terminals, in which case the low internal
impedance requirement can only be satisfied at the expense of high
current drain on the supply source, when the expedient of by-passing
the bias source impedance by a large capacitor is not practicable (as
in Class B amplifier stages) or is ruled out by considerations of
cost.
According to the present invention a circuit arrangement comprises at
least one thermionic valve, at least one transistor, power supply
terminals for the circuit arrangement, a potential divider across said
terminals which potential divider comprises the heater of said valve
in series with a resistance, and a tapping on said potential divider
connected to an electrode of said transistor for applying thereto a
fraction of any supply voltage applied across said terminals.
Such an arrangement implies a substantial current flow through the
potentiometer, but such current does not involve an additional current
drain on the supply source since existing heater current is used for
bias or like purposes.
The voltage fraction appertaining to the transistor electrode may be
the fraction corlPrice 3 s 6 d l responding to the resistance, and
such voltage fraction may be employed as D C base bias voltage for a
junction transistor A signal drive voltage may be applied to the 50
base-emitter section of the transistor in series with the D C bias
voltage by means of the secondary winding of a transformer.
Preferably the heater of the or each thermionic valve has a resistance

value hav 55 ing a positive temperature coefficient while the
reistance in series therewith has a smaller positive or a negative
temperature coefficient, the arrangement being such that the voltage
appearing across the resistance 60 varies to a lesser extent than
changes in voltage at the power supply terminals This feature provides
a degree of automatic compensation when the voltage fraction across
the resistance, or across a portion thereof, is 65 employed as D C
bias for the transistor or transistors.
The invention is readily applicable to circuits wherein a plurality of
thermionic valves are arranged as amplifier stages for 70 providing
signal drive to the or each transistor, the heaters of said valves
being arranged in series with each other.
A preferred embodiment of the invention will now be described by way
of example 75 with reference to the accompanying diagrammatic drawing
as applied to a transistor class B push-pull output stage of a
batteryoperated signal amplifier or radio receiver.
Referring to Figure 1 of the drawing, the 80 output stage comprises
junction transistors T 1-T 2 in push-pull, said transistors being in a
grounded emitter circuit and having their base-emitter sections driven
by a signal transformer 1 The collector load is shown 85 as a winding
2 which may either be the primary of an output transformer or may
constitute the actual windings of a loudspeaker or like
electromagnetic device.
The power supply terminals 3-4 have 90 connected across them a
potential divider comprising a series chain of heaters appertaining to
valves V 1, V 2,'V 3 in series with a bias resistance R Base bias for
the transistors is constituted by the voltage drop across resistance R
and the value of such bias may for example, in a practical case, be of
the order of 0 16 volts Since the signal drive to the transistors is
applied by the secondary of transformer 1 in series with resistance
t?, it is importanthat ate value of resistance it be small so as to
minimise the loss o& gain This in turn implies a relatively large
current flow through resistance R, but such current does not involve
an additional current drain on the supply battery since existing
heater current is used for bias purposes in accordance with the
invention.
Moreover, as explained above, since the heaters of valves V 1-V 3 have
a positive temperature coefficient, changes in battery supply voltage
will be accompanied by changes in the potential divider ratio between
resistance R and the heater chain so that the resultant voltage drop
across PR will tend to remain constant in spite of the running down of
the supply battery or variations between one battery and another In
Fact, the bias voltage can be maintained more constant by this
arrangement than with the use of a separate loaded bias battery, and

this is particularly true in the case of the very low base bias
voltage values required for transistors.
Tile high degree of consistency in base bias voltage is, of course,
required to maintain the transistors at the selected operating point
of their characteristics so that distortion is minimised.
The valves V 1-V 3 may be employed in any appropriate manner, for
example in a superhetrodyne circuit providing audio signals to the
transformer 1, but the actual circuitry of valves V 1-V 3 has not been
shown since it is not relevant to the invention However, in a
convenient example, the heaters of the valves may be 1 5 volt heaters
in which case the power supply for the whole system may be a 4 5 volt
battery supplying the collector voltage and also supplying the heater
and bias resistance series chain.
In a variant of the circuit illustrated, stabilisation of the mean
emitter current of the transistors may be provided in known manner by
a resistance in the emitter circuit.
Since the bias voltage is more constant than the power supply, the
mean emitter current value is more constant when this form of
stabilisation is used in a circuit according to the invention than is
the case with other circuit arrangements.
If directly-heated valves are used, signal currents flowing through
the bias resistance will cause a signal voltage to appear between the
control grid of a valve and the mid-point of its filament if the grid
return is connected to a point at fixed potential or to a point on the
heater current circui This defect is usually not serious, 'out the
following means may be used to prevent signail vohta es ironm being
fed bachas to tue or eaci co-itro '-rid.
The conirol giid mlay b e crinected to an 70 artificial centre-tap
provided across t G f;alernt fo" signal voltitges uit S O ot -Or 9 C.
vo frge S o SE-e Ordie vr in G shows such a centre-tap provided at F;
a potential divider R 3 hang a serves capacil 75 tor C 'or D C bloc'in
purposes.
What we clril is:1 A circuit arraemeri comprising at least one
thermionic at leas one transistor, power supply 'er Orrals f t 1 e
circuit 80 arrangement, a potential 01 vider across said terminals
which potential divider comprises the hleater of said valve in series
with a resistance, and a tapping ola said po L ntial divider connected
to an electrode o said 85 transistor for applying thereto a fraction
of any supply voltage applied across said terminals.
2 A circuit arrangement according to
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