Grinding is a finishing process that involves removing small amounts of material from the workpiece through mechanical abrasion. The grinding wheel, composed of abrasive grains bonded together, is rotated at high speeds and brought into contact with the workpiece to remove fine chips of material. Grinding provides improved surface finish and dimensional accuracy compared to other machining processes due to the small material removal and high wheel speeds involved.
Grinding is an abrasive machining process that uses a rotating abrasive wheel to remove material from a workpiece through its cutting action. It can achieve very high accuracies and fine surface finishes. There are two main types - precision grinding for accurate dimensions and surface grinding, and non-precision grinding for roughing operations. The grinding wheel consists of abrasive grains bonded together using a bonding material and is precisely balanced for high-speed rotation. Process parameters like abrasive type, grain size, bonding material and wheel grade are selected based on the material and precision requirements.
Grinding is a material removal process that uses an abrasive grinding wheel rotating at high speeds to remove small chips of material. The grinding wheel consists of abrasive particles held together by a bond. Material is removed as the workpiece is fed against the rotating grinding wheel. Grinding can produce very smooth surfaces and is used for tasks like finishing, deburring, sharpening tools, and removing precise amounts of stock.
The document discusses the basics of grinding, including:
1) Grinding is used to shape and finish metal components to a higher precision than other processes like turning or milling.
2) Grinding wheels are composed of abrasive grains held in a binder that act as cutting tools to remove small chips of material.
3) The main types of grinding are cylindrical, internal, centerless, and surface grinding which produce different surface features.
The document discusses specifications for grinding wheels, including the type of abrasive material, abrasive grain size, wheel hardness, wheel structure, and bond material. It provides details on grit size numbering and describes parameters like grain size, grade, and structure. Grit size affects material removal rate and surface finish. Grade refers to abrasive hardness. Structure relates to spacing between grains and is open for high material removal or dense for precision work. Wheels can be reconditioned through dressing to expose sharp grains and truing to restore wheel geometry.
This document discusses different types of grinding machines and grinding processes. It begins with an introduction to grinding and then covers:
1. The principle of grinding involves abrasive particles on a rotating wheel removing material from the workpiece.
2. Types of grinding include rough and precision grinding. Classification of grinding machines includes bench, surface, cylindrical, centerless, internal, and special purpose grinding machines.
3. The various elements of a grinding wheel such as abrasives, bonds, and structure are described. Wheel shapes, coding systems, and methods for dressing grinding wheels are also outlined.
This document discusses abrasive machining processes like grinding. It covers the types of grinding wheels, their specifications and selection criteria. It describes different grinding processes like cylindrical grinding, surface grinding, and centreless grinding. It also discusses broaching machines and broaching processes. The key points are:
- Grinding involves removing material with abrasive particles in a grinding wheel. Wheel specifications include abrasive material, grain size, bond type, grade, and structure.
- Types of grinding include cylindrical grinding, surface grinding, centreless grinding, and internal grinding. Precision grinders are used for these processes.
- Broaching involves removing metal with a row of progressively higher teeth on a broaching tool. It
Grinding is an abrasive machining process that uses a rotating abrasive wheel to remove material from a workpiece through its cutting action. It can achieve very high accuracies and fine surface finishes. There are two main types - precision grinding for accurate dimensions and surface grinding, and non-precision grinding for roughing operations. The grinding wheel consists of abrasive grains bonded together using a bonding material and is precisely balanced for high-speed rotation. Process parameters like abrasive type, grain size, bonding material and wheel grade are selected based on the material and precision requirements.
Grinding is a material removal process that uses an abrasive grinding wheel rotating at high speeds to remove small chips of material. The grinding wheel consists of abrasive particles held together by a bond. Material is removed as the workpiece is fed against the rotating grinding wheel. Grinding can produce very smooth surfaces and is used for tasks like finishing, deburring, sharpening tools, and removing precise amounts of stock.
The document discusses the basics of grinding, including:
1) Grinding is used to shape and finish metal components to a higher precision than other processes like turning or milling.
2) Grinding wheels are composed of abrasive grains held in a binder that act as cutting tools to remove small chips of material.
3) The main types of grinding are cylindrical, internal, centerless, and surface grinding which produce different surface features.
The document discusses specifications for grinding wheels, including the type of abrasive material, abrasive grain size, wheel hardness, wheel structure, and bond material. It provides details on grit size numbering and describes parameters like grain size, grade, and structure. Grit size affects material removal rate and surface finish. Grade refers to abrasive hardness. Structure relates to spacing between grains and is open for high material removal or dense for precision work. Wheels can be reconditioned through dressing to expose sharp grains and truing to restore wheel geometry.
This document discusses different types of grinding machines and grinding processes. It begins with an introduction to grinding and then covers:
1. The principle of grinding involves abrasive particles on a rotating wheel removing material from the workpiece.
2. Types of grinding include rough and precision grinding. Classification of grinding machines includes bench, surface, cylindrical, centerless, internal, and special purpose grinding machines.
3. The various elements of a grinding wheel such as abrasives, bonds, and structure are described. Wheel shapes, coding systems, and methods for dressing grinding wheels are also outlined.
This document discusses abrasive machining processes like grinding. It covers the types of grinding wheels, their specifications and selection criteria. It describes different grinding processes like cylindrical grinding, surface grinding, and centreless grinding. It also discusses broaching machines and broaching processes. The key points are:
- Grinding involves removing material with abrasive particles in a grinding wheel. Wheel specifications include abrasive material, grain size, bond type, grade, and structure.
- Types of grinding include cylindrical grinding, surface grinding, centreless grinding, and internal grinding. Precision grinders are used for these processes.
- Broaching involves removing metal with a row of progressively higher teeth on a broaching tool. It
The document discusses various aspects of grinding, including:
1. Grinding is a material removal and surface finishing process that provides much higher precision than other machining processes like turning or milling.
2. The key advantages of grinding include high dimensional accuracy, good surface finish, form and location accuracy. It can be used on both hardened and unhardened materials for tasks like finishing, deburring, and tool sharpening.
3. The document outlines different types of grinding like surface grinding, cylindrical grinding, centerless grinding and discusses abrasives, bonding, structures and grades of grinding wheels.
M.P- II-UNIT IV - ABRASIVE PROCESSES AND GEAR CUTTING.pptxMohanumar S
The document discusses various abrasive processes and gear cutting. It describes different types of grinding processes like cylindrical grinding and surface grinding. It covers the selection and specifications of grinding wheels including abrasive materials, grain size, bonding materials, and wheel structures. Different grinding machines are also outlined, such as floor stand grinders, bench grinders, cylindrical grinders, and surface grinders. Key factors in selecting a grinding wheel like the material being machined and removal rate are also summarized.
The document discusses abrasive machining processes. It describes how abrasive machining uses small cutting edges on abrasive particles to remove material. Common abrasives include natural materials like sand and man-made materials like silicon carbide and aluminum oxide. Parts that can be machined include hard metals and parts requiring close tolerances. Grinding is one process that uses bonded abrasive wheels to cut materials. Precise tolerances of +/- 0.0001" can be achieved through grinding.
This document discusses different types of grinding machines and grinding processes. It describes rough and precision grinders, including cylindrical, internal, surface, and special grinders. The document also covers abrasives like aluminum oxide and silicon carbide, bonds for grinding wheels, wheel markings, specifications, selection factors, mounting, dressing, truing, balancing, and diamond wheels.
The document discusses abrasive machining processes, specifically grinding. It describes how grinding uses abrasive wheels to smoothly finish surfaces and achieve high accuracy. Grinding involves removing small amounts of material using abrasive grains. Proper wheel selection depends on factors like the material, stock removal needs, required finish, and machine. There are different types of grinding like cylindrical, surface, and form grinding that produce various surface geometries and levels of precision.
This document discusses grinding and grinding machines. It begins by defining grinding as a process of removing material using an abrasive wheel. It then describes the components of a grinding wheel, including the abrasive, bond, grit size, and grade. It discusses different types of abrasives, bonds, and grinding machines for rough and precision grinding. It covers topics like dressing, truing, wheel selection, and defects in grinding like glazing and loading. Overall, the document provides an overview of grinding wheels, bonds, grit sizes, defects and remedies, and common grinding machine types.
The document discusses various grinding and super finishing processes. It describes grinding as a machining process that uses abrasive particles to remove material from a workpiece. It discusses different types of grinding wheels, bonding materials, grit sizes, and selection criteria. It also describes dressing, truing, and defects in grinding like glazing. The document then discusses super finishing and honing processes that are used to produce very fine surface finishes. It compares lapping and honing processes.
Machine tool iii grinding superfinishing limit fit tolerance & surface f...iukashyap
This document provides an overview of grinding and superfinishing processes. It discusses grinding wheels, their components like abrasives, bonds and specifications. It describes grinding wheel wear mechanisms and different types of grinding machines. Centerless grinding advantages are outlined. Honing, lapping and polishing are introduced as superfinishing processes to achieve very high surface finishes for critical machine components.
Grinding is a metal removal process that uses an abrasive wheel to shape and size a workpiece. There are different types of grinding including surface grinding, cylindrical grinding, and electrochemical grinding. The grinding wheel consists of abrasive particles bonded together and comes in various shapes and sizes. Factors like abrasive type, grain size, grade, structure, and bond affect the wheel's properties. Grinding finishes the surface and changes the workpiece's mechanical, physical, and chemical properties.
Special Machines Unit 4: Abrasive process & non-conventional machining processARAVIND U
This document provides information on grinding processes. It discusses the different types of grinding including rough grinding, cylindrical grinding, surface grinding, and form grinding. The key components of grinding wheels such as abrasives, bonds, grit, grade, structure, and wheel shapes are explained. Factors for selecting the appropriate grinding wheel for a given material and operation are outlined. Common grinding machines for rough and precision grinding like pedestal grinders and cylindrical grinders are described. The document also covers grinding wheel conditioning techniques like dressing and truing.
The document discusses the grinding process, including its purposes of achieving a high surface finish and machining hard materials. It describes how grinding uses abrasive wheels to remove material. The document outlines different types of abrasives and bonds used in wheels and categories of grinding machines like cylindrical, surface, and centerless grinding. It discusses wheel wear and factors like attritious wear and grain fracture that impact wheel performance over time.
The document provides information on various surface finishing processes used in manufacturing. It discusses grinding processes such as cylindrical grinding and centerless grinding. It also covers other finishing techniques like lapping, honing, polishing and super finishing. Key details include the mechanisms of material removal, types of abrasives used, and process parameters that affect surface finish for each technique.
The presentation provides an insight to the topic of grinding machines and abrasives. It introduces the topic in an easy and lucid way so that the viewers can easily grasp the concepts.
The document provides an overview of abrasive machining and grinding processes. It discusses abrasive materials, grinding wheel components and identification, operational parameters, grinding machine types, and specific grinding operations like surface grinding, cylindrical grinding, and centerless grinding. Key points covered include the use of bonded and free abrasives, grit size and geometry, wheel grades and structures, grinding parameters, and the advantages and disadvantages of centerless grinding.
The document describes the manufacturing processes used to produce key engine components. Engine blocks are typically made of cast aluminum alloys using a casting process. Pistons are commonly forged from aluminum alloys and undergo machining like cutting, drilling, and milling. Crankshafts are usually made from steel alloys using casting and machining processes like turning, drilling, and grinding. Gears are manufactured through gear forming methods like milling and broaching or gear generation processes like hobbing and shaping.
This document provides an overview of grinding processes and technologies. It defines grinding as a material removal process that uses abrasive particles contained in a bonded grinding wheel operating at high speeds. Key points covered include the geometry and cutting conditions of grinding, factors that influence wheel wear and surface finish, different grinding wheel components and their properties, and various grinding operations like surface grinding, cylindrical grinding, and centerless grinding.
The document discusses different types of grinding machines and their processes. It describes grinding as an abrasive machining process that uses a revolving wheel to cut hard materials. There are different types of grinding machines based on the geometry of the workpiece, such as surface grinding for flat surfaces, cylindrical grinding for external cylindrical surfaces, and centerless grinding which does not use centers or fixtures to hold the workpiece. The document provides details on grinding wheels, abrasives, and factors to consider for selecting the appropriate grinding wheel for different materials and processes.
This document discusses different types and properties of grinding wheels. It describes 10 types of grinding wheels based on their shape and intended use. It also covers the Indian Standard coding system used for grinding wheels which includes 6 symbols to indicate characteristics like abrasive type, grain size, grade, structure and bond. Different abrasive materials, bonds, grain sizes, grades and structures are defined. Guidelines for selecting the appropriate grinding wheel for different metals and operations are provided. Glazing and loading effects on wheels are described along with their causes and remedies. Steps for properly mounting grinding wheels are outlined.
The document discusses the selection and specification of grinding wheels. It covers the types of abrasives like aluminum oxide, silicon carbide, diamond, and cBN and their characteristics and applications. It also discusses factors like grit size, grade or hardness of the wheel, structure or concentration, and type of bond that need to be considered when selecting a grinding wheel based on the material and grinding conditions. The key parameters that determine the wheel selection are the properties of the workpiece material, the type of grinding operation, and the desired material removal rate and surface finish.
1) Boilers are closed vessels that convert water into steam using heat from fuel combustion. They are classified based on tube orientation (fire tube or water tube), furnace location, water circulation, and axis/use.
2) Key boiler components include mountings like pressure gauges, safety valves, and water indicators, as well as accessories like economizers, air preheaters, and superheaters.
3) Fire tube boilers have flue gases passing through tubes surrounded by water, while water tube boilers have water circulating inside tubes surrounded by hot gases. Water tube boilers have higher efficiency.
Milling is a machining process that uses a rotary cutter to remove material from a workpiece by advancing it into the cutter's teeth. Milling cutters can have single or multiple teeth. There are two main types of milling: up milling and down milling. Up milling involves feeding the workpiece against the cutter's rotation and is used for roughing operations, while down milling feeds in the same direction as rotation and is preferred for finishing cuts. Milling machines come in various types but generally include a base, worktable, saddle, knee, spindle, and column. The document then discusses various milling operations and cutter types.
The document discusses various aspects of grinding, including:
1. Grinding is a material removal and surface finishing process that provides much higher precision than other machining processes like turning or milling.
2. The key advantages of grinding include high dimensional accuracy, good surface finish, form and location accuracy. It can be used on both hardened and unhardened materials for tasks like finishing, deburring, and tool sharpening.
3. The document outlines different types of grinding like surface grinding, cylindrical grinding, centerless grinding and discusses abrasives, bonding, structures and grades of grinding wheels.
M.P- II-UNIT IV - ABRASIVE PROCESSES AND GEAR CUTTING.pptxMohanumar S
The document discusses various abrasive processes and gear cutting. It describes different types of grinding processes like cylindrical grinding and surface grinding. It covers the selection and specifications of grinding wheels including abrasive materials, grain size, bonding materials, and wheel structures. Different grinding machines are also outlined, such as floor stand grinders, bench grinders, cylindrical grinders, and surface grinders. Key factors in selecting a grinding wheel like the material being machined and removal rate are also summarized.
The document discusses abrasive machining processes. It describes how abrasive machining uses small cutting edges on abrasive particles to remove material. Common abrasives include natural materials like sand and man-made materials like silicon carbide and aluminum oxide. Parts that can be machined include hard metals and parts requiring close tolerances. Grinding is one process that uses bonded abrasive wheels to cut materials. Precise tolerances of +/- 0.0001" can be achieved through grinding.
This document discusses different types of grinding machines and grinding processes. It describes rough and precision grinders, including cylindrical, internal, surface, and special grinders. The document also covers abrasives like aluminum oxide and silicon carbide, bonds for grinding wheels, wheel markings, specifications, selection factors, mounting, dressing, truing, balancing, and diamond wheels.
The document discusses abrasive machining processes, specifically grinding. It describes how grinding uses abrasive wheels to smoothly finish surfaces and achieve high accuracy. Grinding involves removing small amounts of material using abrasive grains. Proper wheel selection depends on factors like the material, stock removal needs, required finish, and machine. There are different types of grinding like cylindrical, surface, and form grinding that produce various surface geometries and levels of precision.
This document discusses grinding and grinding machines. It begins by defining grinding as a process of removing material using an abrasive wheel. It then describes the components of a grinding wheel, including the abrasive, bond, grit size, and grade. It discusses different types of abrasives, bonds, and grinding machines for rough and precision grinding. It covers topics like dressing, truing, wheel selection, and defects in grinding like glazing and loading. Overall, the document provides an overview of grinding wheels, bonds, grit sizes, defects and remedies, and common grinding machine types.
The document discusses various grinding and super finishing processes. It describes grinding as a machining process that uses abrasive particles to remove material from a workpiece. It discusses different types of grinding wheels, bonding materials, grit sizes, and selection criteria. It also describes dressing, truing, and defects in grinding like glazing. The document then discusses super finishing and honing processes that are used to produce very fine surface finishes. It compares lapping and honing processes.
Machine tool iii grinding superfinishing limit fit tolerance & surface f...iukashyap
This document provides an overview of grinding and superfinishing processes. It discusses grinding wheels, their components like abrasives, bonds and specifications. It describes grinding wheel wear mechanisms and different types of grinding machines. Centerless grinding advantages are outlined. Honing, lapping and polishing are introduced as superfinishing processes to achieve very high surface finishes for critical machine components.
Grinding is a metal removal process that uses an abrasive wheel to shape and size a workpiece. There are different types of grinding including surface grinding, cylindrical grinding, and electrochemical grinding. The grinding wheel consists of abrasive particles bonded together and comes in various shapes and sizes. Factors like abrasive type, grain size, grade, structure, and bond affect the wheel's properties. Grinding finishes the surface and changes the workpiece's mechanical, physical, and chemical properties.
Special Machines Unit 4: Abrasive process & non-conventional machining processARAVIND U
This document provides information on grinding processes. It discusses the different types of grinding including rough grinding, cylindrical grinding, surface grinding, and form grinding. The key components of grinding wheels such as abrasives, bonds, grit, grade, structure, and wheel shapes are explained. Factors for selecting the appropriate grinding wheel for a given material and operation are outlined. Common grinding machines for rough and precision grinding like pedestal grinders and cylindrical grinders are described. The document also covers grinding wheel conditioning techniques like dressing and truing.
The document discusses the grinding process, including its purposes of achieving a high surface finish and machining hard materials. It describes how grinding uses abrasive wheels to remove material. The document outlines different types of abrasives and bonds used in wheels and categories of grinding machines like cylindrical, surface, and centerless grinding. It discusses wheel wear and factors like attritious wear and grain fracture that impact wheel performance over time.
The document provides information on various surface finishing processes used in manufacturing. It discusses grinding processes such as cylindrical grinding and centerless grinding. It also covers other finishing techniques like lapping, honing, polishing and super finishing. Key details include the mechanisms of material removal, types of abrasives used, and process parameters that affect surface finish for each technique.
The presentation provides an insight to the topic of grinding machines and abrasives. It introduces the topic in an easy and lucid way so that the viewers can easily grasp the concepts.
The document provides an overview of abrasive machining and grinding processes. It discusses abrasive materials, grinding wheel components and identification, operational parameters, grinding machine types, and specific grinding operations like surface grinding, cylindrical grinding, and centerless grinding. Key points covered include the use of bonded and free abrasives, grit size and geometry, wheel grades and structures, grinding parameters, and the advantages and disadvantages of centerless grinding.
The document describes the manufacturing processes used to produce key engine components. Engine blocks are typically made of cast aluminum alloys using a casting process. Pistons are commonly forged from aluminum alloys and undergo machining like cutting, drilling, and milling. Crankshafts are usually made from steel alloys using casting and machining processes like turning, drilling, and grinding. Gears are manufactured through gear forming methods like milling and broaching or gear generation processes like hobbing and shaping.
This document provides an overview of grinding processes and technologies. It defines grinding as a material removal process that uses abrasive particles contained in a bonded grinding wheel operating at high speeds. Key points covered include the geometry and cutting conditions of grinding, factors that influence wheel wear and surface finish, different grinding wheel components and their properties, and various grinding operations like surface grinding, cylindrical grinding, and centerless grinding.
The document discusses different types of grinding machines and their processes. It describes grinding as an abrasive machining process that uses a revolving wheel to cut hard materials. There are different types of grinding machines based on the geometry of the workpiece, such as surface grinding for flat surfaces, cylindrical grinding for external cylindrical surfaces, and centerless grinding which does not use centers or fixtures to hold the workpiece. The document provides details on grinding wheels, abrasives, and factors to consider for selecting the appropriate grinding wheel for different materials and processes.
This document discusses different types and properties of grinding wheels. It describes 10 types of grinding wheels based on their shape and intended use. It also covers the Indian Standard coding system used for grinding wheels which includes 6 symbols to indicate characteristics like abrasive type, grain size, grade, structure and bond. Different abrasive materials, bonds, grain sizes, grades and structures are defined. Guidelines for selecting the appropriate grinding wheel for different metals and operations are provided. Glazing and loading effects on wheels are described along with their causes and remedies. Steps for properly mounting grinding wheels are outlined.
The document discusses the selection and specification of grinding wheels. It covers the types of abrasives like aluminum oxide, silicon carbide, diamond, and cBN and their characteristics and applications. It also discusses factors like grit size, grade or hardness of the wheel, structure or concentration, and type of bond that need to be considered when selecting a grinding wheel based on the material and grinding conditions. The key parameters that determine the wheel selection are the properties of the workpiece material, the type of grinding operation, and the desired material removal rate and surface finish.
1) Boilers are closed vessels that convert water into steam using heat from fuel combustion. They are classified based on tube orientation (fire tube or water tube), furnace location, water circulation, and axis/use.
2) Key boiler components include mountings like pressure gauges, safety valves, and water indicators, as well as accessories like economizers, air preheaters, and superheaters.
3) Fire tube boilers have flue gases passing through tubes surrounded by water, while water tube boilers have water circulating inside tubes surrounded by hot gases. Water tube boilers have higher efficiency.
Milling is a machining process that uses a rotary cutter to remove material from a workpiece by advancing it into the cutter's teeth. Milling cutters can have single or multiple teeth. There are two main types of milling: up milling and down milling. Up milling involves feeding the workpiece against the cutter's rotation and is used for roughing operations, while down milling feeds in the same direction as rotation and is preferred for finishing cuts. Milling machines come in various types but generally include a base, worktable, saddle, knee, spindle, and column. The document then discusses various milling operations and cutter types.
This document discusses grinding machines and their operation. It describes how grinding machines are used to remove material and achieve high precision dimensions and surface finishes. The key types are surface, cylindrical, and internal grinding machines. It details the components of grinding wheels including abrasives, bonds, and specifications. The principles of various grinding processes are explained including center and centerless grinding.
The document discusses various machine tools used in machining operations, including lathes, turret lathes, shapers, and planers. It provides details on their operation, components, types, and applications. Turret lathes can perform multiple operations like turning, boring, drilling and threading using a hexagonal turret head that holds multiple tools. Shapers use a reciprocating ram and single-point cutting tool to produce flat surfaces, while planers have a stationary cutting tool and reciprocating worktable to remove excess material from heavy workpieces.
The document discusses cutting tool technology, including tool life, materials, geometry, and failure modes. It describes how tool life is influenced by cutting speed and material. The preferred failure mode is gradual wear. Common tool materials include high-speed steel, cemented carbides, cermets, ceramics, and coatings. Tool geometry includes rake angle, clearance angle, and different insert shapes. Twist drills are discussed as a common multi-edged tool.
The document describes various methods for indexing workpieces using a dividing head on a milling machine. It discusses direct indexing using slots or holes to divide the workpiece circumference into equal parts. Simple indexing uses a worm gear and index plate to rotate the workpiece a calculated fraction of a turn. Angular indexing calculates divisions based on angular distance rather than number of divisions. Differential indexing is used when simple indexing holes are not divisible, using idler gears to rotate the index plate forward or backward a small amount along with crank rotations.
The document discusses broaching and finishing processes. Broaching is described as a machining process that can produce high surface finish, accuracy and is suitable for mass production. Horizontal, vertical and continuous broaching machines are discussed. Finishing processes like lapping and honing are then covered. Lapping involves abrasive particles to produce extreme dimensional accuracy. Honing uses an abrasive stone that rotates and strokes to produce round, crosshatched bores with good surface finish. Advantages and limitations of broaching, lapping and honing are provided.
This document discusses various non-traditional machining (NTM) processes, including their need, classification, parameters, advantages, limitations, and applications. It covers mechanical processes like ultrasonic machining, abrasive jet machining, and water jet machining. It also discusses chemical/electrochemical processes like electrochemical machining, thermal/electrothermal processes like laser beam machining and plasma arc machining, and electrical discharge machining. Each process is explained along with diagrams and tables of parameters for different materials.
The document discusses cutting tool materials and their properties. It covers the types of tool materials including high-speed steel, carbides, ceramics, and coatings. It describes the properties required in tool materials like hot hardness, toughness, thermal shock resistance, and wear resistance. Factors affecting heat generation during machining and methods to measure tool temperature are also covered.
The document discusses drilling machines and drilling operations. It describes the main components and functions of drilling machines like bench drilling machines and radial drilling machines. It explains drilling tool components like drill bits and twist drills. It also covers other drilling operations like reaming, boring, counterboring, countersinking, spot facing and tapping that can be done on drilling machines. Safety precautions for operating drilling machines are also mentioned.
The document discusses various traditional and nontraditional machining processes. It describes grinding as a traditional machining process that uses abrasive particles to remove small amounts of metal. It then discusses several nontraditional processes including chemical machining, electrochemical machining, electrical discharge machining, laser beam machining, electron beam machining, water jet machining, abrasive jet machining, and ultrasonic machining. Each of these processes removes material using methods other than traditional cutting, such as through chemical or electrical erosion, melting with lasers or electrons, or erosion with high-pressure water or abrasive particles. The document provides details on the mechanisms and applications of each of these nontraditional machining methods
The document discusses metal machining processes. It defines turning, milling and drilling as the three main machining operations. It describes the geometry of single point cutting tools and multiple edge tools. Key terms related to tool geometry like rake angle and relief angle are explained. The orthogonal cutting model and variables that define cutting conditions like cutting speed, feed and depth of cut are introduced. Different types of chips formed during machining and factors affecting tool life are also summarized.
Nontraditional machining processes remove material using mechanical, thermal, electrical, or chemical energy instead of sharp cutting tools. They were developed after WWII to machine materials that cannot be cut conventionally like hard metals. Examples are ultrasonic machining (uses abrasives in slurry), water jet cutting (high pressure water), electric discharge machining (material removal by electric sparks), and laser beam machining (uses a laser). Nontraditional processes are used for complex parts, hard materials, and when traditional machining causes undesirable effects like high temperatures or residual stresses.
This document outlines the tentative scheme for the first and second semesters of the mechanical engineering stream for students in the physics and chemistry groups.
It includes the list of courses offered each semester along with their codes, credit hours, teaching hours and evaluation details. Some key courses included are Mathematics, Physics, Chemistry, Engineering Graphics, Programming and Emerging Technologies.
Guidelines are provided around credit definitions, integrated courses, subject repetitions and choice of electives from groups including Engineering Science, Emerging Technologies and Programming Languages. The scheme also mentions policies regarding student induction programs and activity point requirements.
The document discusses the fundamentals of machining processes and metal cutting theory. It covers topics such as chip formation, cutting forces, tool geometry, power requirements, and different machining operations. The key aspects covered include the orthogonal cutting model for analyzing metal cutting, the Merchant equation for determining optimal shear plane angle, and calculating cutting power based on forces and material removal rate.
1. Metal cutting, also known as machining, involves removing unwanted material from a workpiece using a cutting tool to give it the required shape and dimensions.
2. The cutting tool must have properties like hardness, toughness, heat and wear resistance to withstand the high temperatures and pressures of metal cutting.
3. Factors like cutting tool geometry, workpiece and cutting conditions influence the metal cutting process and generation of heat. Excessive heat can damage tools or reduce accuracy.
International Conference on NLP, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning an...gerogepatton
International Conference on NLP, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning and Applications (NLAIM 2024) offers a premier global platform for exchanging insights and findings in the theory, methodology, and applications of NLP, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning, and their applications. The conference seeks substantial contributions across all key domains of NLP, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning, and their practical applications, aiming to foster both theoretical advancements and real-world implementations. With a focus on facilitating collaboration between researchers and practitioners from academia and industry, the conference serves as a nexus for sharing the latest developments in the field.
ACEP Magazine edition 4th launched on 05.06.2024Rahul
This document provides information about the third edition of the magazine "Sthapatya" published by the Association of Civil Engineers (Practicing) Aurangabad. It includes messages from current and past presidents of ACEP, memories and photos from past ACEP events, information on life time achievement awards given by ACEP, and a technical article on concrete maintenance, repairs and strengthening. The document highlights activities of ACEP and provides a technical educational article for members.
6th International Conference on Machine Learning & Applications (CMLA 2024)ClaraZara1
6th International Conference on Machine Learning & Applications (CMLA 2024) will provide an excellent international forum for sharing knowledge and results in theory, methodology and applications of on Machine Learning & Applications.
DEEP LEARNING FOR SMART GRID INTRUSION DETECTION: A HYBRID CNN-LSTM-BASED MODELgerogepatton
As digital technology becomes more deeply embedded in power systems, protecting the communication
networks of Smart Grids (SG) has emerged as a critical concern. Distributed Network Protocol 3 (DNP3)
represents a multi-tiered application layer protocol extensively utilized in Supervisory Control and Data
Acquisition (SCADA)-based smart grids to facilitate real-time data gathering and control functionalities.
Robust Intrusion Detection Systems (IDS) are necessary for early threat detection and mitigation because
of the interconnection of these networks, which makes them vulnerable to a variety of cyberattacks. To
solve this issue, this paper develops a hybrid Deep Learning (DL) model specifically designed for intrusion
detection in smart grids. The proposed approach is a combination of the Convolutional Neural Network
(CNN) and the Long-Short-Term Memory algorithms (LSTM). We employed a recent intrusion detection
dataset (DNP3), which focuses on unauthorized commands and Denial of Service (DoS) cyberattacks, to
train and test our model. The results of our experiments show that our CNN-LSTM method is much better
at finding smart grid intrusions than other deep learning algorithms used for classification. In addition,
our proposed approach improves accuracy, precision, recall, and F1 score, achieving a high detection
accuracy rate of 99.50%.
Low power architecture of logic gates using adiabatic techniquesnooriasukmaningtyas
The growing significance of portable systems to limit power consumption in ultra-large-scale-integration chips of very high density, has recently led to rapid and inventive progresses in low-power design. The most effective technique is adiabatic logic circuit design in energy-efficient hardware. This paper presents two adiabatic approaches for the design of low power circuits, modified positive feedback adiabatic logic (modified PFAL) and the other is direct current diode based positive feedback adiabatic logic (DC-DB PFAL). Logic gates are the preliminary components in any digital circuit design. By improving the performance of basic gates, one can improvise the whole system performance. In this paper proposed circuit design of the low power architecture of OR/NOR, AND/NAND, and XOR/XNOR gates are presented using the said approaches and their results are analyzed for powerdissipation, delay, power-delay-product and rise time and compared with the other adiabatic techniques along with the conventional complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) designs reported in the literature. It has been found that the designs with DC-DB PFAL technique outperform with the percentage improvement of 65% for NOR gate and 7% for NAND gate and 34% for XNOR gate over the modified PFAL techniques at 10 MHz respectively.
Presentation of IEEE Slovenia CIS (Computational Intelligence Society) Chapte...University of Maribor
Slides from talk presenting:
Aleš Zamuda: Presentation of IEEE Slovenia CIS (Computational Intelligence Society) Chapter and Networking.
Presentation at IcETRAN 2024 session:
"Inter-Society Networking Panel GRSS/MTT-S/CIS
Panel Session: Promoting Connection and Cooperation"
IEEE Slovenia GRSS
IEEE Serbia and Montenegro MTT-S
IEEE Slovenia CIS
11TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON ELECTRICAL, ELECTRONIC AND COMPUTING ENGINEERING
3-6 June 2024, Niš, Serbia
Understanding Inductive Bias in Machine LearningSUTEJAS
This presentation explores the concept of inductive bias in machine learning. It explains how algorithms come with built-in assumptions and preferences that guide the learning process. You'll learn about the different types of inductive bias and how they can impact the performance and generalizability of machine learning models.
The presentation also covers the positive and negative aspects of inductive bias, along with strategies for mitigating potential drawbacks. We'll explore examples of how bias manifests in algorithms like neural networks and decision trees.
By understanding inductive bias, you can gain valuable insights into how machine learning models work and make informed decisions when building and deploying them.
1. GRINDING
• Grinding is the process of removing excess
material from the workpiece by the mechanical
action of abrasive particles that are held
together by an bond, generally in the form of
solid wheel.
• The wheel known as the grinding wheel is
rotated at high speeds, and when the surface of
the rotating wheel is brought in contact with the
workpiece, material is removed in the form of
fine chips.
• As the process removes very little material in the
from of fine chips, it is a finishing process
2. GRINDING
• The grinding wheel is usually in disk
shaped and is precisely balanced for high
rotational speeds.
IE 262 Class Notes by Figen Eren 2
4. IE 262 Class Notes by Figen Eren 4
Chip formation
In grinding, the chips are small but are
formed by the same basic mechanism of
compression and shear. Burning chips are the
sparks observed during grinding with no cutting
fluid, because the chips have heat energy to
burn or melt in the atmosphere. The feeds and
depths of cut in grinding are small, while the
cutting speed is high.
Grinding may be classified as non-precision
or precision, according to purpose and
procedure.
5.
6.
7. IE 262 Class Notes by Figen Eren 7
Non-precision grinding
The common forms are called, snagging
and off-hand grinding. Both are done primarily
to remove stock that can not be taken off as
conveniently by other methods. The work is
pressed hard against the wheel or vice versa.
The accuracy and surface finish are of secondary
importance.
8. IE 262 Class Notes by Figen Eren 8
Precision grinding
Precision grinding is concerned with
producing good surface finishes and accurate
dimensions.
3 types of precision grinding exists
–External cylindrical grinding
–Internal cylindrical grinding
–Surface grinding
9. Types of grinding operation
1.SURFACE GRINDING
a. Horizantal spindle
b. vertical spindle
2.CYLINDRICAL GRINDING
a. Extranal
b. Internal
3.CENTERLESS GRINDING
a. Extranal
b. Internal
38. IE 262 Class Notes by Figen Eren 38
Grinding wheel
A grinding wheel is made of abrasive
grains held together by a bond. These grains cut
like teeth when the wheel is revolved at high
speed and is brought to bear against a work
piece. The properties of a wheel that determine
how it acts are the kind and size of abrasive,
how closely the grains are packed together and
amount of the bonding material.
39. IE 262 Class Notes by Figen Eren 39
Abrasive materials
Different abrassive materials are
appropriate for grinding different work material.
Abrasives are hard substances used in various
forms as tools for grinding and other surface
finishing operations. They are also able to cut
materials which are too hard for other tools and
give better finishes and hold closer tolerances.
40. IE 262 Class Notes by Figen Eren 40
Types of abrasive materials
1. Aluminum Oxide (Al2O3) known as Alundum
or Aloxide. Various substances may be added
to enhance hardness, toughness, etc. Plain
Al2O3 is white, and used to grind: steel,
ferrous, high strength alloys.
2. Silicon Carbide (SiC) known in trade as
Carborundum and Crystalon. Harder than
Al2O3 but not as tough. Used to grind:
aluminum, brass, stainless steel, cast irons,
certain brittle ceramics.
41. IE 262 Class Notes by Figen Eren 41
Common abrasive materials (continue)
3. Boron Nitride in the forms of single-crystal
cubic boron nitride (CBN) and
microcrystalline cubic boron nitride (MCBN)
under trade names such as Borazon or
Borpax. Used for hard materials such as
hardened tool steels and aerospace alloys.
4. Diamond, a pure form of carbon, both
natural and artificial. Used on hard materials
such as ceramics, cemented carbides and
glass.
42. IE 262 Class Notes by Figen Eren 42
Grain size
Important parameter in determining
surface finish and material removal rate. Small
grit sizes produce better finishes, larger grit sizes
permit larger material removal rates. Also,
harder materials need smaller grain sizes to cut
effectively, while softer materials require larger
grit size.
Grain sizes used in grinding changes
between 8-250, whilw 8 is very coarse, but 250
is very fine.
43. IE 262 Class Notes by Figen Eren 43
Bonding materials
To get wide range of properties needed in
grinding wheels, abrasive materials bonded
by using organic or ingorganic materials.
Inorganic bonds
1. Vitrified bond (V): Clay bond melted to a
porcelain or glass like consistency. It can be
made strong and rigid for heavy grinding and
not effected by water, oil, acids. Most grindig
wheels have vitrified bonds.
44. IE 262 Class Notes by Figen Eren 44
Inorganic bonds (continue)
2. Slicate bond is essentially water glass
hardened by baking. It holds grains more
loosely than a vitrified bond and give closer
cut. Large wheels can be made more easily
with slicate bond. Usually used in situation
where heat generation must be minimized.
3. Metallic bond: Cubic boron nitride and
diamond abrassives are usually (but not
always) embeded in metallic bonds, for
utmost in strength and tendency to hold the
costly long-wearing grains.
45. IE 262 Class Notes by Figen Eren 45
Organic bonds
1. Rubber bond is a flexible bond, used in
cutoff wheels.
2. Resinoid bond is a high strengt bond, used
for rough grinding and cutoff operations.
3. Shellac bond is relatively strong but not
rigid, used in applications that requires good
finishing.
46. IE 262 Class Notes by Figen Eren 46
Wheel grade and wheel structure
The grade of a grinding wheel is a measure
of how strongly the grains are held by the bond.
Typical structure of a grinding wheel contains
abrasive grains, bond material and pores (air
gaps) Volumetric proportions can be expressed
as
Vg + Vb+ Vp = 1
If Vp relatively large and Vg relatively small, it is
called open structure.
If Vg relatively large and Vp relatively small, it is
called dense structure.
47. IE 262 Class Notes by Figen Eren 47
Wheel grade and wheel structure (continue)
Open structures are recommended in
situations where the clearance for chips must be
provided. Dense structures are used to obtain
better surface finish and dimensional control.
If Vb small relatively soft wheel, as Vb increase,
hardness is supplied.
Hard wheels used to achive high stock
removal rates and for grinding of relatively soft
work materials, while soft wheels generally used
for applications requiring low material removal
rates and grinding of hard work materials.
48.
49. IE 262 Class Notes by Figen Eren 49
Grinding wheel specifications
All grinding wheel manufacturers use
substantially the same standard wheel marking
system. This system uses numbers and letters to
specify abrasive type, grit size, grade structure,
and bonding material. However, properties of
the wheels are determined to a large extent by
the ways the wheels are made. The processes
vary from one plant to another, and wheels
carrying the same symbols but made by
different manufacturers are not necessarily
identical.
57. IE 262 Class Notes by Figen Eren 57
American National Standard Institude’s marking
system for standard wheels
Prefix-Abbrasive type-Abrasive grain size-Grade-
Structure-Bond type-Manufacturer record
Ex: 51-A-36-L-5-V-23
Prefix:Manufacturer symbol indicating exact kind of
abrasive (use optional)
Abrassive type: A:Aluminum oxide
C:Silicon Carbide
B: Boron Nitride
D:Diamond
Grain size: coarse:8-24, medium:30-60, fine:70-180,
very fine: >220
58. IE 262 Class Notes by Figen Eren 58
American National Standard Institude’s marking
system for standard wheels (continue)
Grade:Ranges from A-Z, where A represents soft, Z
represents hard wheel grade.
Structure: Scale isnumerical. 1: very dense and 15:very
open.
Bond type: B : Resinoid
E : Shellac
R : Rubber
S : Silicate
V : Vitrified
Manufacturer record: Manufacturer’s private marking
to idetify the wheel.
59. IE 262 Class Notes by Figen Eren 59
Wheel shape and sizes
There are different wheel shapes that are
recognized as standard:
•Straight cylinders with or without recesses in
their sides
•Tapered two sides
•Straight cup
•Flaring cup
•Dish
•Saucer
Other shapes may be obtain as specials.
60. IE 262 Class Notes by Figen Eren 60
Wheel shape and sizes (continue)
The principle dimensions that designate
the size of a grinding wheel are the outside
diameter, width, and hole diameter. Standard
wheel shapes are made in certain sizes only, but
the variety is large.
61. IE 262 Class Notes by Figen Eren 61
Wheel wear
The overall wear of bonded abrasive is
caused by 3 distinct mechanism
Attritious wear: Sharp edges of an abrasive grain
become dull by attrition, developing flat areas.
Fracture of the grains:Portion of the grain breaks
off. The fractured area becomes new cutting
area
Fracture of the bond: Part of the grains fall out.
62. IE 262 Class Notes by Figen Eren 62
Grain action
There are 3 types of grain action in grinding
1. Cutting:Grit can penetrate to the surface and
actually performs chip removing.
2. Plowing:Grit can penetrate to the surface
but can not perform cutting. The work
surface deformes.
3. Rubbing:Grits rubs to the surface, energy
consumed witout cutting.
67. Selection of grinding wheel
As per india standard –IS :1249-1958
1.CONSTANT FACTORS
• Type of work piece material to be ground
• Rate of metal removal from the work piece
• Area of contact
• Type of grinding machine
7/27/2023 9:53 AM 67
JSS ACADEMY OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION,
BANGALORE
68. Selection of grinding wheel
2.VERIABLE FACTORS
• Wheel speed
• Work speed
• Condition of machine-capacity and rigidity
• Personal factors
69. Selection of grinding wheel
• Other factors
3.Type of bond to be used
4.Abrasive grain size, grade and structure
5.Whether grinding is wet or dry
70. Glazing ,
Glazing-
Which the abrasive particle s in the wheel have
become dull by attrition wear. there is
insufficient grain fracture and the grains are
not released by the bond. Thus causing the
cutting surface of the wheel to take a shinny
or like glass surface
71. loading
Loading is the wheeling of chips of the abrasive
grains or mechanical trapping of chips in the
pores of the grinding wheel.
Causes
-the work being too slow
-bond of wheel being too hard
-fast cut and deep to allow the chips carried
away by wheel
84. PARAMETERS OF GRINDING OPERATION
Speed : it is the peripheral speed of the work piece per
unit time (m/min).Cutting speed is grinding wheel is
the relative peripheral speed of the wheel with respect
to the workpiece. It is expressed in meter per minute
(mpm) or meter per second (mps).The cutting speed of
grinding wheel can be calculated asmpm (meter per
minute)
85. PARAMETERS OF GRINDING OPERATION
• Feed : it is the distance travelled by the tool
during each revolution of the work piece.
(mm/revolution).
www.bookspar.com | Website for Students
| VTU NOTES | QUESTION PAPERS
85
86. PARAMETERS OF GRINDING OPERATION
• Depth of cut : it is the perpendicular distance
measured from the original surface to the
machined surface of the work piece. (mm)