6. Example A.
43 = (4)(4)(4) = 64
base
exponent
Exponents
We write the quantity A multiplied to itself N times as AN, i.e.
A x A x A β¦.x A = AN
7. Example A.
43 = (4)(4)(4) = 64
(xy)2
base
exponent
Exponents
We write the quantity A multiplied to itself N times as AN, i.e.
A x A x A β¦.x A = AN
8. Example A.
43 = (4)(4)(4) = 64
(xy)2= (xy)(xy)
base
exponent
Exponents
We write the quantity A multiplied to itself N times as AN, i.e.
A x A x A β¦.x A = AN
9. Example A.
43 = (4)(4)(4) = 64
(xy)2= (xy)(xy) = x2y2
base
exponent
Exponents
We write the quantity A multiplied to itself N times as AN, i.e.
A x A x A β¦.x A = AN
10. Example A.
43 = (4)(4)(4) = 64
(xy)2= (xy)(xy) = x2y2
xy2
base
exponent
Exponents
We write the quantity A multiplied to itself N times as AN, i.e.
A x A x A β¦.x A = AN
11. Example A.
43 = (4)(4)(4) = 64
(xy)2= (xy)(xy) = x2y2
xy2 = (x)(yy)
base
exponent
Exponents
We write the quantity A multiplied to itself N times as AN, i.e.
A x A x A β¦.x A = AN
12. Example A.
43 = (4)(4)(4) = 64
(xy)2= (xy)(xy) = x2y2
xy2 = (x)(yy)
βx2 = β(xx)
base
exponent
Exponents
We write the quantity A multiplied to itself N times as AN, i.e.
A x A x A β¦.x A = AN
13. Example A.
43 = (4)(4)(4) = 64
(xy)2= (xy)(xy) = x2y2
xy2 = (x)(yy)
βx2 = β(xx)
base
exponent
Exponents
We write the quantity A multiplied to itself N times as AN, i.e.
A x A x A β¦.x A = AN
14. Example A.
43 = (4)(4)(4) = 64
(xy)2= (xy)(xy) = x2y2
xy2 = (x)(yy)
βx2 = β(xx)
base
exponent
Exponents
Rules of Exponents
We write the quantity A multiplied to itself N times as AN, i.e.
A x A x A β¦.x A = AN
15. Example A.
43 = (4)(4)(4) = 64
(xy)2= (xy)(xy) = x2y2
xy2 = (x)(yy)
βx2 = β(xx)
base
exponent
Exponents
Multiplication Rule: ANAK =AN+K
Rules of Exponents
We write the quantity A multiplied to itself N times as AN, i.e.
A x A x A β¦.x A = AN
16. Example A.
43 = (4)(4)(4) = 64
(xy)2= (xy)(xy) = x2y2
xy2 = (x)(yy)
βx2 = β(xx)
base
exponent
Exponents
Multiplication Rule: ANAK =AN+K
Example B.
a. 5354
Rules of Exponents
We write the quantity A multiplied to itself N times as AN, i.e.
A x A x A β¦.x A = AN
17. Example A.
43 = (4)(4)(4) = 64
(xy)2= (xy)(xy) = x2y2
xy2 = (x)(yy)
βx2 = β(xx)
base
exponent
Exponents
Multiplication Rule: ANAK =AN+K
Example B.
a. 5354 = (5*5*5)(5*5*5*5)
Rules of Exponents
We write the quantity A multiplied to itself N times as AN, i.e.
A x A x A β¦.x A = AN
18. Example A.
43 = (4)(4)(4) = 64
(xy)2= (xy)(xy) = x2y2
xy2 = (x)(yy)
βx2 = β(xx)
base
exponent
Exponents
Multiplication Rule: ANAK =AN+K
Example B.
a. 5354 = (5*5*5)(5*5*5*5) = 53+4 = 57
b. x5y7x4y6
Rules of Exponents
We write the quantity A multiplied to itself N times as AN, i.e.
A x A x A β¦.x A = AN
19. Example A.
43 = (4)(4)(4) = 64
(xy)2= (xy)(xy) = x2y2
xy2 = (x)(yy)
βx2 = β(xx)
base
exponent
Exponents
Multiplication Rule: ANAK =AN+K
Example B.
a. 5354 = (5*5*5)(5*5*5*5) = 53+4 = 57
b. x5y7x4y6 = x5x4y7y6
Rules of Exponents
We write the quantity A multiplied to itself N times as AN, i.e.
A x A x A β¦.x A = AN
20. Example A.
43 = (4)(4)(4) = 64
(xy)2= (xy)(xy) = x2y2
xy2 = (x)(yy)
βx2 = β(xx)
base
exponent
Exponents
Multiplication Rule: ANAK =AN+K
Example B.
a. 5354 = (5*5*5)(5*5*5*5) = 53+4 = 57
b. x5y7x4y6 = x5x4y7y6 = x9y13
Rules of Exponents
We write the quantity A multiplied to itself N times as AN, i.e.
A x A x A β¦.x A = AN
21. Example A.
43 = (4)(4)(4) = 64
(xy)2= (xy)(xy) = x2y2
xy2 = (x)(yy)
βx2 = β(xx)
base
exponent
Exponents
Multiplication Rule: ANAK =AN+K
Example B.
a. 5354 = (5*5*5)(5*5*5*5) = 53+4 = 57
b. x5y7x4y6 = x5x4y7y6 = x9y13
Rules of Exponents
Division Rule:
AN
AK = AN β K
We write the quantity A multiplied to itself N times as AN, i.e.
A x A x A β¦.x A = AN
22. Example A.
43 = (4)(4)(4) = 64
(xy)2= (xy)(xy) = x2y2
xy2 = (x)(yy)
βx2 = β(xx)
base
exponent
Exponents
Multiplication Rule: ANAK =AN+K
Example B.
a. 5354 = (5*5*5)(5*5*5*5) = 53+4 = 57
b. x5y7x4y6 = x5x4y7y6 = x9y13
Rules of Exponents
Division Rule:
Example C.
AN
AK = AN β K
56
52
We write the quantity A multiplied to itself N times as AN, i.e.
A x A x A β¦.x A = AN
23. Example A.
43 = (4)(4)(4) = 64
(xy)2= (xy)(xy) = x2y2
xy2 = (x)(yy)
βx2 = β(xx)
base
exponent
Exponents
Multiplication Rule: ANAK =AN+K
Example B.
a. 5354 = (5*5*5)(5*5*5*5) = 53+4 = 57
b. x5y7x4y6 = x5x4y7y6 = x9y13
Rules of Exponents
Division Rule:
Example C.
AN
AK = AN β K
56
52 =
(5)(5)(5)(5)(5)(5)
(5)(5)
We write the quantity A multiplied to itself N times as AN, i.e.
A x A x A β¦.x A = AN
24. Example A.
43 = (4)(4)(4) = 64
(xy)2= (xy)(xy) = x2y2
xy2 = (x)(yy)
βx2 = β(xx)
base
exponent
Exponents
Multiplication Rule: ANAK =AN+K
Example B.
a. 5354 = (5*5*5)(5*5*5*5) = 53+4 = 57
b. x5y7x4y6 = x5x4y7y6 = x9y13
Rules of Exponents
Division Rule:
Example C.
AN
AK = AN β K
56
52 =
(5)(5)(5)(5)(5)(5)
(5)(5)
We write the quantity A multiplied to itself N times as AN, i.e.
A x A x A β¦.x A = AN
25. Example A.
43 = (4)(4)(4) = 64
(xy)2= (xy)(xy) = x2y2
xy2 = (x)(yy)
βx2 = β(xx)
base
exponent
Exponents
Multiplication Rule: ANAK =AN+K
Example B.
a. 5354 = (5*5*5)(5*5*5*5) = 53+4 = 57
b. x5y7x4y6 = x5x4y7y6 = x9y13
Rules of Exponents
Division Rule:
Example C.
AN
AK = AN β K
56
52 =
(5)(5)(5)(5)(5)(5)
(5)(5)
= 56 β 2 = 54
We write the quantity A multiplied to itself N times as AN, i.e.
A x A x A β¦.x A = AN
28. Power Rule: (AN)K = ANK
Example D. (34)5 = (34)(34)(34)(34)(34)
Exponents
29. Power Rule: (AN)K = ANK
Example D. (34)5 = (34)(34)(34)(34)(34) = 34+4+4+4+4
Exponents
30. Power Rule: (AN)K = ANK
Example D. (34)5 = (34)(34)(34)(34)(34) = 34+4+4+4+4 = 34*5 = 320
Exponents
31. Power Rule: (AN)K = ANK
Example D. (34)5 = (34)(34)(34)(34)(34) = 34+4+4+4+4 = 34*5 = 320
Exponents
Since = 1A1
A1
32. Power Rule: (AN)K = ANK
Example D. (34)5 = (34)(34)(34)(34)(34) = 34+4+4+4+4 = 34*5 = 320
Exponents
Since = 1 = A1 β 1A1
A1
33. Power Rule: (AN)K = ANK
Example D. (34)5 = (34)(34)(34)(34)(34) = 34+4+4+4+4 = 34*5 = 320
Exponents
Since = 1 = A1 β 1 = A0A1
A1
34. Power Rule: (AN)K = ANK
Example D. (34)5 = (34)(34)(34)(34)(34) = 34+4+4+4+4 = 34*5 = 320
Exponents
Since = 1 = A1 β 1 = A0, we obtain the 0-power Rule.A1
A1
35. Power Rule: (AN)K = ANK
Example D. (34)5 = (34)(34)(34)(34)(34) = 34+4+4+4+4 = 34*5 = 320
Exponents
Since = 1 = A1 β 1 = A0, we obtain the 0-power Rule.A1
A1
0-Power Rule: A0 = 1
36. Power Rule: (AN)K = ANK
Example D. (34)5 = (34)(34)(34)(34)(34) = 34+4+4+4+4 = 34*5 = 320
Exponents
Since = 1 = A1 β 1 = A0, we obtain the 0-power Rule.A1
A1
0-Power Rule: A0 = 1
Since =
1
AK
A0
AK
37. Power Rule: (AN)K = ANK
Example D. (34)5 = (34)(34)(34)(34)(34) = 34+4+4+4+4 = 34*5 = 320
Exponents
Since = 1 = A1 β 1 = A0, we obtain the 0-power Rule.A1
A1
0-Power Rule: A0 = 1
Since = = A0 β K1
AK
A0
AK
38. Power Rule: (AN)K = ANK
Example D. (34)5 = (34)(34)(34)(34)(34) = 34+4+4+4+4 = 34*5 = 320
Exponents
Since = 1 = A1 β 1 = A0, we obtain the 0-power Rule.A1
A1
0-Power Rule: A0 = 1
Since = = A0 β K = AβK, we get the negative-power Rule.
1
AK
A0
AK
39. Power Rule: (AN)K = ANK
Example D. (34)5 = (34)(34)(34)(34)(34) = 34+4+4+4+4 = 34*5 = 320
Exponents
Since = 1 = A1 β 1 = A0, we obtain the 0-power Rule.A1
A1
0-Power Rule: A0 = 1
Since = = A0 β K = AβK, we get the negative-power Rule.
1
AK
A0
AK
Negative-Power Rule: AβK = 1
AK
40. Power Rule: (AN)K = ANK
Example D. (34)5 = (34)(34)(34)(34)(34) = 34+4+4+4+4 = 34*5 = 320
Exponents
Since = 1 = A1 β 1 = A0, we obtain the 0-power Rule.A1
A1
0-Power Rule: A0 = 1
Since = = A0 β K = AβK, we get the negative-power Rule.
1
AK
A0
AK
Negative-Power Rule: AβK = 1
AK
Example E. Simplify
a. 30
41. Power Rule: (AN)K = ANK
Example D. (34)5 = (34)(34)(34)(34)(34) = 34+4+4+4+4 = 34*5 = 320
Exponents
Since = 1 = A1 β 1 = A0, we obtain the 0-power Rule.A1
A1
0-Power Rule: A0 = 1
Since = = A0 β K = AβK, we get the negative-power Rule.
1
AK
A0
AK
Negative-Power Rule: AβK = 1
AK
Example E. Simplify
a. 30 = 1
42. Power Rule: (AN)K = ANK
Example D. (34)5 = (34)(34)(34)(34)(34) = 34+4+4+4+4 = 34*5 = 320
Exponents
Since = 1 = A1 β 1 = A0, we obtain the 0-power Rule.A1
A1
0-Power Rule: A0 = 1
Since = = A0 β K = AβK, we get the negative-power Rule.
1
AK
A0
AK
Negative-Power Rule: AβK = 1
AK
Example E. Simplify
b. 3β2
a. 30 = 1
43. Power Rule: (AN)K = ANK
Example D. (34)5 = (34)(34)(34)(34)(34) = 34+4+4+4+4 = 34*5 = 320
Exponents
Since = 1 = A1 β 1 = A0, we obtain the 0-power Rule.A1
A1
0-Power Rule: A0 = 1
Since = = A0 β K = AβK, we get the negative-power Rule.
1
AK
A0
AK
Negative-Power Rule: AβK = 1
AK
Example E. Simplify
1
32b. 3β2 =
a. 30 = 1
44. Power Rule: (AN)K = ANK
Example D. (34)5 = (34)(34)(34)(34)(34) = 34+4+4+4+4 = 34*5 = 320
Exponents
Since = 1 = A1 β 1 = A0, we obtain the 0-power Rule.A1
A1
0-Power Rule: A0 = 1
Since = = A0 β K = AβK, we get the negative-power Rule.
1
AK
A0
AK
Negative-Power Rule: AβK = 1
AK
Example E. Simplify
1
32
1
9b. 3β2 = =
a. 30 = 1
45. Power Rule: (AN)K = ANK
Example D. (34)5 = (34)(34)(34)(34)(34) = 34+4+4+4+4 = 34*5 = 320
Exponents
Since = 1 = A1 β 1 = A0, we obtain the 0-power Rule.A1
A1
0-Power Rule: A0 = 1
Since = = A0 β K = AβK, we get the negative-power Rule.
1
AK
A0
AK
Negative-Power Rule: AβK = 1
AK
Example E. Simplify
1
32
1
9
c. ( )β12
5
b. 3β2 = =
a. 30 = 1
46. Power Rule: (AN)K = ANK
Example D. (34)5 = (34)(34)(34)(34)(34) = 34+4+4+4+4 = 34*5 = 320
Exponents
Since = 1 = A1 β 1 = A0, we obtain the 0-power Rule.A1
A1
0-Power Rule: A0 = 1
Since = = A0 β K = AβK, we get the negative-power Rule.
1
AK
A0
AK
Negative-Power Rule: AβK = 1
AK
Example E. Simplify
1
32
1
9
c. ( )β12
5
=
1
2/5
=
b. 3β2 = =
a. 30 = 1
47. Power Rule: (AN)K = ANK
Example D. (34)5 = (34)(34)(34)(34)(34) = 34+4+4+4+4 = 34*5 = 320
Exponents
Since = 1 = A1 β 1 = A0, we obtain the 0-power Rule.A1
A1
0-Power Rule: A0 = 1
Since = = A0 β K = AβK, we get the negative-power Rule.
1
AK
A0
AK
Negative-Power Rule: AβK = 1
AK
Example E. Simplify
1
32
1
9
c. ( )β12
5
=
1
2/5
= 1*
5
2
=
5
2
b. 3β2 = =
a. 30 = 1
48. Power Rule: (AN)K = ANK
Example D. (34)5 = (34)(34)(34)(34)(34) = 34+4+4+4+4 = 34*5 = 320
Exponents
Since = 1 = A1 β 1 = A0, we obtain the 0-power Rule.A1
A1
0-Power Rule: A0 = 1
Since = = A0 β K = AβK, we get the negative-power Rule.
1
AK
A0
AK
Negative-Power Rule: AβK = 1
AK
Example E. Simplify
1
32
1
9
c. ( )β12
5
=
1
2/5
= 1*
5
2
=
5
2
b. 3β2 = =
a. 30 = 1
In general ( )βKa
b = ( )K
b
a
49. Power Rule: (AN)K = ANK
Example D. (34)5 = (34)(34)(34)(34)(34) = 34+4+4+4+4 = 34*5 = 320
Exponents
Since = 1 = A1 β 1 = A0, we obtain the 0-power Rule.A1
A1
0-Power Rule: A0 = 1
Since = = A0 β K = AβK, we get the negative-power Rule.
1
AK
A0
AK
Negative-Power Rule: AβK = 1
AK
Example E. Simplify
1
32
1
9
c. ( )β12
5
=
1
2/5
= 1*
5
2
=
5
2
b. 3β2 = =
a. 30 = 1
In general ( )βKa
b = ( )K
b
a
d. ( )β22
5
50. Power Rule: (AN)K = ANK
Example D. (34)5 = (34)(34)(34)(34)(34) = 34+4+4+4+4 = 34*5 = 320
Exponents
Since = 1 = A1 β 1 = A0, we obtain the 0-power Rule.A1
A1
0-Power Rule: A0 = 1
Since = = A0 β K = AβK, we get the negative-power Rule.
1
AK
A0
AK
Negative-Power Rule: AβK = 1
AK
Example E. Simplify
1
32
1
9
c. ( )β12
5
=
1
2/5
= 1*
5
2
=
5
2
b. 3β2 = =
a. 30 = 1
In general ( )βKa
b = ( )K
b
a
d. ( )β22
5
= ( )25
2
51. Power Rule: (AN)K = ANK
Example D. (34)5 = (34)(34)(34)(34)(34) = 34+4+4+4+4 = 34*5 = 320
Exponents
Since = 1 = A1 β 1 = A0, we obtain the 0-power Rule.A1
A1
0-Power Rule: A0 = 1
Since = = A0 β K = AβK, we get the negative-power Rule.
1
AK
A0
AK
Negative-Power Rule: AβK = 1
AK
Example E. Simplify
1
32
1
9
c. ( )β12
5
=
1
2/5
= 1*
5
2
=
5
2
b. 3β2 = =
a. 30 = 1
In general ( )βKa
b = ( )K
b
a
d. ( )β22
5
= ( )2 =
25
4
5
2
57. e. 3β1 β 40 * 2β2 =
1
3
β 1*
1
22 = 1
3
β 1
4
= 1
12
Exponents
Although the negative power means to reciprocate,
for problems of collecting exponents, we do not reciprocate
the negative exponents.
58. e. 3β1 β 40 * 2β2 =
1
3
β 1*
1
22 = 1
3
β 1
4
= 1
12
Exponents
Although the negative power means to reciprocate,
for problems of collecting exponents, we do not reciprocate
the negative exponents. Instead we add or subtract them
using the multiplication and division rules first.
59. e. 3β1 β 40 * 2β2 =
Exponents
Although the negative power means to reciprocate,
for problems of collecting exponents, we do not reciprocate
the negative exponents. Instead we add or subtract them
using the multiplication and division rules first.
Example F. Simplify 3β2 x4 yβ6 xβ8 y 23
1
3
β 1*
1
22 = 1
3
β 1
4
= 1
12
60. e. 3β1 β 40 * 2β2 =
Exponents
Although the negative power means to reciprocate,
for problems of collecting exponents, we do not reciprocate
the negative exponents. Instead we add or subtract them
using the multiplication and division rules first.
Example F. Simplify 3β2 x4 yβ6 xβ8 y 23
3β2 x4 yβ6 xβ8 y23
1
3
β 1*
1
22 = 1
3
β 1
4
= 1
12
61. e. 3β1 β 40 * 2β2 =
Exponents
Although the negative power means to reciprocate,
for problems of collecting exponents, we do not reciprocate
the negative exponents. Instead we add or subtract them
using the multiplication and division rules first.
Example F. Simplify 3β2 x4 yβ6 xβ8 y 23
3β2 x4 yβ6 xβ8 y23
= 3β2 x4 xβ8 yβ6 y23
1
3
β 1*
1
22 = 1
3
β 1
4
= 1
12
62. e. 3β1 β 40 * 2β2 =
Exponents
Although the negative power means to reciprocate,
for problems of collecting exponents, we do not reciprocate
the negative exponents. Instead we add or subtract them
using the multiplication and division rules first.
= x4 β 8 yβ6+23
Example F. Simplify 3β2 x4 yβ6 xβ8 y 23
3β2 x4 yβ6 xβ8 y23
= 3β2 x4 xβ8 yβ6 y23
1
9
1
3
β 1*
1
22 = 1
3
β 1
4
= 1
12
63. e. 3β1 β 40 * 2β2 =
Exponents
Although the negative power means to reciprocate,
for problems of collecting exponents, we do not reciprocate
the negative exponents. Instead we add or subtract them
using the multiplication and division rules first.
= x4 β 8 yβ6+23
= xβ4 y17
Example F. Simplify 3β2 x4 yβ6 xβ8 y 23
3β2 x4 yβ6 xβ8 y23
= 3β2 x4 xβ8 yβ6 y23
1
9
1
9
1
3
β 1*
1
22 = 1
3
β 1
4
= 1
12
64. e. 3β1 β 40 * 2β2 =
Exponents
Although the negative power means to reciprocate,
for problems of collecting exponents, we do not reciprocate
the negative exponents. Instead we add or subtract them
using the multiplication and division rules first.
= x4 β 8 yβ6+23
= xβ4 y17
= y17
Example F. Simplify 3β2 x4 yβ6 xβ8 y 23
3β2 x4 yβ6 xβ8 y23
= 3β2 x4 xβ8 yβ6 y23
1
9
1
9
1
9x4
1
3
β 1*
1
22 = 1
3
β 1
4
= 1
12
65. e. 3β1 β 40 * 2β2 =
Exponents
Although the negative power means to reciprocate,
for problems of collecting exponents, we do not reciprocate
the negative exponents. Instead we add or subtract them
using the multiplication and division rules first.
= x4 β 8 yβ6+23
= xβ4 y17
= y17
=
Example F. Simplify 3β2 x4 yβ6 xβ8 y 23
3β2 x4 yβ6 xβ8 y23
= 3β2 x4 xβ8 yβ6 y23
1
9
1
9
1
9x4
y17
9x4
1
3
β 1*
1
22 = 1
3
β 1
4
= 1
12
66. Exponents
Example G. Simplify using the rules for exponents.
Leave the answer in positive exponents only.
23xβ8
26 xβ3
67. Exponents
Example G. Simplify using the rules for exponents.
Leave the answer in positive exponents only.
23xβ8
26 xβ3
23xβ8
26xβ3
68. Exponents
Example G. Simplify using the rules for exponents.
Leave the answer in positive exponents only.
23xβ8
26 xβ3
23xβ8
26xβ3
= 23 β 6 xβ8 β (β3 )
69. Exponents
Example G. Simplify using the rules for exponents.
Leave the answer in positive exponents only.
23xβ8
26 xβ3
23xβ8
26xβ3
= 23 β 6 xβ8 β (β3 )
= 2β3 xβ5
70. Exponents
Example G. Simplify using the rules for exponents.
Leave the answer in positive exponents only.
23xβ8
26 xβ3
23xβ8
26xβ3
= 23 β 6 xβ8 β (β3 )
= 2β3 xβ5
=
23
1
x5
1
* = 8x5
1
71. Exponents
Example G. Simplify using the rules for exponents.
Leave the answer in positive exponents only.
23xβ8
26 xβ3
23xβ8
26xβ3
= 23 β 6 xβ8 β (β3 )
= 2β3 xβ5
=
23
1
x5
1
* = 8x5
1
Example H. Simplify
(3xβ2y3)β2 x2
3β5xβ3(yβ1x2)3
72. Exponents
Example G. Simplify using the rules for exponents.
Leave the answer in positive exponents only.
23xβ8
26 xβ3
23xβ8
26xβ3
= 23 β 6 xβ8 β (β3 )
= 2β3 xβ5
=
23
1
x5
1
* = 8x5
1
Example H. Simplify
(3xβ2y3)β2 x2
3β5xβ3(yβ1x2)3
(3xβ2y3)β2 x2
3β5xβ3(yβ1x2)3
73. Exponents
Example G. Simplify using the rules for exponents.
Leave the answer in positive exponents only.
23xβ8
26 xβ3
23xβ8
26xβ3
= 23 β 6 xβ8 β (β3 )
= 2β3 xβ5
=
23
1
x5
1
* = 8x5
1
Example H. Simplify
(3xβ2y3)β2 x2
3β5xβ3(yβ1x2)3
=
3β2x4yβ6x2
3β5xβ3yβ3 x6
(3xβ2y3)β2 x2
3β5xβ3(yβ1x2)3
74. Exponents
Example G. Simplify using the rules for exponents.
Leave the answer in positive exponents only.
23xβ8
26 xβ3
23xβ8
26xβ3
= 23 β 6 xβ8 β (β3 )
= 2β3 xβ5
=
23
1
x5
1
* = 8x5
1
Example H. Simplify
(3xβ2y3)β2 x2
3β5xβ3(yβ1x2)3
=
3β2x4yβ6x2
3β5xβ3yβ3 x6 =
(3xβ2y3)β2 x2
3β5xβ3(yβ1x2)3 3β5xβ3x6yβ3
3β2x4x2yβ6
75. Exponents
Example G. Simplify using the rules for exponents.
Leave the answer in positive exponents only.
23xβ8
26 xβ3
23xβ8
26xβ3
= 23 β 6 xβ8 β (β3 )
= 2β3 xβ5
=
23
1
x5
1
* = 8x5
1
Example H. Simplify
(3xβ2y3)β2 x2
3β5xβ3(yβ1x2)3
=
3β2x4yβ6x2
3β5xβ3yβ3 x6 =
=
(3xβ2y3)β2 x2
3β5xβ3(yβ1x2)3 3β5xβ3x6yβ3
3β2x4x2yβ6
3β2x6yβ6
3β5x3yβ3
76. Exponents
Example G. Simplify using the rules for exponents.
Leave the answer in positive exponents only.
23xβ8
26 xβ3
23xβ8
26xβ3
= 23 β 6 xβ8 β (β3 )
= 2β3 xβ5
=
23
1
x5
1
* = 8x5
1
Example H. Simplify
(3xβ2y3)β2 x2
3β5xβ3(yβ1x2)3
=
3β2x4yβ6x2
3β5xβ3yβ3 x6 =
= = 3β2 β (β5) x6 β 3 yβ6 β (β3)
(3xβ2y3)β2 x2
3β5xβ3(yβ1x2)3 3β5xβ3x6yβ3
3β2x4x2yβ6
3β2x6yβ6
3β5x3yβ3
77. Exponents
Example G. Simplify using the rules for exponents.
Leave the answer in positive exponents only.
23xβ8
26 xβ3
23xβ8
26xβ3
= 23 β 6 xβ8 β (β3 )
= 2β3 xβ5
=
23
1
x5
1
* = 8x5
1
Example H. Simplify
(3xβ2y3)β2 x2
3β5xβ3(yβ1x2)3
=
3β2x4yβ6x2
3β5xβ3yβ3 x6 =
= = 3β2 β (β5) x6 β 3 yβ6 β (β3)
= 33 x3 yβ3=
(3xβ2y3)β2 x2
3β5xβ3(yβ1x2)3 3β5xβ3x6yβ3
3β2x4x2yβ6
3β2x6yβ6
3β5x3yβ3
78. Exponents
Example G. Simplify using the rules for exponents.
Leave the answer in positive exponents only.
23xβ8
26 xβ3
23xβ8
26xβ3
= 23 β 6 xβ8 β (β3 )
= 2β3 xβ5
=
23
1
x5
1
* = 8x5
1
Example H. Simplify
(3xβ2y3)β2 x2
3β5xβ3(yβ1x2)3
=
3β2x4yβ6x2
3β5xβ3yβ3 x6 =
= = 3β2 β (β5) x6 β 3 yβ6 β (β3)
= 33 x3 yβ3=
27 x3
(3xβ2y3)β2 x2
3β5xβ3(yβ1x2)3 3β5xβ3x6yβ3
3β2x4x2yβ6
3β2x6yβ6
3β5x3yβ3
y3
79. Exponents
Example G. Simplify using the rules for exponents.
Leave the answer in positive exponents only.
23xβ8
26 xβ3
23xβ8
26xβ3
= 23 β 6 xβ8 β (β3 )
= 2β3 xβ5
=
23
1
x5
1
* = 8x5
1
Example H. Simplify
(3xβ2y3)β2 x2
3β5xβ3(yβ1x2)3
=
3β2x4yβ6x2
3β5xβ3yβ3 x6 =
= = 3β2 β (β5) x6 β 3 yβ6 β (β3)
= 33 x3 yβ3=
27 x3
(3xβ2y3)β2 x2
3β5xβ3(yβ1x2)3 3β5xβ3x6yβ3
3β2x4x2yβ6
3β2x6yβ6
3β5x3yβ3
y3
An important application of exponents is the scientific notation.
81. Scientific Notation
Scientific notation simplifies the tracking and calculation of very
large or very small numbers. We note the relation between
the exponents and
the base-10 numbers:
82. 100 = 1
Scientific Notation
Scientific notation simplifies the tracking and calculation of very
large or very small numbers. We note the relation between
the exponents and
the base-10 numbers:
83. 100 = 1
101 = 10
Scientific Notation
Scientific notation simplifies the tracking and calculation of very
large or very small numbers. We note the relation between
the exponents and
the base-10 numbers:
84. 100 = 1
101 = 10
102 = 100
Scientific Notation
Scientific notation simplifies the tracking and calculation of very
large or very small numbers. We note the relation between
the exponents and
the base-10 numbers:
85. 100 = 1
101 = 10
102 = 100
103 = 1000
Scientific Notation
Scientific notation simplifies the tracking and calculation of very
large or very small numbers. We note the relation between
the exponents and
the base-10 numbers:
86. 100 = 1
101 = 10
102 = 100
103 = 1000
10β1 = 0.1
Scientific Notation
Scientific notation simplifies the tracking and calculation of very
large or very small numbers. We note the relation between
the exponents and
the base-10 numbers:
87. 100 = 1
101 = 10
102 = 100
103 = 1000
10β1 = 0.1
10β2 = 0.01
Scientific Notation
Scientific notation simplifies the tracking and calculation of very
large or very small numbers. We note the relation between
the exponents and
the base-10 numbers:
88. 100 = 1
101 = 10
102 = 100
103 = 1000
10β1 = 0.1
10β2 = 0.01
10β3 = 0.001
10β4 = 0.0001
Scientific Notation
Scientific notation simplifies the tracking and calculation of very
large or very small numbers. We note the relation between
the exponents and
the base-10 numbers:
89. 100 = 1
101 = 10
102 = 100
103 = 1000
10β1 = 0.1
10β2 = 0.01
10β3 = 0.001
10β4 = 0.0001
Scientific Notation
Scientific Notation
Scientific notation simplifies the tracking and calculation of very
large or very small numbers. We note the relation between
the exponents and
the base-10 numbers:
90. 100 = 1
101 = 10
102 = 100
103 = 1000
10β1 = 0.1
10β2 = 0.01
10β3 = 0.001
10β4 = 0.0001
Scientific Notation
Scientific Notation
Any number can be written in the form
A x 10N
where 1 < A < 10.
Scientific notation simplifies the tracking and calculation of very
large or very small numbers. We note the relation between
the exponents and
the base-10 numbers:
91. 100 = 1
101 = 10
102 = 100
103 = 1000
10β1 = 0.1
10β2 = 0.01
10β3 = 0.001
10β4 = 0.0001
Scientific Notation
Scientific Notation
Any number can be written in the form
A x 10N
where 1 < A < 10. This form is called the scientific notation of
the number.
Scientific notation simplifies the tracking and calculation of very
large or very small numbers. We note the relation between
the exponents and
the base-10 numbers:
92. Scientific Notation
To write a number in scientific notation, we move the decimal
point behind the first nonzero digit.
93. Scientific Notation
To write a number in scientific notation, we move the decimal
point behind the first nonzero digit.
i. If the decimal point moves to the left N spaces, then the
exponent over 10 is positive N,
94. Scientific Notation
To write a number in scientific notation, we move the decimal
point behind the first nonzero digit.
i. If the decimal point moves to the left N spaces, then the
exponent over 10 is positive N, i.e. if after moving the
decimal point we get a smaller number A, then N is positive.
95. Scientific Notation
To write a number in scientific notation, we move the decimal
point behind the first nonzero digit.
i. If the decimal point moves to the left N spaces, then the
exponent over 10 is positive N, i.e. if after moving the
decimal point we get a smaller number A, then N is positive.
Example I. Write the following numbers in scientific
notation.
a. 12300.
96. Scientific Notation
To write a number in scientific notation, we move the decimal
point behind the first nonzero digit.
i. If the decimal point moves to the left N spaces, then the
exponent over 10 is positive N, i.e. if after moving the
decimal point we get a smaller number A, then N is positive.
Move left 4 places.
Example I. Write the following numbers in scientific
notation.
a. 12300. = 1 2300 .
97. Scientific Notation
To write a number in scientific notation, we move the decimal
point behind the first nonzero digit.
i. If the decimal point moves to the left N spaces, then the
exponent over 10 is positive N, i.e. if after moving the
decimal point we get a smaller number A, then N is positive.
Move left 4 places.
Example I. Write the following numbers in scientific
notation.
a. 12300. = 1 2300 . = 1. 23 x 10 +4
98. Scientific Notation
To write a number in scientific notation, we move the decimal
point behind the first nonzero digit.
i. If the decimal point moves to the left N spaces, then the
exponent over 10 is positive N, i.e. if after moving the
decimal point we get a smaller number A, then N is positive.
ii. If the decimal point moves to the right N spaces, then the
exponent over 10 is negative,
Move left 4 places.
Example I. Write the following numbers in scientific
notation.
a. 12300. = 1 2300 . = 1. 23 x 10 +4
99. Scientific Notation
To write a number in scientific notation, we move the decimal
point behind the first nonzero digit.
i. If the decimal point moves to the left N spaces, then the
exponent over 10 is positive N, i.e. if after moving the
decimal point we get a smaller number A, then N is positive.
ii. If the decimal point moves to the right N spaces, then the
exponent over 10 is negative, i.e. if after moving the decimal
point we get a larger number A, then N is negative.
Move left 4 places.
Example I. Write the following numbers in scientific
notation.
a. 12300. = 1 2300 . = 1. 23 x 10 +4
100. Scientific Notation
To write a number in scientific notation, we move the decimal
point behind the first nonzero digit.
i. If the decimal point moves to the left N spaces, then the
exponent over 10 is positive N, i.e. if after moving the
decimal point we get a smaller number A, then N is positive.
ii. If the decimal point moves to the right N spaces, then the
exponent over 10 is negative, i.e. if after moving the decimal
point we get a larger number A, then N is negative.
Move left 4 places.
Example I. Write the following numbers in scientific
notation.
a. 12300. = 1 2300 . = 1. 23 x 10 +4
b. 0.00123
101. Scientific Notation
To write a number in scientific notation, we move the decimal
point behind the first nonzero digit.
i. If the decimal point moves to the left N spaces, then the
exponent over 10 is positive N, i.e. if after moving the
decimal point we get a smaller number A, then N is positive.
ii. If the decimal point moves to the right N spaces, then the
exponent over 10 is negative, i.e. if after moving the decimal
point we get a larger number A, then N is negative.
Move left 4 places.
Move right 3 places
Example I. Write the following numbers in scientific
notation.
a. 12300. = 1 2300 . = 1. 23 x 10 +4
b. 0.00123 = 0. 001 23
102. Scientific Notation
To write a number in scientific notation, we move the decimal
point behind the first nonzero digit.
i. If the decimal point moves to the left N spaces, then the
exponent over 10 is positive N, i.e. if after moving the
decimal point we get a smaller number A, then N is positive.
ii. If the decimal point moves to the right N spaces, then the
exponent over 10 is negative, i.e. if after moving the decimal
point we get a larger number A, then N is negative.
Move left 4 places.
Move right 3 places
Example I. Write the following numbers in scientific
notation.
a. 12300. = 1 2300 . = 1. 23 x 10 +4
b. 0.00123 = 0. 001 23 = 1. 23 x 10 β3
103. Scientific Notation
To change a number in scientific notation back to the standard
form, we move the decimal point according to N.
104. Scientific Notation
To change a number in scientific notation back to the standard
form, we move the decimal point according to N.
i. If N is positive, move the decimal point in A to the right,
105. Scientific Notation
To change a number in scientific notation back to the standard
form, we move the decimal point according to N.
i. If N is positive, move the decimal point in A to the right,
i.e. make A into a larger number.
106. Scientific Notation
To change a number in scientific notation back to the standard
form, we move the decimal point according to N.
i. If N is positive, move the decimal point in A to the right,
i.e. make A into a larger number.
Example J. Write the following numbers in the standard form.
a. 1. 23 x 10 +4
107. Scientific Notation
To change a number in scientific notation back to the standard
form, we move the decimal point according to N.
i. If N is positive, move the decimal point in A to the right,
i.e. make A into a larger number.
Move right 4 places,
Example J. Write the following numbers in the standard form.
a. 1. 23 x 10 +4 = 1 2300 . = 12300.
108. Scientific Notation
To change a number in scientific notation back to the standard
form, we move the decimal point according to N.
i. If N is positive, move the decimal point in A to the right,
i.e. make A into a larger number.
ii. If N is negative, move the decimal point in A to the left,
Move right 4 places,
Example J. Write the following numbers in the standard form.
a. 1. 23 x 10 +4 = 1 2300 . = 12300.
109. Scientific Notation
To change a number in scientific notation back to the standard
form, we move the decimal point according to N.
i. If N is positive, move the decimal point in A to the right,
i.e. make A into a larger number.
ii. If N is negative, move the decimal point in A to the left,
i.e. make A into a smaller number.
Move right 4 places,
Example J. Write the following numbers in the standard form.
a. 1. 23 x 10 +4 = 1 2300 . = 12300.
110. Scientific Notation
To change a number in scientific notation back to the standard
form, we move the decimal point according to N.
i. If N is positive, move the decimal point in A to the right,
i.e. make A into a larger number.
ii. If N is negative, move the decimal point in A to the left,
i.e. make A into a smaller number.
Move right 4 places,
Example J. Write the following numbers in the standard form.
a. 1. 23 x 10 +4 = 1 2300 . = 12300.
b. 1. 23 x 10 β3
111. Scientific Notation
To change a number in scientific notation back to the standard
form, we move the decimal point according to N.
i. If N is positive, move the decimal point in A to the right,
i.e. make A into a larger number.
ii. If N is negative, move the decimal point in A to the left,
i.e. make A into a smaller number.
Move right 4 places,
Move left 3 places
Example J. Write the following numbers in the standard form.
a. 1. 23 x 10 +4 = 1 2300 . = 12300.
b. 1. 23 x 10 β3 = 0. 001 23 = 0.00123
112. Scientific Notation
To change a number in scientific notation back to the standard
form, we move the decimal point according to N.
i. If N is positive, move the decimal point in A to the right,
i.e. make A into a larger number.
ii. If N is negative, move the decimal point in A to the left,
i.e. make A into a smaller number.
Move right 4 places,
Move left 3 places
Example J. Write the following numbers in the standard form.
a. 1. 23 x 10 +4 = 1 2300 . = 12300.
b. 1. 23 x 10 β3 = 0. 001 23 = 0.00123
Scientific notation simplifies multiplication and division of
very large and very small numbers.
113. Example K. Calculate. Give the answer in both scientific
notation and the standard notation.
a. (1.2 x 108) x (1.3 x 10β12)
Scientific Notation
114. Example K. Calculate. Give the answer in both scientific
notation and the standard notation.
a. (1.2 x 108) x (1.3 x 10β12)
= 1.2 x 1.3 x 108 x 10 β12
Scientific Notation
115. Example K. Calculate. Give the answer in both scientific
notation and the standard notation.
a. (1.2 x 108) x (1.3 x 10β12)
= 1.2 x 1.3 x 108 x 10 β12
= 1.56 x 108 β12
Scientific Notation
116. Example K. Calculate. Give the answer in both scientific
notation and the standard notation.
a. (1.2 x 108) x (1.3 x 10β12)
= 1.2 x 1.3 x 108 x 10 β12
= 1.56 x 108 β12
= 1.56 x 10 β4
Scientific Notation
117. Example K. Calculate. Give the answer in both scientific
notation and the standard notation.
a. (1.2 x 108) x (1.3 x 10β12)
= 1.2 x 1.3 x 108 x 10 β12
= 1.56 x 108 β12
= 1.56 x 10 β4
= 0.000156
Scientific Notation
118. Example K. Calculate. Give the answer in both scientific
notation and the standard notation.
a. (1.2 x 108) x (1.3 x 10β12)
= 1.2 x 1.3 x 108 x 10 β12
= 1.56 x 108 β12
= 1.56 x 10 β4
= 0.000156
b.
6.3 x 10-2
2.1 x 10-10
Scientific Notation
119. Example K. Calculate. Give the answer in both scientific
notation and the standard notation.
a. (1.2 x 108) x (1.3 x 10β12)
= 1.2 x 1.3 x 108 x 10 β12
= 1.56 x 108 β12
= 1.56 x 10 β4
= 0.000156
b.
6.3 x 10-2
2.1 x 10-10
=
6.3
2.1
x 10 β 2 β ( β 10)
Scientific Notation
120. Example K. Calculate. Give the answer in both scientific
notation and the standard notation.
a. (1.2 x 108) x (1.3 x 10β12)
= 1.2 x 1.3 x 108 x 10 β12
= 1.56 x 108 β12
= 1.56 x 10 β4
= 0.000156
b.
6.3 x 10-2
2.1 x 10-10
=
6.3
2.1
x 10 β 2 β ( β 10)
= 3 x 108
Scientific Notation
121. Example K. Calculate. Give the answer in both scientific
notation and the standard notation.
a. (1.2 x 108) x (1.3 x 10β12)
= 1.2 x 1.3 x 108 x 10 β12
= 1.56 x 108 β12
= 1.56 x 10 β4
= 0.000156
b.
6.3 x 10-2
2.1 x 10-10
=
6.3
2.1
x 10 β 2 β ( β 10)
= 3 x 108
= 300,000,000
Scientific Notation
122. Example L. Convert each numbers into scientific notation.
Calculate the result. Give the answer in both scientific
notation and the standard notation.
Scientific Notation
123. Example L. Convert each numbers into scientific notation.
Calculate the result. Give the answer in both scientific
notation and the standard notation.
240,000,000 x 0.0000025
0.00015
Scientific Notation
124. Example L. Convert each numbers into scientific notation.
Calculate the result. Give the answer in both scientific
notation and the standard notation.
240,000,000 x 0.0000025
=
0.00015
2.4 x 108
Scientific Notation
125. Example L. Convert each numbers into scientific notation.
Calculate the result. Give the answer in both scientific
notation and the standard notation.
240,000,000 x 0.0000025
=
0.00015
2.4 x 108 x 2.5 x 10β6
Scientific Notation
126. Example L. Convert each numbers into scientific notation.
Calculate the result. Give the answer in both scientific
notation and the standard notation.
240,000,000 x 0.0000025
=
0.00015
2.4 x 108 x 2.5 x 10β6
1.5 x 10β4
Scientific Notation
127. Example L. Convert each numbers into scientific notation.
Calculate the result. Give the answer in both scientific
notation and the standard notation.
240,000,000 x 0.0000025
=
0.00015
2.4 x 108 x 2.5 x 10β6
1.5 x 10β4
=
2.4 x 2.5 x 108 x 10β6
1.5 x 10β4
Scientific Notation
128. Example L. Convert each numbers into scientific notation.
Calculate the result. Give the answer in both scientific
notation and the standard notation.
240,000,000 x 0.0000025
=
0.00015
2.4 x 108 x 2.5 x 10β6
1.5 x 10β4
=
2.4 x 2.5
1.5
x 10 8 + (β6) β ( β 4)
=
2.4 x 2.5 x 108 x 10β6
1.5 x 10β4
Scientific Notation
129. Example L. Convert each numbers into scientific notation.
Calculate the result. Give the answer in both scientific
notation and the standard notation.
240,000,000 x 0.0000025
=
0.00015
2.4 x 108 x 2.5 x 10β6
1.5 x 10β4
=
2.4 x 2.5
1.5
x 10 8 + (β6) β ( β 4)
=
2.4 x 2.5 x 108 x 10β6
1.5 x 10β4
= 4 x 108 β 6 + 4
Scientific Notation
130. Example L. Convert each numbers into scientific notation.
Calculate the result. Give the answer in both scientific
notation and the standard notation.
240,000,000 x 0.0000025
=
0.00015
2.4 x 108 x 2.5 x 10β6
1.5 x 10β4
=
2.4 x 2.5
1.5
x 10 8 + (β6) β ( β 4)
=
2.4 x 2.5 x 108 x 10β6
1.5 x 10β4
= 4 x 108 β 6 + 4
= 4 x 106 = 4,000,000
Scientific Notation
131. Ex. A. Write the numbers without the negative exponents and
compute the answers.
1. 2β1 2. β2β2 3. 2β3 4. (β3)β2 5. 3β3
6. 5β2 7. 4β3 8. 1
2
( )
β3
9. 2
3
( )
β1
10. 3
2
( )
β2
11. 2β1* 3β2 12. 2β2+ 3β1 13. 2* 4β1β 50 * 3β1
14. 32 * 6β1β 6 * 2β3 15. 2β2* 3β1 + 80 * 2β1
Ex. B. Combine the exponents. Leave the answers in positive
exponentsβbut do not reciprocate the negative exponents until
the final step.
16. x3x5 17. xβ3x5 18. x3xβ5 19. xβ3xβ5
20. x4y2x3yβ4 21. yβ3xβ2 yβ4x4 22. 22xβ3xy2x32β5
23. 32yβ152β2x5y2xβ9 24. 42x252β3yβ34 xβ41yβ11
25. x2(x3)5 26. (xβ3)β5x β6 27. x4(x3yβ5) β3yβ8
Exponents
132. xβ8
xβ3
B. Combine the exponents. Leave the answers in positive
exponentsβbut do not reciprocate the negative exponents until
the final step.
28. x8
xβ329.
xβ8
x330. y6xβ8
xβ2y331.
x6xβ2yβ8
yβ3xβ5y232.
2β3x6yβ8
2β5yβ5x233.
3β2y2x4
2β3x3yβ234.
4β1(x3yβ2)β2
2β3(yβ5x2)β135.
6β2 y2(x4yβ3)β1
9β1(x3yβ2)β4y236.
C. Combine the exponents as much as possible.
38. 232x 39. 3x+23x 40. axβ3ax+5
41. (b2)x+1bβx+3 42. e3e2x+1eβx
43. e3e2x+1eβx
44. How would you make sense of 23 ?
2