discussing the social stratifications in the philippine setting

1. Social Stratification in the
Social Stratification in the
Philippines
Philippines

2. Distinct social classes during pre-
Distinct social classes during pre-
colonial times:
colonial times:
 1. datus or chiefl class
1. datus or chiefl class
 2. maharlika or nobility class
2. maharlika or nobility class
 3. Timagua or the common class
3. Timagua or the common class
 4. Alipin or the dependent classes
4. Alipin or the dependent classes
Social mobility was possible but intermarriage
Social mobility was possible but intermarriage
between social classes was discouraged.
between social classes was discouraged.

3. Criteria for Leadership:
Criteria for Leadership:
 Wealth
Wealth
 Personal ability
Personal ability
Social Classes during Spanish Times
Social Classes during Spanish Times
1.
1. Upperclass
Upperclass
2.
2. Freemen
Freemen
3.
3. Peninsulares
Peninsulares
4.
4. Creoles, mestizos, insulares
Creoles, mestizos, insulares

4. Social Classes during the American
Social Classes during the American
Period
Period
 1. small cosmopolitan upper class
1. small cosmopolitan upper class
 2. large, indigenous lower class
2. large, indigenous lower class
Opportunities for Social Mobility:
Opportunities for Social Mobility:
1.
1. Gradual Filipinization of positions in offices
Gradual Filipinization of positions in offices
and institutions like the church, government,
and institutions like the church, government,
business and education
business and education
Result: small and weak middle class, more evident
Result: small and weak middle class, more evident
in urban than rural areas
in urban than rural areas

5. The Northern and Southern Kalinga
The Northern and Southern Kalinga
 Southern Kalinga- Criteria for Social Class
Southern Kalinga- Criteria for Social Class
Position:
Position:
1. wealth
1. wealth 3. connection
3. connection
2. courage
2. courage
Northern Kalinga- Criteria for Social Class
Northern Kalinga- Criteria for Social Class
Position:
Position:
1.
1. Ownership of land
Ownership of land 3.wealth differentials
3.wealth differentials
2.
2. Hagabi* (ceremonial bench)
Hagabi* (ceremonial bench)

6. Negrito Tribes
Negrito Tribes
 Very simple substratification structure
Very simple substratification structure
 Criteria for Social Class Position:
Criteria for Social Class Position:
1. means of family background
1. means of family background
2. personal characteristics
2. personal characteristics
* Hagabi is a status symbol that represents the
* Hagabi is a status symbol that represents the
highest social rank.
highest social rank.

7. Muslim Society = part-closed and part-open sub
Muslim Society = part-closed and part-open sub
stratification
stratification
 Is further divided into three:
Is further divided into three:
 Hereditary aristocracy (datu or sultan)
Hereditary aristocracy (datu or sultan)
Criteria to be a sultan: wealth and followers
Criteria to be a sultan: wealth and followers
 Freemen
Freemen
 Slaves
Slaves
Over-all Criteria in this society:
Over-all Criteria in this society:
1.Amt. of property
1.Amt. of property 3.differences in prestige
3.differences in prestige
2. no. of slaves owned
2. no. of slaves owned 4. connection with
4. connection with
influential political leaders
influential political leaders
5. Personal qualities
5. Personal qualities

8. Rural Coomunities
Rural Coomunities
 According to J.N. Anderson, social classes and statuses of rural communities
According to J.N. Anderson, social classes and statuses of rural communities
are as follows:
are as follows:
 1. medium landlords, small owners, owner-farmers,
1. medium landlords, small owners, owner-farmers,
owner tenants
owner tenants
 2. small owners, owner-farmers, owner tenants
2. small owners, owner-farmers, owner tenants
 3. tenants
3. tenants
 4. laborers, agricultural workers, underemployed,
4. laborers, agricultural workers, underemployed,
unemployed
unemployed
 5. regularly employed in non agricultural occupations
5. regularly employed in non agricultural occupations
 6. pensionado and OFWs
6. pensionado and OFWs

9. Bikol Community
Bikol Community
 Divided into 2:
Divided into 2:
1. big people (dakung ato)
1. big people (dakung ato)
2. little people: sadit na tao
2. little people: sadit na tao
Criteria: 1. land ownership
Criteria: 1. land ownership
2. Education and occupation
2. Education and occupation
3. Style of life
3. Style of life
4. Attitudes
4. Attitudes
5. Behavior patterns
5. Behavior patterns
6. Participation in community affairs
6. Participation in community affairs
7. Inconsequential things
7. Inconsequential things

10. EDCOR (economic development
EDCOR (economic development
corps) of the Phil. Army
corps) of the Phil. Army
 1. officers (landlords)
1. officers (landlords)
 2. settlers (tenants)
2. settlers (tenants)
 3. enlisted men (police)
3. enlisted men (police)
Industrial corporations: Haciendas:
Industrial corporations: Haciendas:
-stockholders
-stockholders -land owners
-land owners
-executives
-executives -labor contractors
-labor contractors
-laborers
-laborers -laborers
-laborers

11. Urban Classification Systems
Urban Classification Systems
 Chinese
Chinese
 Indians
Indians
 Spaniards
Spaniards
 Americans
Americans
 British
British
 Dutch
Dutch
 German
German
 Upper-stratum: Euro-
Upper-stratum: Euro-
American elite
American elite
 Transition: Chinese,
Transition: Chinese,
Indians
Indians
 Politicians in power,
Politicians in power,
successful professionals,
successful professionals,
landlords, businessmen,
landlords, businessmen,
industrialists, financiers
industrialists, financiers

12.  Middle class- recently emerged class and is very small.
Middle class- recently emerged class and is very small.
 Members are highly mobile intellectuals, civil
Members are highly mobile intellectuals, civil
servants, teachers, clerical workers, merchants,
servants, teachers, clerical workers, merchants,
mechanic tradesmen, small businessmen and property
mechanic tradesmen, small businessmen and property
owners on a scale.
owners on a scale.
 The lower class is made up of 2 subclasses:
The lower class is made up of 2 subclasses:
 A. Cosmopolitan
A. Cosmopolitan
 B. Provinciano
B. Provinciano
 Indicators of the over-all social class stratification
Indicators of the over-all social class stratification
systems: land ownership and family prestige
systems: land ownership and family prestige
 Secondary indicators are: cultural-linguistic
Secondary indicators are: cultural-linguistic
identity, religion, education and occupation
identity, religion, education and occupation

13.  Trivia:
Trivia:
 In rural areas, landlord-tenant relationship,
In rural areas, landlord-tenant relationship,
which is more social than economic in nature, is
which is more social than economic in nature, is
encrusted with reciprocity of obligations.
encrusted with reciprocity of obligations.
 Slaves in the Muslim Society can obtain freedom
Slaves in the Muslim Society can obtain freedom
by purchasing it, marrying a member of another
by purchasing it, marrying a member of another
social class, by seeking adoption from someone
social class, by seeking adoption from someone
other than a slave or by escaping.
other than a slave or by escaping.