This document contains an assignment for a Middleware Technologies course. It includes 6 questions ranging from 10 marks each. The questions cover topics like client/server computing, reflective middleware, 3G standards and applications, components of HTTP, CGI, servlets, RMI and sockets, differences between stateful and stateless session beans, and components of the Android operating system including what native Android applications are. The expected word count for 10 mark questions is approximately 400 words.

1. ASSIGNMENT
DRIVE SUMMER 2016
PROGRAM MCA(REVISED FALL 2012)
SEMESTER 5
SUBJECT CODE &
NAME MCA5041- MIDDLEWARE TECHNOLOGIES
BK ID B1875
CREDITS 4
MARKS 60
Note: Answer all questions. Kindly note that answers for 10 marks questions
should be approximately of 400 words.
Q.No Question Marks Total
Marks
1
Define Client/server computing. In Client/server computing, list
the 2+4+4 10
responsibilities of client and server.
Ans:
Client/server computing is technology that facilitates an
organisation to effectively manage its data.
 In the client/server computing model, the client is responsible
for:
o Handling the user interface o Interpreting the request of a user
into the desired protocol
o Sending the request to the server o Waiting for the response
from the server o Interpreting the response into a "human-
readable" result
o Presenting the results to the user.
 The server is responsible for: o Listening to a query from the
client
o Processing the query
o Returning the results to the client
2 What is reflective middleware? Write its advantages. 5+5 10
Ans:
Reflective middleware is also known as component-based
middleware. A component is termed as a program that performs
a particular function and is designed in such a manner that it can
easily be operated with other different components and
applications. Reflective middleware is a configuration of various
components. These components can be selected either at
compile

2. time or at run-time…
 The advantage of reflective middleware is that it can be
configurable as well as reconfigurable. Re-configurability can be
made at run-time, which provides the flexibility to meet the
requirements of a distributed environment for a large number of
applications…
3 Describe about 3G. What are the typical 3G standards? List few 4+2+4 10
applications used on a 3G network.
Ans:
3G, also called Tri-Band 3G, is a set of standards which is used
for mobile telecommunication services and mobile devices
related to the IMT-2000 specifications formulated by ITU. This
standard is used to offer various services on cell phones, such
as video calls, internet access, and wireless voice telephony……
 Typical 3G standards are:
o The UMTS system, which was standardized by 3GPP.
o The CDMA2000 system was standardized by 3GPP2 and first
offered in 2002. This system shares its infrastructure with the
standard of IS-95 2G. Cell phones are mainly CDMA2000 and
IS-95 hybrids.
 some applications used on a 3G network:
o Video on demand
o Telemedicine
o Location-based services
o Global Positioning System (GPS)
4 Describe briefly: 5*2 10
a) HTTP
b) CGI
c) Servlet
d) RMI
e) Socket
Ans:
The Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) is a protocol for
distributed, collaborative, information systems. In HTTP, the text
is converted into a hypertext which is displayed on the browser.
The Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) is an application-level
protocol for distributed, collaborative, hypermedia information
systems. It is a generic, stateless, protocol which can be used
for many tasks beyond its use for hypertext, such as name
servers and distributed object management systems, through
extension of its request methods, error codes and headers [47]. A
feature of HTTP is the typing and negotiation of data
representation, allowing systems to be built independently of the
data being transferred.
b) Common Gateway Interface (CGI) refers to a standard
techniques used by the Web server software in delivering the
content of Web to executable files. These executable files are
known as CGI.
c) Servlet is a Java programming class used to increase the

3. abilities of a server. Servlets can reply to any types of requests,
they are generally used to increase the applications hosted by
web servers, so they can be treated as Java Applets that
execute on servers instead of in web browsers.
d) Remote Method Invocation (RMI) is an interface that is used
for the programming of Java applications. This interface also
executes the object-oriented equivalent of remote procedure
calls (RPC).
e) Socket is an end-point used for the communication of different
components over a network. Normally, a server runs on a specific
computer and has a socket that is bound to a specific port
number. The server just waits, listening to the socket for a client
to make a connection request.
On the client-side: The client knows the hostname of the machine
on which the server is running and the port number on which the
server is listening. To make a connection request, the client tries
to rendezvous with the server on the server's machine and port.
The client also needs to identify itself to the server so it binds to a
local port number that it will use during this connection. This is
usually assigned by the system.
5 Differentiate between Stateful and Stateless session bean 10 10
Ans:
Stateful session beans are used where the state of the bean
requires to be retained so that the same client can use it for
further method invocations. A good example of a Stateful
session bean is the shopping cart facility in an online store. If we
consider ShoppingCart as an object, then each method of this
object needs to know the current state of the shopping cart, that
is, the number of items in the cart. If the state of the bean
changes during the execution of the method, then the changed
state should be available to the same client on further method
invocations….
 A stateless session bean does not require its conversational
state to be stored. The term stateless means that this bean does
not hold its session state across different method calls. In other
words, a stateless session bean does not have any
conversational state as the bean does not hold client details
after a method call….
6
Explain the different components of the Android operating
system. 4+6 10
What are native Android applications?
Ans:
Some of the components used to develop an Android
application are as follows:
o Activities: It is implemented when an application has a

4. visible user interface (UI).
o Services: It helps those applications that want to persist
for a long time.
o Content providers: It is used to control the access to the
persisted data of an application.
o Broadcast receivers: It is used by Android applications
that process data or send a response to an event.
 Native applications are those applications that are built-
in or preinstalled on a mobile device. Some examples are:
o E-mail client
o Home screen
o Application for SMS management
o Web browser
o The Personal Information Management (PIM) suite,
which includes a calendar and a phonebook
o Calculator
o Picture gallery
Native apps are installed through an application store
(such as Google Play or Apple's App Store). They are
developed specifically for one platform, and can take full
advantage of all the device features — they can use the
camera, the GPS, the accelerometer, the compass, the list
of contacts