The document discusses the components, sizing, and design of a solar photovoltaic (PV) system for a residence in Ethiopia. It describes measuring solar radiation, the major system components including solar panels, charge controller, inverter, batteries, and loads. It then sizes each component for the specific site based on energy demand calculations and equipment specifications. Components are selected, such as eight 180W solar panels, a 60A charge controller, 3000W inverter, and eight deep cycle batteries. A block diagram shows how all the parts connect and work together to power the home.
A Utility Interactive Electricity Generation Schemes with Renewable ResourcesIOSR Journals
Abstract: In the recent year’s power utility of coastal areas are experiencing relatively large quantum of solar and wind energy. If the wind is heavy it might produce larger sea waves of high energy contents. The electricity needs of a township or a village situated in a coastal area can be partially fulfilled by installing a modular mini electricity generating unit and an intensified solar heat extractor in buildings. Also, installation of medium sized windmill plant, solar heated steam turbine electricity generator and sea wave energy extracting plants could fulfill the rest of the electricity needs of the township. Here we discuss the regulation of the voltage and frequency of a stand-alone fixed-pitch wind energy conversion system (WECS) based on a self-excited squirrel-cage induction machine. The characteristics of the wind turbine, self-excited generator, and the ratings of the VSI are considered in order to determine the load range for which voltageand frequency can be regulated for a given wind speed range. Keywords: Solar panel, solar tracker, solar water heater,renewable energy, wind mills, induction generator, load management.
A Utility Interactive Electricity Generation Schemes with Renewable ResourcesIOSR Journals
Abstract: In the recent year’s power utility of coastal areas are experiencing relatively large quantum of solar and wind energy. If the wind is heavy it might produce larger sea waves of high energy contents. The electricity needs of a township or a village situated in a coastal area can be partially fulfilled by installing a modular mini electricity generating unit and an intensified solar heat extractor in buildings. Also, installation of medium sized windmill plant, solar heated steam turbine electricity generator and sea wave energy extracting plants could fulfill the rest of the electricity needs of the township. Here we discuss the regulation of the voltage and frequency of a stand-alone fixed-pitch wind energy conversion system (WECS) based on a self-excited squirrel-cage induction machine. The characteristics of the wind turbine, self-excited generator, and the ratings of the VSI are considered in order to determine the load range for which voltageand frequency can be regulated for a given wind speed range. Keywords: Solar panel, solar tracker, solar water heater,renewable energy, wind mills, induction generator, load management.
This study investigates experimentally the performance of two-dimensional solar tracking systems with reflector using commercial silicon based photovoltaic module, with open and closed loop control systems. Different reflector materials were also investigated. The experiments were performed at the Hashemite University campus in Zarqa at a latitude of 32⁰, in February and March. Photovoltaic output power and performance were analyzed. It was found that the modified photovoltaic module with mirror reflector generated the highest value of power, while the temperature reached a maximum value of 53 ̊ C. The modified module suggested in this study produced 5% more PV power than the two-dimensional solar tracking systems without reflector and produced 12.5% more PV power than the fixed PV module with 26⁰ tilt angle.
In this paper we study how to establish photovoltaic solar power plant Design as well as calculation of power production, base on that to further we find recommendation and techniques to optimized cost of PV solar power plant. To establishment of green and sustainable development of solar PV power plant to reduce a burden of state electricity board.
This study investigates experimentally the performance of two-dimensional solar tracking systems with reflector using commercial silicon based photovoltaic module, with open and closed loop control systems. Different reflector materials were also investigated. The experiments were performed at the Hashemite University campus in Zarqa at a latitude of 32⁰, in February and March. Photovoltaic output power and performance were analyzed. It was found that the modified photovoltaic module with mirror reflector generated the highest value of power, while the temperature reached a maximum value of 53 ̊ C. The modified module suggested in this study produced 5% more PV power than the two-dimensional solar tracking systems without reflector and produced 12.5% more PV power than the fixed PV module with 26⁰ tilt angle.
In this paper we study how to establish photovoltaic solar power plant Design as well as calculation of power production, base on that to further we find recommendation and techniques to optimized cost of PV solar power plant. To establishment of green and sustainable development of solar PV power plant to reduce a burden of state electricity board.
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
Student information management system project report ii.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project explains about the student management. This project mainly explains the various actions related to student details. This project shows some ease in adding, editing and deleting the student details. It also provides a less time consuming process for viewing, adding, editing and deleting the marks of the students.
6th International Conference on Machine Learning & Applications (CMLA 2024)ClaraZara1
6th International Conference on Machine Learning & Applications (CMLA 2024) will provide an excellent international forum for sharing knowledge and results in theory, methodology and applications of on Machine Learning & Applications.
NUMERICAL SIMULATIONS OF HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER IN CONDENSING HEAT EXCHANGERS...ssuser7dcef0
Power plants release a large amount of water vapor into the
atmosphere through the stack. The flue gas can be a potential
source for obtaining much needed cooling water for a power
plant. If a power plant could recover and reuse a portion of this
moisture, it could reduce its total cooling water intake
requirement. One of the most practical way to recover water
from flue gas is to use a condensing heat exchanger. The power
plant could also recover latent heat due to condensation as well
as sensible heat due to lowering the flue gas exit temperature.
Additionally, harmful acids released from the stack can be
reduced in a condensing heat exchanger by acid condensation. reduced in a condensing heat exchanger by acid condensation.
Condensation of vapors in flue gas is a complicated
phenomenon since heat and mass transfer of water vapor and
various acids simultaneously occur in the presence of noncondensable
gases such as nitrogen and oxygen. Design of a
condenser depends on the knowledge and understanding of the
heat and mass transfer processes. A computer program for
numerical simulations of water (H2O) and sulfuric acid (H2SO4)
condensation in a flue gas condensing heat exchanger was
developed using MATLAB. Governing equations based on
mass and energy balances for the system were derived to
predict variables such as flue gas exit temperature, cooling
water outlet temperature, mole fraction and condensation rates
of water and sulfuric acid vapors. The equations were solved
using an iterative solution technique with calculations of heat
and mass transfer coefficients and physical properties.
Hierarchical Digital Twin of a Naval Power SystemKerry Sado
A hierarchical digital twin of a Naval DC power system has been developed and experimentally verified. Similar to other state-of-the-art digital twins, this technology creates a digital replica of the physical system executed in real-time or faster, which can modify hardware controls. However, its advantage stems from distributing computational efforts by utilizing a hierarchical structure composed of lower-level digital twin blocks and a higher-level system digital twin. Each digital twin block is associated with a physical subsystem of the hardware and communicates with a singular system digital twin, which creates a system-level response. By extracting information from each level of the hierarchy, power system controls of the hardware were reconfigured autonomously. This hierarchical digital twin development offers several advantages over other digital twins, particularly in the field of naval power systems. The hierarchical structure allows for greater computational efficiency and scalability while the ability to autonomously reconfigure hardware controls offers increased flexibility and responsiveness. The hierarchical decomposition and models utilized were well aligned with the physical twin, as indicated by the maximum deviations between the developed digital twin hierarchy and the hardware.
Overview of the fundamental roles in Hydropower generation and the components involved in wider Electrical Engineering.
This paper presents the design and construction of hydroelectric dams from the hydrologist’s survey of the valley before construction, all aspects and involved disciplines, fluid dynamics, structural engineering, generation and mains frequency regulation to the very transmission of power through the network in the United Kingdom.
Author: Robbie Edward Sayers
Collaborators and co editors: Charlie Sims and Connor Healey.
(C) 2024 Robbie E. Sayers
We have compiled the most important slides from each speaker's presentation. This year’s compilation, available for free, captures the key insights and contributions shared during the DfMAy 2024 conference.
3. The annual, monthly, daily and hourly records of the amount
of solar radiation received at any given location over the
earth’s surface are essential for the design of solar energy
systems.
Therefore, solar radiation measurements are made
continuously at monitoring stations of different countries.
Measurements may include, direct component at normal incidence, diffuse
component at a horizontal surface, global radiation on a horizontal surface,
total radiation on an inclined surface, ground reflected radiation, and
spectral distribution over certain wavelength bands.
Solar Energy Measurement
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4. A variety of instruments are used for the measurement of solar
radiation. They are categorized into two groups:
pyranometers and
pyrheliometers.
Pyranometers are used to measure the total radiation, incident on
a horizontal surface from the entire sky.
They can also measure the diffuse component if covered by an
appropriate shade band.
Operation of most pyranometers is based on measurement of
temperature difference between black and white elements using
a thermopile.
Solar Energy Measurement
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5. Low cost, low sensitivity to tilt and temperature,
pyranometers are built with silicon photovoltaic cell.
Pyrheliometers measure the intensity of the direct solar
radiation at normal incidence.
Most used for routine measurements operate on the
thermopile effect so are similar to pyranometers in this
respect.
They differ in that mechanically they must follow the sun to
measure the direct sunlight only and avoid the diffuse
component.
In practice, direct solar radiation is measured by attaching the
instrument to an electrically driven equatorial mount for
tracking the sun.
Solar Energy Measurement
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6. The diffuse component is avoided by installing a collimator
tube over the sensor with a circular cone angle of about 50.
Apart from the direct solar radiation records, there may be
records of bright sunshine hours and approximate cloud cover
for the location under interest.
Sunshine recorders are devices that measure hours of bright
sunshine, not energy. These devices are sensitive only to the
direct component of solar radiation when it is above some
imprecise threshold.
The Campbell sunshine recorder is the classic recorder widely
used throughout the world.
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13. Major system components
Solar PV system includes different components that should be
selected according to your system type, site location and
applications.
The major components for solar PV system are solar charge
controller, inverter, battery bank, auxiliary energy sources and
loads (appliances).
• PV module
converts sunlight into DC electricity
The solar array consists of one or more PV modules which
convert sunlight into electric energy.
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14. Cont’...
The modules are connected in series and/or parallel to provide
the voltage and current levels to meet your needs.
The array is usually mounted on a metal structure and tilted to
face the sun.
• Solar charge controller
regulates the voltage and current coming from the PV panels
going to battery and prevents battery overcharging and prolongs
the battery life.
Although charge controllers can be purchased with many
optional features, their main function is to maintain the batteries
at the proper charge level, and to protect them from
overcharging.
• Inverter
converts DC output of PV panels or wind turbine into a clean AC
current for AC appliances or fed back into grid line.
An inverter is required when you want to power AC devices.
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15. Cont’…
• Battery
stores energy for supplying to electrical appliances when there is
a demand
The battery bank contains one or more deep-cycle batteries,
connected in series and/or parallel depending on the voltage and
current capacity needed.
The batteries store the power produced by the solar array and
discharge it when required.
• Load
is electrical appliances that connected to solar PV system such as
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16. Cont’…
lights, radio, TV, computer, refrigerator, etc.
These are the appliances (such as lights or radios), and the
components (such as water pumps and microwave repeaters),
which consume the power generated by your PV array.
• Auxiliary energy sources
is diesel generator or other renewable energy sources.
These components provide the interconnections and standard
safety features required for any electrical power system.
These include: array combiner box, properly sized cabling,
fuses, switches, circuit breakers and meters.
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18. What Factors Affect Solar PV System Efficiency
• Temperature. Solar panel efficiency varies with
temperature. ...
• Soiling. Material that accumulates on the surface
of PV panels can block light from reaching the
solar cells, thereby reducing the generated power.
...
• Shading. ...
• Mismatch. ...
• Inverter Efficiency. ...
• Age.
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19. PV System Engineering
4
PV stand-alone power system with battery
5
A traveling clinic uses photovoltaic electricity to keep
vaccines refrigerated in the African desert area
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24. 24
Cont’…
The lift-force VAWT does not experience any starting
torque!!! This may be a critical issue for certain
applications.
Turbines connected to the electricity grid can use the
electric generator as a starting motor.
In stand-alone configurations, either electricity storage
devices (again using the generator as a starting motor) or
integrated drag-force turbines (as start turbines) can be
applied in order for the VAWT to spin up to a point
where the lift force can take over.
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Cont’…
All main power train components (gearbox, generator, brakes
and main bearing) are placed on the ground, allowing for easy
access for maintenance and lower stress on the tower.
Yaw mechanism for facing the wind is not needed – the
turbine accepts wind from any direction.
The blades are easier to manufacture (symmetrical airfoils
without any twist or taper).
All these features result in a simple machine, easily scalable
to large dimensions, at lower costs than a horizontal axis one.
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27. Residence Device and Load Calculating
As a first step, the electrical devices available at the residence are itemized
with their power ratings and time of operation during the day to obtain the
average energy demand in Watt-hour per day.
The total average energy consumption is used to determine the equipment
sizes and ratings starting with the solar array and ending with system wiring
and cost estimate as explained below.
The site under investigation is located at 12°19’ N 35°12’ E with an
elevation of 2300 meters above sea level and with a time Zone of
Africa/Addis Ababa UTC/ GMT+03. The Site has an annual solar irradiance
of above 1200 kWh/m2.
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29. Sizing and Selecting of the Solar Array
Before sizing the array, the total daily energy in Watt-hours (E), the
average sun hour per day Tmin, and the DC voltage of the system (VDC)
must be determined.
Once these factors are made available we move to the sizing process.
To avoid under sizing, losses must be considered by dividing the total
power demand in Wh/day by the product of efficiencies of all components
in the system to get the required energy Er.
According the power, the selected panel is (Mitsubishi - MF180UD4, 180-
Wp, 24-V, 7.45-A).
The Specification of PV panel stated below
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30. Manufacturer: MITSUBISHI ELECTRIC.
Model name: PV-MF180UD4.
Cell type: Poly-crystalline Silicon.
Number of cells: 50 cells.
Maximum power rating STC (Pmax): 180 watts.
Open circuit voltage (Voc): 30.4V.
Short circuit current (Isc): 8.03A
Maximum power voltage (Vmp): 24.2V.
Maximum power current (Imp): 7.45A.
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39. Sizing of the Voltage Controller
According to its function it controls the flow of current. A good
voltage regulator must be able to withstand the maximum current
produced by the array as well as the maximum load current.
Sizing of the voltage regulator can be obtained by multiplying the
short circuit current of the modules connected in parallel by a
safety factor Fsafe. The result gives the rated current of the voltage
regulator. According to selected controller (Xantrex C-60, 24-V,
60-A), the rated current of the voltage Controller I and taking the
safety factor is 125% in this design.
I=Isc*Np*Fsafe =8.03*8*1.25=80.3Amps
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41. Sizing and Selecting of The Inverter
When sizing the inverter, the actual power drawn from the
appliances that will run at the same time must be determined as
a first step. The power of devices that may run at the same time
is:
PTotal= 2,595Watt.
The inverter needed must be able to handle about 2595-W at
220-Vac. So the selected inverter is Latronics inverter, LS3024,
3000-W, 24-Vdc, 220-Vac.
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