Social stratification refers to the division of a society into socioeconomic strata, such as classes. In Pakistan, social stratification is determined by factors like economic resources, occupations, prestige, power, caste, and education. Those with higher levels of wealth, more prestigious jobs, greater social respect, more political influence, belonging to certain castes, and higher education are placed in the upper classes, while those with less of these attributes are in the lower classes. Social stratification creates a hierarchy within society and can influence people's life chances and standards of living.
division of society on the base of wealth and birth, casteWajeeha Siddique
it consist of horizontal division of society into different class, like upper, middle, lower, and on the base of caste. effects of this stratification on society.
These are the Slides for MA (Final year) Students of the Department of Social Work, University of Peshawar.
Course Title: Social Institutions and Social System of Pakistani Society
Dr. Imran Ahmad Sajid
division of society on the base of wealth and birth, casteWajeeha Siddique
it consist of horizontal division of society into different class, like upper, middle, lower, and on the base of caste. effects of this stratification on society.
These are the Slides for MA (Final year) Students of the Department of Social Work, University of Peshawar.
Course Title: Social Institutions and Social System of Pakistani Society
Dr. Imran Ahmad Sajid
Rural sociology topic covering Different types of norms for social control and and different types of stratification within a society. It includes two major topics i.e. Class system and caste system, understanding their origin with various theories and their features and classification.
role and status in society Ascribed status determinants of ascribed status achieved status education
social role relationship of status and role role conflict causes of role and conflict
Rural sociology topic covering Different types of norms for social control and and different types of stratification within a society. It includes two major topics i.e. Class system and caste system, understanding their origin with various theories and their features and classification.
role and status in society Ascribed status determinants of ascribed status achieved status education
social role relationship of status and role role conflict causes of role and conflict
social institutions and educational
institutions religious institutions.
how a baby grows up in a society and personality development
function of religion economic institutions functions of economic institutions
This slide is special for master students (MIBS & MIFB) in UUM. Also useful for readers who are interested in the topic of contemporary Islamic banking.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
A review of the growth of the Israel Genealogy Research Association Database Collection for the last 12 months. Our collection is now passed the 3 million mark and still growing. See which archives have contributed the most. See the different types of records we have, and which years have had records added. You can also see what we have for the future.
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty, In...Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty,
International FDP on Fundamentals of Research in Social Sciences
at Integral University, Lucknow, 06.06.2024
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June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
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Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
Phyto-Pharmacological Screening, New Strategies for evaluating
Natural Products, In vitro evaluation techniques for Antioxidants, Antimicrobial and Anticancer drugs. In vivo evaluation techniques
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Antifertility, Toxicity studies as per OECD guidelines
2. Introduction
The people in every society have different ranks as high and low. This distribution of
people of a society in groups on the basis of their status is called social stratification.
This distribution may be on the basis of occupation, caste, education, sources of
income, prestige and political power. In this way, the whole society is divided into a
few classes generally high, middle and low, called stratification.
3. Determinants of Social Stratification
1. Economic resources
The level of income from all resources is an important indicator of one’s place in
society. The size of landholding in rural areas is an important measure. Those who own and
cultivate their own lands having its size above subsistence level may be placed in upper calss.
Those who own land below sub sistence level and cultivate others land also may be placed in
middle class. Those who are tenants and those who belong to serving class like carpenter,
blacksmith, cobbler, barber, washer man and others can be placed in lower class.
2. Occupations
occupation is also an important indicator of startificationin every society. In Pakistan
society the high class professionals are owner landlords, owner cultivators, industrialists, big and
wholesale businessmen and high class government and semi-government officials. In middle
class, come the small owned cultivators-cum-tenants, middle class servicemen and small partners
in industrial units. In lower class all menial workers like cobbler, carpenter, black smith,
washerman, peon, chowkidar, sweepers and unskilled larborers.
4. 3. Prestige
If individual has high prestige in social life, he is regarded most respectful
person.
Factors:
nobility of the individual
Harmless person for others
Free from social evils
Participating generously in welfare works within community
Helping the needy
He is true to his words
It also means he is not a liar
5. 4. Power
Power is one of the impotant factor of social stratification on Pakistani
society. Those who attain more power are given more respect in society. The
political power in Pakistani society, can be gained by adopting the following
charactersticks in behavior:
Outspoken in general speech
Free from social evils
Educated at least up to a level
Well off in his economic resources
Interest in the solution of problems of people
Rash, active, forceful, factual, truthful and honest in dealing
Religious-oriented and lives
6. 5. Caste
In Pakistani society, caste is considered and important element of stratification. Some
castes are believed to be higher in status like Sayyed, Rajput, Pathan, Mughal and Taga.
Some castes are generally placed in lower class like the laborers and professional castes
like carpenters, barbers, ets.
6. Education
The standard of education also determines a social class. The illiterate persons belong
to lower class. Those who received only education up to school may be placed in middle
class and those who college, university education and professional education mat be placed
in upper class. Education itself is a matter of prestige.
7. Class
“karl Marx defined class as a group having more or less equal
economic resources and indicating similar standard of living in a
society.”
There are three classes in a society
1. Upper class
i. Upper upper class
ii. Upper middle class
iii. Upper lower class
2. Middle class
i. Middle upper class
ii. Middle middle class
iii. Middle lower class
8. 3. Lower class
i. Lower upper class
ii. Lower middle class
iii. lower lower class
Caste
It is a permanent group having its status ascribed at birth. Its membership is unchanging.
This group is hereditary. In India and Pakistan, the caste system is found. Every person
attaches himself with some caste or sub-caste. In rural areas of Punjab one is recognized by
one’s caste only. Now in Pakistan lac of castes and sub-castes.
Characterstics of Caste
as a hierarchical division of society: in caste system, groups are divided in a
hierarchical position on the basis of caste.
Close group: in this members cannot change their caste.
9. Sub-culture: every caste has its own sub culture in which certain things are prescribed
and mandatory to follow for members.
Social control: caste has its own informal method of social control.
Merits of caste:
i. Intermarriage make a Biradri
ii. Norms of the caste are forceful
iii. Caste are mostly endogamous
Demerits of caste:
i. Creates ethnocentrism among its members
ii. Norms of caste are so rigid
iii. New elements of change are discourge within society
iv. Marriage out of caste is considered violation of its norms.
10. Changes in Caste System
Decline in respect of elders
Less respect to norms
Exogamy
Change in custom and tradition
Causes of change
i. Literacy rate
ii. Mass media
iii. Consciousness
iv. Economic progress
11. Difference between Class and Caste
Class is flexible and caste is rigid and permanent.
Class is changing and caste never changes.
Class forms no Biradri while caste makes a Biradri.
Class is not exogamous while caste is endogamous.
Membership in a class is informal and unknown to its members, the membership in
caste is ascribed at birth.
Class favors social change and progress while caste opposes social change but favors
only the progress which is not against its norms.
Class have no norms of their own while the castes have their norms on which the
Biradri system is based.