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5 Factors 
Affecting LLS 
By: Nor Hanisah binti Abdulah 
A150339
1. Motivation 
Politzer and McGroarty (1985) indicated that the 
goal of the English language learning is a major topic in any 
discussion of language learning strategies. 
Oxford (1989) argued that learners learn target 
languages for different reasons and purposes and this could 
have an effect on their choice of learning strategies.
Oxford and Nyikos (1989) asserted that motivation 
had a “pervasive influence on the reported use of specific 
kinds of strategies…” . 
Nyikos and Oxford (1993) reporting on a study of 
university language learners in the USA who were taking a 
language as a requirement, reported that the students 
concentrating on obtaining good grades focused on formal.
2.Learning Styles 
Ehrman & Oxford (1990) Extroverts show a strong 
preference for social strategies; introverts use 
metacognitive strategies more frequently. 
Rossi-Le (1995) Learners who favour group study tend 
to use social and interactive strategies.
3.Gender 
Politzer (1983) examined ninety undergraduate foreign 
language learners, found a “relatively minor” difference 
between male and female learners with females making a 
greater use of social interaction strategies.
Oxford and Nyikos (1989) females reported more 
frequent strategy use than males of formal practice 
strategies, general study strategies and conversational input 
elicitation strategies. (e.g. asking to speak slowly, 
requesting pronunciation correction, and guessing what the 
speaker will say).
Tran’s (1988)Study of immigrant Vietnamese aged from 
40 to 92, in the USA revealed that males made greater use 
of strategies to learn and to improve their English language 
skills (e.g. taking English courses, practicing English with 
American friends and watching television or listening to the 
radio in English).
4.Proficiency Level 
Chen (1990) in a study on the relationship between 
communication strategies and and the proficiency level L2 
learner found that low- proficiency students employed 
more communication strategies than high-proficiency ones.
The results indicated that high-proficiency learners mainly 
employed linguistic-based communication strategies such 
as synonyms more frequently than low-proficiency 
learners. 
Cognitive and metacognitive strategies showed very high 
correlations with the proficiency level of the students and 
were used by high-proficiency learners. 
Compensation strategies, however , were shown to be 
favoured by both high- and low- proficiency.
5.Experience In Studying 
Opper, Teichler & Carlson (1990) Studying abroad 
(in Europe or the United States) contributed to language 
learning strategy choices.
Purdie and Oliver’s (1999) study showed that 
students who had been in Australia for a longer period of 
time (3 or less years and 4 or more) obtained significantly 
higher mean scores for Cognitive strategies and for Memory 
strategies. 
Rahimi et al. (2008)But, frequency of LLS used 
decreased across increasing time length of studying the 
language.
“To have another language is to possess a 
second soul.” 
(Charlemagne) 
Thank you for reading!

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5 Factors Affecting Language Learning Strategies

  • 1. 5 Factors Affecting LLS By: Nor Hanisah binti Abdulah A150339
  • 2. 1. Motivation Politzer and McGroarty (1985) indicated that the goal of the English language learning is a major topic in any discussion of language learning strategies. Oxford (1989) argued that learners learn target languages for different reasons and purposes and this could have an effect on their choice of learning strategies.
  • 3. Oxford and Nyikos (1989) asserted that motivation had a “pervasive influence on the reported use of specific kinds of strategies…” . Nyikos and Oxford (1993) reporting on a study of university language learners in the USA who were taking a language as a requirement, reported that the students concentrating on obtaining good grades focused on formal.
  • 4. 2.Learning Styles Ehrman & Oxford (1990) Extroverts show a strong preference for social strategies; introverts use metacognitive strategies more frequently. Rossi-Le (1995) Learners who favour group study tend to use social and interactive strategies.
  • 5. 3.Gender Politzer (1983) examined ninety undergraduate foreign language learners, found a “relatively minor” difference between male and female learners with females making a greater use of social interaction strategies.
  • 6. Oxford and Nyikos (1989) females reported more frequent strategy use than males of formal practice strategies, general study strategies and conversational input elicitation strategies. (e.g. asking to speak slowly, requesting pronunciation correction, and guessing what the speaker will say).
  • 7. Tran’s (1988)Study of immigrant Vietnamese aged from 40 to 92, in the USA revealed that males made greater use of strategies to learn and to improve their English language skills (e.g. taking English courses, practicing English with American friends and watching television or listening to the radio in English).
  • 8. 4.Proficiency Level Chen (1990) in a study on the relationship between communication strategies and and the proficiency level L2 learner found that low- proficiency students employed more communication strategies than high-proficiency ones.
  • 9. The results indicated that high-proficiency learners mainly employed linguistic-based communication strategies such as synonyms more frequently than low-proficiency learners. Cognitive and metacognitive strategies showed very high correlations with the proficiency level of the students and were used by high-proficiency learners. Compensation strategies, however , were shown to be favoured by both high- and low- proficiency.
  • 10. 5.Experience In Studying Opper, Teichler & Carlson (1990) Studying abroad (in Europe or the United States) contributed to language learning strategy choices.
  • 11. Purdie and Oliver’s (1999) study showed that students who had been in Australia for a longer period of time (3 or less years and 4 or more) obtained significantly higher mean scores for Cognitive strategies and for Memory strategies. Rahimi et al. (2008)But, frequency of LLS used decreased across increasing time length of studying the language.
  • 12. “To have another language is to possess a second soul.” (Charlemagne) Thank you for reading!