5) What is the dependent variable measured in the BOD test? (Explain how you reach your
conclusion) 6) The BOD test is an indirect measure of the concentration of organic
biodegradable materials in a wastewater. Explain in which way is considered an \"indirect\"
Solution
1. BOD is not a specific pollutant. BOD is a measure of the amount of oxygen required by
bacteria and other microorganisms to oxidize any organic matter in the water biochemically.
BOD analysis dose not oxidize all of the organic matter present in the waste. Only the organics
that are biochemically degradable during the standard 5 day time are oxidized. A very low mount
of BOD would indicate either clean water, or that the available microorganisms are uninterested
in consuming the available organic compounds, or that the microorganisms are dead or dying.
Temperature has a pronounced effect on oxygen uptake, because metabolic activity increases
significantly at higher temperature. The time allotted for the test is also important, since the
amount of oxygen used increases with time. Light is also an important variable since most
natural waters contain algae and oxygen that can be replenished in the bottle if light is available.
And the all that is depending on the temperature and and the amount of organic content is
Oxygen so it is the dependent variable .
2.The BOD test is considered as indirect measure of organic biodegradable matter because in this
test we are not going to test and examine the type and concentration of each organic matter by
directly , by measuring the oxygen demand we can easily find the concentration of biodegradable
organic matter.
List two factors that influence the BOD degradation rate constant, a.pdfaircommonline
List two factors that influence the BOD degradation rate constant, and how they influence them
(i.e. when factor X increases the rate increases; not just factor X affects the rate).
Solution
The BOD reaction rate constant is dependent on the following:
1. The nature of the waste
2. The ability of the organisms in the system to utilize the waste
3. The temperature
Nature of the waste: Thousands of organic matter exists with different chemical composition in
nature. All organic matter will not have same degradation rate. Simple sugar and starches are
rapidly degraded and will therefore have a very large BOD rate constant. Cellulose degrades
much more slowly and hairs are almost undegradable during BOD test or during biological
treatment of wastewater. Other compounds are intermediate degradable between these extremes.
For complex waste, like sewage, the BOD rate constant depends upon the relative proportions of
the various components. The BOD rate constant is high for the raw sewage (K (base e) = 0.35 -
0.7 per day) and low for the treated sewage (K (base e) = 0.12 - 0.23 per day), owing to the fact
that, during wastewater treatment the easily degradable organic matter will get more completely
removed than the less degradable organics. Hence, in the treated wastewater, relative proportion
of the less biodegradable organic matter will be higher, giving lower BOD rate constant.
Ability of organisms to utilize waste: Every microorganism is limited in its ability to utilize
organic compounds. Many organic matters can only be utilized by particular group of
microorganisms. In natural environment, where the water course is receiving particular organic
compound, the microorganisms which have capability to degrade that organic matter will grow
in predominant. However, the culture used during BOD test may have very small fraction of the
organisms which can degrade that particular organic compounds in the waste. As a result the
BOD value, for limited incubation duration, and the rate constant would be lower in the
laboratory test than in the natural water where the waste is regularly discharged. Therefore, the
BOD test should be conducted with organisms which have been acclimated to the waste so that
the rate constant determined in the laboratory can be compared to that in the river.
Temperature: The biochemical reactions are temperature dependent and the activity of the
microorganism increases with the increase in temperature up to certain value, and drop with
decrease in temperature. Since, the oxygen utilization in BOD test is caused by microbial
metabolism, the rate of utilization is similarly affected by the temperature. The standard
temperature at which BOD is determined is usually 20o C. However, the water temperature may
vary from place to place for the same river.
List two factors that influence the BOD degradation rate constant, a.pdfaircommonline
List two factors that influence the BOD degradation rate constant, and how they influence them
(i.e. when factor X increases the rate increases; not just factor X affects the rate).
Solution
The BOD reaction rate constant is dependent on the following:
1. The nature of the waste
2. The ability of the organisms in the system to utilize the waste
3. The temperature
Nature of the waste: Thousands of organic matter exists with different chemical composition in
nature. All organic matter will not have same degradation rate. Simple sugar and starches are
rapidly degraded and will therefore have a very large BOD rate constant. Cellulose degrades
much more slowly and hairs are almost undegradable during BOD test or during biological
treatment of wastewater. Other compounds are intermediate degradable between these extremes.
For complex waste, like sewage, the BOD rate constant depends upon the relative proportions of
the various components. The BOD rate constant is high for the raw sewage (K (base e) = 0.35 -
0.7 per day) and low for the treated sewage (K (base e) = 0.12 - 0.23 per day), owing to the fact
that, during wastewater treatment the easily degradable organic matter will get more completely
removed than the less degradable organics. Hence, in the treated wastewater, relative proportion
of the less biodegradable organic matter will be higher, giving lower BOD rate constant.
Ability of organisms to utilize waste: Every microorganism is limited in its ability to utilize
organic compounds. Many organic matters can only be utilized by particular group of
microorganisms. In natural environment, where the water course is receiving particular organic
compound, the microorganisms which have capability to degrade that organic matter will grow
in predominant. However, the culture used during BOD test may have very small fraction of the
organisms which can degrade that particular organic compounds in the waste. As a result the
BOD value, for limited incubation duration, and the rate constant would be lower in the
laboratory test than in the natural water where the waste is regularly discharged. Therefore, the
BOD test should be conducted with organisms which have been acclimated to the waste so that
the rate constant determined in the laboratory can be compared to that in the river.
Temperature: The biochemical reactions are temperature dependent and the activity of the
microorganism increases with the increase in temperature up to certain value, and drop with
decrease in temperature. Since, the oxygen utilization in BOD test is caused by microbial
metabolism, the rate of utilization is similarly affected by the temperature. The standard
temperature at which BOD is determined is usually 20o C. However, the water temperature may
vary from place to place for the same river.
Wastewater treatment is a process used to remove contaminants from wastewater and convert it into an effluent that can be returned to the water cycle. Once returned to the water cycle, the effluent creates an acceptable impact on the environment or is reused for various purposes (called water reclamation).
Lecture notes of Environmental Engineering-II as per Solapur university syllabus of TE CIVIL.
Prepared by
Prof S S Jahagirdar,
Associate Professor,
N K Orchid college of Engg and Technology,
Solapur
Biological Oxygen Demand Lab Analysis and BackgroundJonathan Damora
The purpose of this experiment is to perform a Biochemical Oxygen Demand test on primary clarifier effluent from a wastewater treatment plant to determine a BOD versus time curve. This curve can then be used to determine the Ultimate BOD of the wastewater sample and the rate constant for its decay.
Discussion Response 1Kam Ellio One key environmental factor simisterchristen
Discussion Response 1
Kam Ellio
One key environmental factor that affect photosynthesis is carbon dioxide concentration. As photosynthetic organisms, plants take up atmospheric CO2 , chemically reducing the carbon. Plants take in carbon dioxide (CO2 ) and water (H2O) from the air and soil. Carbon dioxide combined with water is one of the reactants of photosynthesis. If concentration of carbon dioxide increases so does photosynthesis. Another factor is temperature. If it gets too cold the rate of photosynthesis will decrease and if its too hot the plants will not photosynthesize.
Photosynthesis can also be affected by changes in pH within the leaves. pH is the measure of the acidity of a solution, and it can have a large effect on many biological processes. Changes in pH affect all biological processes through enzymes. Enzymes are “workers” inside cells that are disabled by extremes in pH. RuBisCO is the main carbon-fixing enzyme and it functions at a pH of 8. Raising or lowering the pH from 8 will negatively impact the rate of photosynthesis because RuBisCO will begin to work more slowly. When the pH reaches 6 or 10 it will stop working altogether.
Response 1…
Discussion Response 2,
Britt Gar
After conducting my web search on information for what environmental factors can affect cellular respiration and photosynthesis, I found at least three factors that could drastically change the rates of these processes. The first factor is temperature, it is a great component that can speed up these processes if increased, and slow it down when decreased. The second factor is availability of resources in the area. An example of the resources being water, oxygen, carbon dioxide, and sunlight. The third factor is agricultural activities in that area. For example, The plants carrying out these processes where there is fertilizer present in the area can be affected by the added nutrients (which can include nitrogen and phosphorous). The conclusion of my study for this article is that these three factors can either speed up or slow down the rate of the processes due to the environmental conditions of where it is being carried out.
Reference:
Respiration. Understanding Global Change. Retrieved October 5, 2022, from
Response 2…
...
Cardiac muscle, connective tissue, an endothelial cells all collectin.pdfRITU1ARORA
Cardiac muscle, connective tissue, an endothelial cells all collecting together to Tissue level
form the human heart Cellular level The tibia, which is made of connective tissue and nervous
tissue organ level A thin layer of cells that collectively form the lining of the lungs to allow for
the diffusion of gases cellular level: Golgi apparatus, mitochondria, and other organelles
compartmentalized into a single structure by phospholipids, forming a single functional unit
Chemical level Carbon, hydrogen, and phosphate coming together to form the phospholipids of a
cellular membrane
Solution
Cardiac Muscle, Connective tissue and endothelial cells all collecting to form the human heart -
this will be at the organ level as the heart is a organ for blood circulation and have the very
important cardiac muscle as tissue, Connective tissue as tissue and endothelial cells as cells all
forming together to the organ level heart.
Tibia made up of connective tissue and nervous tissue : tibia is the bone of the leg and contains
the connective tissue and nervous tissue and it is also at the organ level. Bone is a organ with all
tissues and various cells connective by blood vessels and neurons.
A thin layer of cells forming the lining of the lungs to allow the diffusion of gases. : The thin
lining of cells is called endothelial cells and its a cellular level.
DOL Co. had the following account balances as of December 1, 2015.pdfRITU1ARORA
DOL Co. had the following account balances as of December 1, 2015:
Inventory $720,000
Land 600,000
Building—net (valued at $1,200,000) 1,080,000
Common stock ($10 par value) 960,000
Retained earnings, December 1, 2010 1,320,000
Revenues 720,000
Expenses 600,000
Miller Inc. transferred $1.7 million in cash and 12,000 shares of its newly issued $30 par value
common stock (valued at $90 per share) to acquire all of DOL’s outstanding common stock.
Assume that Miller paid cash of $2.8 million. No stock is issued. An additional $50,000 is paid
in direct combination costs.
For Goodwill, determine what balance would be included in a December 1, 2015 consolidation?
Solution
Total fair value of assets acquired =total assets + revaluation increase
2,400,000 + 120,000 = 2,520,000
Total consideration paid = 1,700,000 + 12000 shares X 90 per share
1,700,000 + 1,080,000 = $ 2,780,000
Goodwill = 2,780,000 - 2,520,000 = $ 260,000
If all cash given and extra cash for covering cost than consideration =
2,800,000 + 50,000 = $ 2,850,000
Total fair value of assets = $ 2,520,000
Goodwill = $ 3,30,000..
More Related Content
Similar to 5) What is the dependent variable measured in the BOD test (Explain .pdf
Wastewater treatment is a process used to remove contaminants from wastewater and convert it into an effluent that can be returned to the water cycle. Once returned to the water cycle, the effluent creates an acceptable impact on the environment or is reused for various purposes (called water reclamation).
Lecture notes of Environmental Engineering-II as per Solapur university syllabus of TE CIVIL.
Prepared by
Prof S S Jahagirdar,
Associate Professor,
N K Orchid college of Engg and Technology,
Solapur
Biological Oxygen Demand Lab Analysis and BackgroundJonathan Damora
The purpose of this experiment is to perform a Biochemical Oxygen Demand test on primary clarifier effluent from a wastewater treatment plant to determine a BOD versus time curve. This curve can then be used to determine the Ultimate BOD of the wastewater sample and the rate constant for its decay.
Discussion Response 1Kam Ellio One key environmental factor simisterchristen
Discussion Response 1
Kam Ellio
One key environmental factor that affect photosynthesis is carbon dioxide concentration. As photosynthetic organisms, plants take up atmospheric CO2 , chemically reducing the carbon. Plants take in carbon dioxide (CO2 ) and water (H2O) from the air and soil. Carbon dioxide combined with water is one of the reactants of photosynthesis. If concentration of carbon dioxide increases so does photosynthesis. Another factor is temperature. If it gets too cold the rate of photosynthesis will decrease and if its too hot the plants will not photosynthesize.
Photosynthesis can also be affected by changes in pH within the leaves. pH is the measure of the acidity of a solution, and it can have a large effect on many biological processes. Changes in pH affect all biological processes through enzymes. Enzymes are “workers” inside cells that are disabled by extremes in pH. RuBisCO is the main carbon-fixing enzyme and it functions at a pH of 8. Raising or lowering the pH from 8 will negatively impact the rate of photosynthesis because RuBisCO will begin to work more slowly. When the pH reaches 6 or 10 it will stop working altogether.
Response 1…
Discussion Response 2,
Britt Gar
After conducting my web search on information for what environmental factors can affect cellular respiration and photosynthesis, I found at least three factors that could drastically change the rates of these processes. The first factor is temperature, it is a great component that can speed up these processes if increased, and slow it down when decreased. The second factor is availability of resources in the area. An example of the resources being water, oxygen, carbon dioxide, and sunlight. The third factor is agricultural activities in that area. For example, The plants carrying out these processes where there is fertilizer present in the area can be affected by the added nutrients (which can include nitrogen and phosphorous). The conclusion of my study for this article is that these three factors can either speed up or slow down the rate of the processes due to the environmental conditions of where it is being carried out.
Reference:
Respiration. Understanding Global Change. Retrieved October 5, 2022, from
Response 2…
...
Similar to 5) What is the dependent variable measured in the BOD test (Explain .pdf (20)
Cardiac muscle, connective tissue, an endothelial cells all collectin.pdfRITU1ARORA
Cardiac muscle, connective tissue, an endothelial cells all collecting together to Tissue level
form the human heart Cellular level The tibia, which is made of connective tissue and nervous
tissue organ level A thin layer of cells that collectively form the lining of the lungs to allow for
the diffusion of gases cellular level: Golgi apparatus, mitochondria, and other organelles
compartmentalized into a single structure by phospholipids, forming a single functional unit
Chemical level Carbon, hydrogen, and phosphate coming together to form the phospholipids of a
cellular membrane
Solution
Cardiac Muscle, Connective tissue and endothelial cells all collecting to form the human heart -
this will be at the organ level as the heart is a organ for blood circulation and have the very
important cardiac muscle as tissue, Connective tissue as tissue and endothelial cells as cells all
forming together to the organ level heart.
Tibia made up of connective tissue and nervous tissue : tibia is the bone of the leg and contains
the connective tissue and nervous tissue and it is also at the organ level. Bone is a organ with all
tissues and various cells connective by blood vessels and neurons.
A thin layer of cells forming the lining of the lungs to allow the diffusion of gases. : The thin
lining of cells is called endothelial cells and its a cellular level.
DOL Co. had the following account balances as of December 1, 2015.pdfRITU1ARORA
DOL Co. had the following account balances as of December 1, 2015:
Inventory $720,000
Land 600,000
Building—net (valued at $1,200,000) 1,080,000
Common stock ($10 par value) 960,000
Retained earnings, December 1, 2010 1,320,000
Revenues 720,000
Expenses 600,000
Miller Inc. transferred $1.7 million in cash and 12,000 shares of its newly issued $30 par value
common stock (valued at $90 per share) to acquire all of DOL’s outstanding common stock.
Assume that Miller paid cash of $2.8 million. No stock is issued. An additional $50,000 is paid
in direct combination costs.
For Goodwill, determine what balance would be included in a December 1, 2015 consolidation?
Solution
Total fair value of assets acquired =total assets + revaluation increase
2,400,000 + 120,000 = 2,520,000
Total consideration paid = 1,700,000 + 12000 shares X 90 per share
1,700,000 + 1,080,000 = $ 2,780,000
Goodwill = 2,780,000 - 2,520,000 = $ 260,000
If all cash given and extra cash for covering cost than consideration =
2,800,000 + 50,000 = $ 2,850,000
Total fair value of assets = $ 2,520,000
Goodwill = $ 3,30,000..
Describe and contrast allopatric speciation and sympatric speciation..pdfRITU1ARORA
Describe and contrast allopatric speciation and sympatric speciation. Which is more common?
How do they typically take place? Outline the steps/process of each. Give a least one example of
each.
Solution
5).
Allopatric speciation or geographic speciation is speciation that occurs while biological
populations of the same species become vicariant. For instance, adaptive radiation, as observed
by Charles Darwin in Galapagos finches, is a consequence of allopatric speciation in the midst of
island populations.
The mechanism of adaptive radiation is known as allopatric speciation, in which one species in
particular population differs from all other species (isolated species) and genetic exchange is also
prevented among these species. Physical barriers such as a mountain range or long waterways
may makes impossible for them to mate. So, these isolated species develop or evolve according
to their habitat, because their gene modifications go in that direction (natural selection!).
Disruptive selection is one of the main driving forces of sympatric speciation. Sympatric
speciation is different and perhaps it does not exist. It occurs when there are no physical barriers
that prevent species to mate together. The occurrence of speciation may be depends on
availability of different food sources and existence of different shelters..
compute the present value for 14 years, interest rate 8 future valu.pdfRITU1ARORA
compute the present value for 14 years, interest rate 8% future value $16,151
Solution
Present value of inflows=cash inflow*Present value of discounting factor(rate%,time period)
=$16151/1.08^14
=$16151*0.340461041
which is equal to
=$5498.79(Approx)(Please note that intermediate calculations have not been rounded off]..
Write down the complex potential for a source of strength m locat.pdfRITU1ARORA
Write down the complex potential for a source of strength m located at
z=ih and a source of strength m located at z= -ih. Show that the real
axis is a streamline in the resulting flow field, and so deduce that the
complex potential for the two sources is also the complex potential for a
flat plate located along y= 0 with a source of strength m located a distance
h above it.
Obtain the pressure on the upper surface of the plate mentioned
above from Bernoulli’s equation. Integrate the pressure difference over
the entire surface of the plate, and so show that the force acting on the
plate due to the presence of the source is (rho)*m^2/(4*(pi)*h).Take the pressure
along the lower surface of the plate to be equal to the stagnation pressure
in the fluid.
Solution
z = x + i y z=x+iy
Complex potential general form: F ( z ) = + i F(z)=+i
Complex potential for a source of strength m : F ( z ) = m/ 2 log ( z z 0 ) F(z)=m2log(zz0)
Bernoulli\'s equation for ideal irrotational flow: t + p + 1 2 G = F ( t ) t+p+12G=F(t) where
F ( t ) F(t) is the unsteady Bernoulli constant
y=0 is a streamline in the flow field. Separate real and imaginary parts of the complex potential
so that I can isolate and show that = 0 at y=0. Tease out from the complex potential + i = m 2
log ( z 2 h 2 ) +i=m2log(z2h2), take the exponential of each side to get rid of the log function,
and my i term is tied up in an exponential e + i = e m 2 ( z 2 h 2 ) e+i=em2(z2h2).
Since this flow is ideal, irrotational, and steady that Bernoulii\'s equation would simplify down to
p + 1 2 G = 0.
Write a stack class that has an STL vector as a data member. Your cl.pdfRITU1ARORA
Write a stack class that has an STL vector as a data member. Your class should implement push,
peek, and pop.
Solution
template
class Stack {
public:
Stack(const std::initializer_list& i):elem(i) {}
int size() const { return elem.size(); }
bool empty() const { return elem.empty();}
void push(const T&);
T pop();
T peek();
private:
std::vector elem;
};
template
void Stack::push(const T& t) {
elem.push_back(t);
}
template
T Stack::pop() {
if (empty()) {
throw std::out_of_range(\"underflow\");
}
auto x = elem.back();
elem.pop_back();
return x;
}
template
T Stack::peek() {
if (empty()) {
throw std::out_of_range(\"underflow\");
}
return elem.back();
}.
Which of the following is NOT a segment asset of an operating segment.pdfRITU1ARORA
Which of the following is NOT a segment asset of an operating segment? Assets maintained for
general corporate purposes. Assets used jointly by more than one segment. Assets directly
associated with a segment. Assets used exclusively by a segment.
Solution
Correct choice: A
Asset maintained for general corporate purpose are usually unallocated and cannot be attributed
to any department or segment. Such assets do not form part of core operations but are rather used
as business support assets.
Why is knowledge of the heritability of a trait important for the st.pdfRITU1ARORA
Why is knowledge of the heritability of a trait important for the study of evolution?
Solution
Hereditary is the passage of genetic information for traits from one generation to another
generation throught assexual or sequal reproduction. Evolution is the change in the inherited
traits of a population of the organisms, when mutations changes the genetic sequences are
inherited across the successive generations. So, the knowledge of heritability of a trait will give
an idea about the genetic history and relationship with the ancestors of the organism is important
for the study of evolution..
Compare and contrast the physical characteristic of protozoans, yeas.pdfRITU1ARORA
Compare and contrast the physical characteristic of protozoans, yeast, and algae.
Solution
Protozoans
Most of the protozoans possess the size range of 10 to 52 micrometers. They can also grow as
large as 1mm and are visible through the microscope. They were previously included in the
Protista family. Protozoans live in the aqueous environments and soil that range widely in the
trophic levels. They move with flagella, cilia or pseudopodia. Protozoans absorb food through
cell membranes. Sporozoans are non-motile forms. Amoeba is the protozoan which does not
have structural components in its cell membrane. Protozoans are eukaryotic and possess
developed organelles. Their cells do not possess cell walls.
Yeast
Some of the dry yeasts that are utilized in the alcoholic fermentation and baking are the
agglomerates of dehydrated cells of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The powders prepared from the
different yeasts vary in terms of the genetic strain and their specificity in the industrial
application. The physical characteristics of these yeast powders differ. The powders of wine
yeasts and dry baker’s yeast exposed to different levels of relative humidity are identified with
the help of electron microscopy and mechanical analysis. The physical characteristics of the
yeasts that were used to differentiate them include loose bulk density, compressibility, cohesion,
recoverable work in compression, angle of internal friction, and residual asymptotic modulus
after stress relaxation.
Algae
Algae are plants that do not have clear distinction in true roots, stem and leaves. They bear
unicellular or multicellular sex organs that are visible outside. Algae live in aquatic, fresh water
and marine water habitats. Algae that are terrestrial live in the soil, rocks, tree trunks and so on.
Halophytic algae live in saline waters, epizoic algae grow on snails and fish. Endozoic algae live
inside the animals and symbiotic algae live in association with the fungi, bryophytes,
pteridophytes and gymnosperms. There are unicellular or colonial forms of algae or thallus. They
exist as filaments, siphons, and parenchymatous forms. The various pigments present in the algae
include chlorophyll, carotenoids and phycobilins. The reserved food materials of different algae
include cyonophycean starch, starch, floridean starch, laminarin and mannitol. Size of unicellular
alga is about 3micrometers. Multicellular algae vary in their size from 50micrometers to 1mm..
Which statement correctly saves the number of items in the variable .pdfRITU1ARORA
Which statement correctly saves the number of items in the variable quantity?A)quantity =
float(userInput)B)quantity = userInputC)quantity = int(userInput)D)quantity = int[userInput]
Solution
Answer: quantity = int(userInput) this statement saves the number of items in the variable
quantity.
userInput = input(\"Please enter the quantity:\")
quantity = int(userInput).
What does the fossil record of Basilosaurid whales tell us about wha.pdfRITU1ARORA
What does the fossil record of Basilosaurid whales tell us about whale evolution?
Solution
Early whales,like Basilosaurus have tailfins.Such skeletal changes that accommodate an aquatic
lifestyle are especially pronounced in basilosaurids.Their elbow joints were able to lock,allowing
the forelimb to serve as a better control surface and resist the oncoming flow of water as the
animal propelled itself forward.The hindlimbs of these animals were almost nonexistent.They
were so tiny but well-formed hind legs of basilosaurids were probably used as claspers when
mating.The pelvic bones associated with these hind limbs were not connected to the vertebral
column as they were in protocetids.They were fully recognizable whales which lived entirely in
the ocean.This is supported by their fossils usually found in deposits indicative of fully marine
environments.The fossilised stomach contents in one basilosaurid indicates that it ate fish.From
the ear bones to the ankle bones,whales belong with the hippos and other
artiodactyls.Basilosaurid are the intermediates between the Ambulocetus and the modern whales..
Three decision makers have assessed utilities for the following deci.pdfRITU1ARORA
Three decision makers have assessed utilities for the following decision problem (payoff in
dollars):
State of Nature
The indifference probabilites are as follows:
Indifference Probability (p)
Tell me for each person the utility assigned for each payoff.
*Note start with utility of 10 for the highest payoff and 0 for the lowest.*Decision
Alternatives1s2s3d12050-20d280100-100
Solution.
Think about our economy. Irrespective of economic conditions, we con.pdfRITU1ARORA
Think about our economy. Irrespective of economic conditions, we consume many goods and
services in various quantities. There is a constant allocation and re-allocation of resources. How
does this happen? What economic mechanism helps allocate resources to the preferences of
hundreds of millions of people? (Hint: Consumer\'s sovereignty).
Solution.
The hardenability curves of several iron alloys are shown in the fig.pdfRITU1ARORA
The hardenability curves of several iron alloys are shown in the figure below. In terms of
alloying additions, 1040<5140<8640<4140<4340. Explain briefly the effect of alloying addition
to the hardenability of the iron alloys.
Solution
The image is not uploaded sir, you can repost including the image. for the effect of alloying
addition to the hardenability of the iron alloys:
Iron is a great buildingmaterial but steel (an alloy made by adding small amounts of nonmetallic
carbon to iron) is stronger, harder, and rustproof. Aluminum is a very light metal but it\'s also
very soft in its pure form. Add small amounts of the metals magnesium, manganese, and copper
and you make a superb aluminum alloy called duralumin, which is strong enough to make
airplanes.
There are two mechanisms that can cause an alloy to form, called atom exchange and the
interstitial mechanism. The relative size of each element in the mix plays a primary role in
determining which mechanism will occur. When the atoms are relatively similar in size, the atom
exchange method usually happens, where some of the atoms composing the metallic crystals are
substituted with atoms of the other constituent. This is called a substitutional alloy. With the
interstitial mechanism, one atom is usually much smaller than the other, so cannot successfully
replace an atom in the crystals of the base metal. The smaller atoms become trapped in the
spaces between the atoms in the crystal matrix, called the interstices. This is referred to as an
interstitial alloy. Steel is an example of an interstitial alloy, because the very small carbon atoms
fit into interstices of the iron matrix that\'s what makes it more hard
Sulfur, when present, forms iron sulfide, which prevents the formation of graphite and increases
hardness. The problem with sulfur is that it makes molten cast iron viscous, which causes short
run defects.
To counter the effects of sulfur, manganese is added because the two form intomanganese
sulfide instead of iron sulfide. The manganese sulfide is lighter than the melt so it tends to float
out of the melt and into the slag. The amount of manganese required to neutralize sulfur is 1.7 ×
sulfur content + 0.3%. If more than this amount of manganese is added, then manganese carbide
forms, which increases hardness andchilling, except in grey iron, where up to 1% of manganese
increases strength and density
Titanium is added as a degasser and deoxidizer, but it also increases fluidity.
0.15–0.5% vanadium is added to cast iron to stabilize cementite, increase hardness, and increase
resistance to wear and heat.
0.1–0.3% zirconium helps to form graphite, deoxidize, and increase fluidity.[3]
In malleable iron melts, bismuth is added, on the scale of 0.002–0.01%, to increase how much
silicon can be added.
In white iron, boron is added to aid in the production of malleable iron; it also reduces the
coarsening effect of bismuth.
The de Broglie relationships are both valid for bloch electrons. Tur.pdfRITU1ARORA
The de Broglie relationships are both valid for bloch electrons. Ture of False (explain).
Solution
Yes true ,
Bohrs model failed to explain many concepts such as the spectrum of different atoms and
splitting of spectral lines in magnetic and electric field. To overcome the shortcomings of Bohr’s
atomic model many attempts were made to develop a more general model for atoms. One of
those development is de Broglie relationships. De Broglie proposed that as light exhibits both
wave and particle like properties. And also the de Broglie relationships are both valid for bloch
electrons..
TextBook Error Control Code (Lin and Costello) If the syndrome is z.pdfRITU1ARORA
TextBook: Error Control Code (Lin and Costello) If the syndrome is zero, what do we need to do
with the information bits?
Solution
If the syndrome is zero then there is no error in the received code. That is the received code is
equal to transmitted code. In general syndrome is used to detect and correct the error in the
received code..
Based on taxonomical classification, to which of the following organi.pdfRITU1ARORA
Based on taxonomical classification, to which of the following organisms is the clownfish
(Amphiprion ocellaris) most closely related evolutionary? Humans (Homo saplens):phylum:
Chordata, class: Mammalia The moon jellyfish (Aurelia aurita): kingdom: Animalia phylum:
Cnidaria The sea anemone. Heteractis crispa. kingdom: Animalia, phylum: Cnidaria The
phytoplankton Micromonas pusilla: domain: Eukarya; kingdom: Protista The common cuttlefish
Sepia officinalis, kingdom. Animalia. phylum. Mollusca
Solution
Answer: Humans (Homo sapiens), Phylum: Chordata, Class: Mammalia
Because: Clownfishes are fishes of the subfamily \"Amphiprioninae\" which belongs to the
family \"Pomacentridae\".
Phylum: Chordata
So closely related with human..
An environment would be considered harsh to an organism if it would.pdfRITU1ARORA
An environment would be considered harsh to an organism if: it would be difficult for the
individual to maintain homeostasis. the temperatures are extreme. salinity varies. pressure
gradients are large. light levels are low. Regions above or below the optimal range of an
environmental variable are called. zones of stress. tolerance zones. optimal range areas. None
of the above. b and c only. A population growth pattern that reaches a certain level is described
with a(n) logarithmic equation. exponential equation. logistic equation. J -shaped curve.
quadratic equation. The largest group and most important marine photosynthetic organisms are:
kelp. seagrasses. macroalgae. phytoplankton. giant kelps. Animals that obtain their body heat
from internal metabolism are called: ectotherms. poikilotherms. endotherms. osmoconformers.
osmoregulators. An organism whose temperature is similar to its surroundings is called a(n)
endotherm. poikiotherm. ectothe
Solution
23, answer
An environment would be considered harsh to an organism if:
Answer:
it would be difficult for the individual to maintain homeostasis
================================================================
24, answer
Regions above or below the optimal range of an environmental variable are called .
Answer:
Zones of Stress
============================================================
25, answer
A population growth pattern that reaches a certain level is described with a(n)
Answer : Logistic equation
============================================================
26, answer
answer a. Kelp
==================================================================
27, answer
Endotherms
==================================================================
28, answer
Ectotherms
=================================================================
29 answer
Salinity
=============================================================
Homeostasis : it is the property of a framework in which a variable (for instance, the grouping of
a substance in arrangement, or its temperature) is effectively managed to stay practically
consistent. This direction happens inside a characterized domain (for the most part inside a living
life form\'s body). Cases of homeostasis incorporate the direction of the body temperature of a
creature, the pH of its extracellular liquids, or the convergences of sodium (Na+) and calcium
(Ca2+) particles or of glucose in the blood plasma, in spite of changes in the creature\'s
condition, or what it has eaten, or what it is doing ., which, together, look after life. Homeostats
are vitality expending physiological instrument.
=============================================================
Kelps : They are extensive ocean growth (green growth) having a place with the chestnut green
growth (Phaeophyceae) in the request Laminariales. There are around 30 diverse genera.Kelp
develops in \"submerged backwoods\" (kelp woods) in shallow seas, and is thought to have
showed up in the Miocene, 23 to 5 million years prio.
A committee of three people is to be randomly selected from a group .pdfRITU1ARORA
A committee of three people is to be randomly selected from a group containing four Re-
publicans, three Democrats, and two independents. Let Y1 and Y2 denote numbers of
Republicans and Democrats, respectively, on the committee.
(a) What is the joint probability distribution for Y1 and Y2?
(b) Find the marginal distributions of Y1 and Y2.
(c) Find P (Y1 = 1|Y2 1).
Solution.
Ethnobotany and Ethnopharmacology:
Ethnobotany in herbal drug evaluation,
Impact of Ethnobotany in traditional medicine,
New development in herbals,
Bio-prospecting tools for drug discovery,
Role of Ethnopharmacology in drug evaluation,
Reverse Pharmacology.
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Students, digital devices and success - Andreas Schleicher - 27 May 2024..pptxEduSkills OECD
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Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
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Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
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Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdf
5) What is the dependent variable measured in the BOD test (Explain .pdf
1. 5) What is the dependent variable measured in the BOD test? (Explain how you reach your
conclusion) 6) The BOD test is an indirect measure of the concentration of organic
biodegradable materials in a wastewater. Explain in which way is considered an "indirect"
Solution
1. BOD is not a specific pollutant. BOD is a measure of the amount of oxygen required by
bacteria and other microorganisms to oxidize any organic matter in the water biochemically.
BOD analysis dose not oxidize all of the organic matter present in the waste. Only the organics
that are biochemically degradable during the standard 5 day time are oxidized. A very low mount
of BOD would indicate either clean water, or that the available microorganisms are uninterested
in consuming the available organic compounds, or that the microorganisms are dead or dying.
Temperature has a pronounced effect on oxygen uptake, because metabolic activity increases
significantly at higher temperature. The time allotted for the test is also important, since the
amount of oxygen used increases with time. Light is also an important variable since most
natural waters contain algae and oxygen that can be replenished in the bottle if light is available.
And the all that is depending on the temperature and and the amount of organic content is
Oxygen so it is the dependent variable .
2.The BOD test is considered as indirect measure of organic biodegradable matter because in this
test we are not going to test and examine the type and concentration of each organic matter by
directly , by measuring the oxygen demand we can easily find the concentration of biodegradable
organic matter
