This document contains MATLAB code for numerical methods and curve fitting techniques. It includes code for root finding methods like bisection and Newton Raphson, solving systems of linear equations using Gaussian elimination and Gauss-Seidel methods, and curve fitting linear, quadratic, and power equations to data. The code is accompanied by explanations and is from Dr. D.P. Bhaskar of Sanjivani College of Engineering, Kopargaon.
Unit: Curve-Fitting
Introduction: The document discusses using the least squares method to fit curves to data points by finding polynomial functions that minimize the errors between the fitted curve and data points.
It provides examples of fitting first degree (linear) and second degree (parabolic) polynomial curves to data sets. For linear curves, it shows calculating the constants c0 and c1 using sums and determinants to find the best fit line Y=c0+c1X. For parabolic curves, it similarly calculates constants c0, c1, and c2 to find the best fit quadratic curve Y=c0+c1X+c2X^2.
It also provides a worked example
This document discusses numerical methods for solving engineering problems. It introduces numerical methods as ways to find approximate solutions to complex problems that cannot be solved analytically. Bisection and Newton-Raphson methods are described for finding roots of equations. Examples are provided to demonstrate applying the bisection method to find roots of polynomial and transcendental equations. The Newton-Raphson method is also demonstrated for finding roots. Flowcharts and MATLAB programs for implementing the methods are included.
This document discusses the design of internal combustion engine components. It describes the key components that need to be designed, including the cylinder and liner, piston, piston rings, connecting rod, and crankshaft. For each component, the document outlines design considerations and stresses that must be addressed. It provides information on material selection and stresses on thin-walled cylinders. The piston, piston rings, connecting rod, and their interactions are examined in detail.
1) Optimum design involves selecting design parameters like geometrical, material, and functional parameters to satisfy functional requirements while maximizing desirable effects and minimizing undesirable effects.
2) Adequate design satisfies functional requirements, while optimum design further improves the design by increasing desirable parameters and reducing undesirable ones.
3) Optimization equations are formed relating functional requirements, material parameters, and geometrical parameters to optimize aspects like increasing load capacity or reducing cost.
Pressure vessels are designed to safely operate at specific pressures and temperatures. They consist of a cylindrical shell and elliptical or hemispherical heads and are used in applications like reactors, heat exchangers, and storage tanks. Pressure vessels are categorized based on whether they are fired or unfired. Unfired pressure vessels include tanks for storing gases and liquids and are designed according to codes like IS 2825-1969, which specifies design procedures and allows for different material stresses and corrosion allowances depending on the vessel's class. Key considerations in pressure vessel design include operating conditions, materials, dimensions, openings, and supports.
1) The document discusses stresses in thin and thick cylinders, including circumferential (hoop), longitudinal, and radial stresses. It also covers principal stresses.
2) Formulas are provided for calculating wall thickness based on tangential stress in thin cylinders, and Lame's equation is introduced for thick cylinders.
3) Additional concepts covered include stresses in spherical vessels, pre-stressing techniques like autofrettage to increase pressure capacity, and stresses in cylinders under external pressure or combined internal and shrink pressures.
This document discusses material handling systems and belt conveyors. It describes how material handling systems are used to move materials through manufacturing, distribution, consumption, and disposal processes. Belt conveyors are introduced as a type of conveying equipment that uses continuous belts to transport products horizontally or at an incline. The document outlines various components of belt conveyors including load and discharge methods, belt tension systems, belt specifications, and factors that determine belt capacity such as material properties and conveyor speed. Equations for calculating resisting forces on the conveyor belt from the load and various friction sources are also presented.
This document contains MATLAB code for numerical methods and curve fitting techniques. It includes code for root finding methods like bisection and Newton Raphson, solving systems of linear equations using Gaussian elimination and Gauss-Seidel methods, and curve fitting linear, quadratic, and power equations to data. The code is accompanied by explanations and is from Dr. D.P. Bhaskar of Sanjivani College of Engineering, Kopargaon.
Unit: Curve-Fitting
Introduction: The document discusses using the least squares method to fit curves to data points by finding polynomial functions that minimize the errors between the fitted curve and data points.
It provides examples of fitting first degree (linear) and second degree (parabolic) polynomial curves to data sets. For linear curves, it shows calculating the constants c0 and c1 using sums and determinants to find the best fit line Y=c0+c1X. For parabolic curves, it similarly calculates constants c0, c1, and c2 to find the best fit quadratic curve Y=c0+c1X+c2X^2.
It also provides a worked example
This document discusses numerical methods for solving engineering problems. It introduces numerical methods as ways to find approximate solutions to complex problems that cannot be solved analytically. Bisection and Newton-Raphson methods are described for finding roots of equations. Examples are provided to demonstrate applying the bisection method to find roots of polynomial and transcendental equations. The Newton-Raphson method is also demonstrated for finding roots. Flowcharts and MATLAB programs for implementing the methods are included.
This document discusses the design of internal combustion engine components. It describes the key components that need to be designed, including the cylinder and liner, piston, piston rings, connecting rod, and crankshaft. For each component, the document outlines design considerations and stresses that must be addressed. It provides information on material selection and stresses on thin-walled cylinders. The piston, piston rings, connecting rod, and their interactions are examined in detail.
1) Optimum design involves selecting design parameters like geometrical, material, and functional parameters to satisfy functional requirements while maximizing desirable effects and minimizing undesirable effects.
2) Adequate design satisfies functional requirements, while optimum design further improves the design by increasing desirable parameters and reducing undesirable ones.
3) Optimization equations are formed relating functional requirements, material parameters, and geometrical parameters to optimize aspects like increasing load capacity or reducing cost.
Pressure vessels are designed to safely operate at specific pressures and temperatures. They consist of a cylindrical shell and elliptical or hemispherical heads and are used in applications like reactors, heat exchangers, and storage tanks. Pressure vessels are categorized based on whether they are fired or unfired. Unfired pressure vessels include tanks for storing gases and liquids and are designed according to codes like IS 2825-1969, which specifies design procedures and allows for different material stresses and corrosion allowances depending on the vessel's class. Key considerations in pressure vessel design include operating conditions, materials, dimensions, openings, and supports.
1) The document discusses stresses in thin and thick cylinders, including circumferential (hoop), longitudinal, and radial stresses. It also covers principal stresses.
2) Formulas are provided for calculating wall thickness based on tangential stress in thin cylinders, and Lame's equation is introduced for thick cylinders.
3) Additional concepts covered include stresses in spherical vessels, pre-stressing techniques like autofrettage to increase pressure capacity, and stresses in cylinders under external pressure or combined internal and shrink pressures.
This document discusses material handling systems and belt conveyors. It describes how material handling systems are used to move materials through manufacturing, distribution, consumption, and disposal processes. Belt conveyors are introduced as a type of conveying equipment that uses continuous belts to transport products horizontally or at an incline. The document outlines various components of belt conveyors including load and discharge methods, belt tension systems, belt specifications, and factors that determine belt capacity such as material properties and conveyor speed. Equations for calculating resisting forces on the conveyor belt from the load and various friction sources are also presented.
The document discusses statistical techniques used to analyze data through frequency distributions and measures of central tendency. It provides information on how raw data is organized into class intervals and represented graphically using histograms, frequency polygons, and calculations of mean, median, and mode. Standard deviation is introduced as a measure of how concentrated data are around the mean. Examples are given on calculating mean, variance, and standard deviation for both raw data and grouped frequency distributions. The normal distribution is also described along with how it can be used to calculate probabilities based on areas under the standard normal curve.
The document discusses multi-speed gearboxes used on machine tools. It explains that gearboxes provide multiple spindle speeds from a single motor speed to accommodate different workpiece materials, dimensions, feeds and cutting tools. Gearbox speed ratios can be achieved through arithmetic, geometric or harmonic progressions. Geometric progression is preferred as it provides a more optimum distribution of speeds compared to arithmetic progression. The document outlines various gearbox design considerations like structural formulas, ray diagrams, gearing layouts and speed deviation analysis. It provides examples to calculate number of teeth for gears, speeds at different stages and optimal gearbox design for given speed ratios.
This document discusses various topics in computer graphics including transformations, homogeneous representation, concatenation of transformations, projections, and mapping of geometric models between model and user coordinate systems. It provides examples of translation, rotation, scaling, and reflection transformations. It also covers 3D transformations and the orthographic and isometric projections of geometric models.
The document discusses multi-speed gearboxes used in machine tools. It explains that gearboxes provide multiple spindle speeds from a single motor speed to accommodate different feeds, workpiece materials and dimensions, and cutting tool materials. It then describes arithmetic, geometric and harmonic progressions used to calculate speed steps and ensures optimal distribution of speeds. Various terms related to gearbox design such as structural formula, ray diagram, speed chart and gearing diagram are also defined.