This document discusses language learner strategies and motivation in language learning. It divides motivation into integrative motivation, where learners want to engage with the language community, and instrumental motivation, where learning is a means to an end. Research shows that female language learners tend to use strategies more frequently than males. The type and amount of strategies used can also depend on factors like the target language being studied, length of study, culture, and ethnicity. Long-term learners and those studying less common languages tend to employ more strategies.

1. GGGV1244 – LEARNER STRATEGIES
Iqbal Syahmi bin Sabin (A150590)

2.  Efforts done by a language learner in learning
their target language by their own will and
needs in learning it. (Ellis 1994)
 Gardner and Lambert (1972) divides
motivation in language learning into two
categories :
o Integrative motivation
o Instrumental motivation

3. Integrative
motivation
Instrumental
motivation
Motivation of a
language learner in order
to indulge in the
community of the target
language.
Driven by self interest
of the language learner
of the elements in the
target language.
Motivation of a
language learner in order
to achieve certain goals
other than integrative
goals.
Learning the language,
mainly for the
application of the target
language.

4.  There are a lot of research that shows female
language learners uses a lot more language
learning strategies, and more frequently do so than
male language learners (Ehrman & Oxford 1989;
Green & Oxford 1995; Politzer 1983).
 While some researchers state that there are no
significant differences between the usage of
language learning strategies between male
language learner and female ones (Chang 1990;
Chou 2002).

5.  There are also others that state that male
language learners uses a lot of some of the
language learning strategies (Oxford 1994;
Wharton 2000).

6.  Language learners who has been studying for a
longer time span uses different language
learning strategies than new language learners.
 Ehrman’s research on teachers and students in
the US Foreign Service Institute found out that
senior language learners uses a lot more
language learning strategies than those who
has lesser studying span than them or junior
language learners.

7.  Language learners uses different kinds of
strategies in order to tackle their learning of
their target language.
 For example, language learners that is learning
Russian uses a lot more strategies than those
who are learning Spanish (Chamot et al. 1987)

8.  Language learners who are learning Japanese
favours the usage of observation strategies than
those who are learning English and Spanish,
due to the difference of the language on their
system of orthography.

9.  Culture and ethnic is considered as a variable
that may affect the usage of language learning
strategies (Griffiths 2003; Macaro 2001)
 One’s native country and ethnic is reported to
affect the level of difficulty on carrying out a
new language learning strategy.
 Most learners from Asia uses memory
strategies than any other strategies (Oxford
1994)