English lecture about tenses

2. Practice Questions
1) Having a cell phone--------to view more free entertainment than an
emperor of a hundred years ago.
A) allows you b) allowing you
C) allowed you d) is allowing you
2) Which tense is used to describe an action started in the past and is
continuing till now?
A) Past perfect b) Past perfect continuous
C) Past indefinite d) Present perfect continuous
3) My friend isn’t at home nowadays. I take care of his dog as well as
my own. His dog is eating two kilos of meat a day, so I am buying
meat in bulk these days.

3. Practice Questions
4) I am going to the bank during my lunch break today, but a friend
came to visit me, so, I canceled my plan.
A) While you are at the hotel eating lunch, I will be at the gym for my
daily workout.
b) While you were at the hotel eating lunch, I will be at the gym for my
daily workout.
c) While you have been at the hotel eating lunch, I will be at the gym
for my daily workout.
d) While you were being at the hotel eating lunch, I will be at the gym
for my daily workout.

4. Logical Reasoning (Logical Assumption)
Consider the statement and decide which of the following assumptions is implicit.
1) Why don’t you go to court if your employer does not pay you the Provident Fund
contribution?
Assumptions:
1) Courts can intervene in the matters of dispute between the employer and employees.
2) It is obligatory for the employer to pay the Provident Fund contribution to the employees.
A) Only assumption I is implicit B) Either assumption I or II is implicit
C) Only assumption II is implicit D) If both I and II are implicit

5. Logical Reasoning (Logical Assumption)
Consider the statement and decide which of the following assumptions is implicit.
1) Traffic jams on most of the roads in the city have become a regular feature in monsoon.
Assumptions:
1) Material used for road construction cannot withstand the fury of monsoon resulting into
innumerable pot holes on the roads.
2) The number of vehicles coming on the road is much more in monsoon as compared to other
seasons.
A) Only assumption I is implicit B) Either assumption I or II is implicit
C) Only assumption II is implicit D) If both I and II are implicit

6. 3 Tenses
• Present
• Past
• Future

7. PRESENT
• Present Indefinite
• Present Continuous
• Present Perfect
• Present Perfect Continuous

8. PRESENT INDEFINITE
• What is present indefinite?
• It shows that some action is happening from
past, is present in present and will continue in
future. We cannot determine when it started
and when it will end.

9. PRESENT INDEFINITE (USAGES)
• For habits
He drinks milk at breakfast.
She only eats beef.
They watch television regularly.
• For repeated actions or events
We catch the bus every morning.
It rains every afternoon in the hot
season.
• For general truths
Ice melts when temperature rises.
The Earth revolves around the
Sun.
Her mother is Pakistani.
• For instructions or directions
Get out of my sight.
• Shut the door please.
• For fixed arrangements
His mother arrives tomorrow.
Our holiday starts on the 2nd
September.
• With future constructions
She'll see you before she leaves.
We'll give it to her when she
arrives.

10. KEYWORDS
• Often, usually, sometimes, daily, always,
occasionally, on (days), everyday, every week.
Every month, now and then, off and on,
regularly, frequently, monthly, weekly,
fortnightly, universal truths, scientific truths,
general truths, proverbs etc.

11. How to Construct
• Sub + Verb (1st form)+ s/es (for 3rd person singular)
+ Object (Positive)
• He drinks cold coffee.
• Sub + Do/Does+ not+ Verb + Object (Negative)
• He does not drink cold coffee.
• Do/does + Sub + Verb 1st form + Object?
(Interrogative)
• Does he drink cold coffee?

12. EXAMPLES
• The college opens at 8:00 a.m.
• We visit Switzerland every year.
• Water evaporates because of heat.
• If he visits the store, he will surely meet
us.

13. PRESENT CONTINOUS (USAGES)
• for things that are happening
at the moment of speaking.
• Please call back as we are eating
dinner now.
• for temporary or new habits
• He's eating a lot these days.
• She's swimming every
morning (she didn't use to do
this).
• for definite future arrangements
• I'm meeting my father tomorrow.
• We're going to the beach at the
weekend.
• I'm leaving at three.

14. KEYWORDS
• At this time, nowadays, today, soon, in coming
days, at this moment, now, presently, tonight
etc.

15. How to Construct
• Sub + is/am/ are + Verb (Pre. Participle) + Object
(Positive)
• He is drinking cold coffee.
• Sub + is/am/ are + not+ Verb (Pre. Participle)+
Object (Negative)
• He is not drinking cold coffee.
• Is/ am/ are + Sub + Verb 1st form + Object?
(Interrogative)
• Is he drinking cold coffee?

16. EXAMPLES
• I am leaving this job.
• The exam is starting soon.
• We are marking the papers.
• Ali is evaluating the damages.

17. PRESENT PERFECT (USAGES)
• An action performed during a
period that has not yet
finished.
• She has been to the hospital twice
this week (= and the week isn't
over yet.)
• A repeated action in an
unspecified period between
the past and now.
• We have visited Iran several
times.
An action that was completed in the
very recent past, expressed by 'just'.
I have just finished my work.
An action when the time is not
important.
He has read 'War and Peace'. (= the
result of his reading is important)

18. KEYWORDS
• Just, ever, so far, yet, till now, just now, not
yet, already, recently, work completed.

19. How to Construct
• Sub + has/have + Verb 3rd form + Object (Positive)
• He has drunk cold coffee.
• Sub + has/have + Verb 3rd form + Object (Negative)
• He has not drunk cold coffee.
• Has/Have + Sub + Verb 3rd form + Object?
(Interrogative)
• has he drunk cold coffee?

20. EXAMPLES
• They haven't lived here for years.
• I have worked hard this week.
• It has happened several times already.
• We have just seen her.
• She has studied Japanese, Russian, and
English.

21. PRESENT PERFECT CONT.
(USAGES)
• Used for the actions that started in the past and still
going on.

22. KEYWORDS
• Since, For, Period of time, Point of time

23. How to Construct
• Sub + has/have+ been + Verb (PRE. Participle)+
Object + Since/ For + time (Positive)
• He has been drinking cold coffee since morning.
• Sub + has/have + been + Verb (PRE. Participle) +
Object + Since/ For + time (Negative)
• He has not been drunk cold coffee since morning.
• Has/Have + Sub +been + Verb (PRE. Participle) +
Object + Since/ For + time? (Interrogative)
• has he been drinking cold coffee since morning?

24. EXAMPLES
• I've been living in London for two years.
• She's been working here since 2004.
• He has been looking at me for two hours.
• Use ‘since’ for point of time and ‘for’ for period of
time

25. Past
• Past Indefinite
• Past Continuous
• Past Perfect
• Past Perfect Continuous

26. Past Indefinite
• Past indefinite is the most important tense in
our daily life. We use to describe almost all
the events in past indefinite.

27. Past Indefinite (USAGES)
• Used to describe past habits.
• He used to speak Hindi in India.
• He went to school yesterday.
• I spoke to the prime minister.
• There was a man who worked for his nation.

28. Past Indefinite (USAGES)
• Used for stories
• One there was a crow. He was very thirsty. He
flew here and there in search of water.

29. In Combination with past perfect and Continuous
• When I arrived, the man was dying.
• The child had slept before the father came.

30. KEYWORDS
• Ago, last, yester, previous, stories in
past etc.

31. How to Construct
• Sub + Verb (2nd form)+ Object (Positive)
• He drank cold coffee.
• Sub + Did+ not+ Verb 1st form + Object
(Negative)
• He did not drink cold coffee.
• Did + Sub + Verb 1st form + Object?
(Interrogative)
• Did he drink cold coffee?

32. PAST CONTINOUS (USAGES)
• For action that was continued in past
• He was staring at me.
• In combination with other tenses
• When/ as + verb 2nd form + past continuous
• When the father entered the house , the children were making a
noise.
• Before + 2nd verb, was/ were + ing F.O.V.
• Before he stopped me, I was going to college.

33. How to Construct
• Sub + was/ were + Verb (Pre. Participle) + Object
(Positive)
• He was drinking cold coffee.
• Sub + was/were + not+ Verb (Pre. Participle)+
Object (Negative)
• He was not drinking cold coffee.
• Was/were + Sub + Verb 1st form + Object?
(Interrogative)
• Was he drinking cold coffee?

34. Examples
• When I reached home, my father was crying
with pain.
• When I entered the building, they were having
dinner.

35. PAST PERFECT (USAGES)
• We use past perfect to show two events occurring after each other.
• The patient had died before the doctor came.
• After Norma had put the lamb chops in the broiler, the
telephone bell rang.

36. KEYWORDS
• Already, before, after

37. How to Construct
• Sub + had + Verb 3rd form + Object (Positive)
• He had drunk cold coffee before eating anything
else.
• Sub + had + Verb 3rd form + Object (Negative)
• He had not drunk cold coffee before eating
anything else.
• Had + Sub + Verb 3rd form + Object? (Interrogative)
• had he drunk cold coffee before eating anything
else?

38. EXAMPLES
• I called his office but he had already left.
• It still had not rained at the beginning of May.
• It was the most interesting movie I had ever
seen.
• I had never met anyone from PGC before I met
Salman.

39. PAST PERFECT CONT. (USAGES)
• Used for the actions that started in the past and
ended by the occurrence of another action.

40. KEYWORDS
• Since, For, Period of time, Point of time

41. How to Construct
• Sub + had+ been + Verb (PRE. Participle)+ Object +
Since/ For + time (Positive)
• He had been drinking cold coffee since morning.
• Sub + had + been + Verb (PRE. Participle) + Object +
Since/ For + time (Negative)
• He had not been drunk cold coffee since morning.
• Had + Sub +been + Verb (PRE. Participle) + Object +
Since/ For + time? (Interrogative)
• had he been drinking cold coffee since morning?

42. EXAMPLES
• I had been living in London for two years before I
moved to Pakistan.
• She had been working here since 2004 before she
resigned.
• They had been playing football in that field before it started to
rain.
• Use ‘since’ for point of time and ‘for’ for period of
time

43. All Passive Voice in one Frame
• Obj+ is/ am/ are + verb 3rd
+ Subject
• Obj+ is/ am/ are+not +
verb 3rd + Subject (NEG)
• Is/ am/ are + Obj + verb 3rd
+ Subject? INT
• Obj+ is/ am/ are + being +
verb 3rd + Subject (POS)
• Obj+ is/ am/ are+ not +
being + verb 3rd + Subject
(NEG)
• is/ am/ are+ Obj+ being +
verb 3rd + Subject (INT)
• Obj+ has/ have+ been+
verb 3rd + Subject (POS)
• Obj+ has/ have+ not +
been+ verb 3rd + Subject
(NEG)
• has/ have + Obj+ been+
verb 3rd + Subject? (INT)
• Obj+ was/were + verb 3rd +
Subject
• Obj+ was/were +not +
verb 3rd + Subject (NEG)
• Was/were + Obj + verb 3rd
+ Subject? INT
• Obj+ was/were + being +
verb 3rd + Subject (POS)
• Obj+ was/were+ not +
being + verb 3rd + Subject
(NEG)
• Was/were + Obj+ being +
verb 3rd + Subject (INT)
• Obj+ had+ been+ verb 3rd
+ Subject (POS)
• Obj+ had+ not + been+
verb 3rd + Subject (NEG)
• Had + Obj+ been+ verb 3rd
+ Subject? (INT)
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44. • Using present after past
• PAST+PRESENT(UNIVERSAL TRUTH)
He told me that honesty is the best policy.
PAST+THAN+ PRESENT INDEFINITE
He liked me more that he likes you.
Combination of Tenses

45. Conditional Tenses

46. Usage:
Zero conditional sentences express laws, rules and general truths—
situations in which one thing always causes another.
Construction:
Present Indefinite + Present Indefinite
If you don’t brush your teeth, you get cavities.
If you heat milk, it boils.
When the sun goes down, it gets dark.
Zero Conditional

47. Usage:
First conditional sentences are used to express situations in which
the outcome is likely (but not guaranteed) to happen in the future.
Construction:
Present Indefinite + Future Indefinite (can/may + 1st F.O.V.)
If you come to me, I shall help you.
If you set your mind to a goal, you’ll eventually achieve it.
If it doesn't rain tomorrow, we'll go to the beach.
First Conditional

48. Usage:
Second conditional sentences are used to express outcomes that are
completely unrealistic or will not likely happen in the future.
Construction:
Past Indefinite + Would/could/might+ First Form
If he worked hard, he would pass.
If I owned a zoo, I might let people interact with the animals more.
If she was prime minister, she could invest more money in schools.
Second Conditional

49. Usage:
Third conditional sentences are used to explain that present circumstances
would be different if something different had happened in the past.
Construction:
Past Perfect + Would/Could/Should/might+ Have+ 3rd Form Of Verb
If you had met him, you would have come to know him.
If I had cleaned the house, I could have gone to the movies.
If I had prepared for the interview, I would have gotten the job.
Third Conditional

50. • If you throw the glass, it will break.
Practice Questions

51. • He told me that God helped those
who helped themselves.
Practice Questions

52. • The patient had died before the
doctor had arrived.
Practice Questions

53. • He would ask me if I had submitted
my fee.
Practice Questions

54. • He would have told me the whole
matter if he came to see me.
Practice Questions

55. • I shall watch the proceedings if I shall
become a part of the case.
Practice Questions

59. Future
• Future Indefinite
• Future Continuous
• Future Perfect
• Future Perfect Continuous

60. Future Indefinite
• Key Words
• Tomorrow, Next, In a (day, week, month etc.),
Tonight, Coming Event, Soon, Intentions

61. How to Construct
• Sub + Will/shall+ Verb 1st form + Object (Positive)
• He will drink cold coffee tomorrow.
• Sub + will/ shall+not+ Verb 1st form + Object
(Negative)
• He will not drink cold coffee tomorrow.
• Will/shall+ Sub + Verb 1st form + Object?
(Interrogative)
• Will he drink cold coffee tomorrow?

62. Future Continuous
• Key Words
• Tomorrow, Next, In a (day, week, month etc.),
Tonight, Coming Event, Doubtful Present

63. How to Construct
• Sub + Will/shall be+ ing form + Object (Positive)
• He will be drinking cold coffee at this time tomorrow.
• Sub + will/ shall+not+ be+ ing form + Object (Negative)
• He will not be drinking cold coffee at this time tomorrow.
• Will/shall+ Sub + be+ ing form + Object? (Interrogative)
• Will he be drinking cold coffee at this time tomorrow?

64. Examples
• It is late at night and I think he will be sleeping
now.
• I hope that all teams will be visiting Pakistan in
future.

65. Future Perfect
• Key Words
• Till, Up till, By,(Future Time) by now, till now

66. How to Construct
• Sub + Will/shall have+ 3rd form + Object (Positive)
• I will have completed my work by the end of this month.
• Sub + will/ shall+not+ have+ 3rd form + Object (Negative)
• I will not have completed my work by the end of this month.
• Will/shall+ Sub + have+ 3rd form + Object? (Interrogative)
• Will I have completed my work by the end of this month?

67. Future Perfect Continuous
• Usage
• This tense is used for the states or actions
which will be continuing in future till a specific
time.

68. How to Construct
• Sub + will/shall have been+ ing form + Object+ S/F (Positive)
• He will have been living in this house for the coming month.
• Sub + will/shall have+not+ been+ ing form + Object+ S/F (Negative)
• He will not have been living in this house for the coming month.
• Will/shall+ Sub + have been+ ing form + Object+ S/F? (Interrogative)
• Will he have been living in this house for the coming month.

69. All Passive Voice in one Frame
• Obj+ will be/shall be+ verb 3rd +
Subject
• Obj+ will / shall + not + be + verb 3rd +
Subject (NEG)
• Will / Shall + Obj + be + verb 3rd +
Subject? INT
• Obj+ will / shall + have+ been+ verb 3rd +
Subject (POS)
• Obj+ will / shall + not + have+ been+ verb 3rd +
Subject (NEG)
• Will / shall + Obj+ been+ verb 3rd + Subject?
(INT)
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