400 words and at least 2 references for A and 400 words and .docx

*** 400 words and at least 2 references for "A" and 400 words
and at least 2 references for "B".
A
A recent Pew research poll determined that many Americans do
not trust modern institutions to protect their personal data, even
as they frequently neglect cybersecurity best practices in their
own personal lives. Discuss what measures institutions can take
to increase trust and whether the United States should adopt
education campaigns designed to teach Americans about basic
personal information security measures.
B
Discuss how to balance demands from international
stakeholders who have conflicting requirements (i.e., European-
based business subject to GDPR doing business in the United
States).
work/folder-1/Chinese_Exclusion_Act_1882.PDF
point, most Italian emigrants chose to move to
Argentina or Australia. For a few years after the
Immigration Act of 1965, Italians were the most
numerous immigrant group admitted to the U.S., but
few have come since then.
FURTHER RESOURCES
Books
Gabaccia, Donna R. From Sicily to Elizabeth Street: Housing
and Social Change among Italian Immigrants, 1880–1930.
Albany, N.Y.: State University Press of New York,
1984.

Mangione, Jerre and Ben Morreale. La Storia: Five Centuries
of the Italian American Experience. New York: Harper
Collins, 1992.
Salomone, Frank A. Italians in Rochester, New York, 1900–
1940. Lewiston, N.Y.: Edwin Mellen Press, 2000.
Chinese Exclusion Act 1882
Legislation
By: United States Congress
Date: May 6, 1882
Source: ‘‘Chinese Exclusion Act.’’ 22 Stat. 58, U.S.
Congress, 1882.
About the Author: The Forty-seventh United States
Congress passed the Chinese Exclusion Act in 1882;
ten years later the Fifty-second Congress renewed the
act’s provisions and strengthened Chinese immigra-
tion laws with the Geary Act. In 1902 the restrictions
on Chinese immigration were made permanent,
though repealed some forty years later.
INTRODUCTION
Chinese relations with the United States stretched
back to the 1784 trade expedition in which the ship the
Empress of China brought American cotton and furs to
China and returned with Chinese silk and spices, all
with a handsome profit for the merchants involved.
Over the next century, Chinese-U.S. diplomatic rela-
tions centered around trade and immigration.

Early Christian missionary activity in China
stretches back to the early 1800s for American and
British missionaries; their forays into the Canton
(Guangdong) region helped to deliver news of the
United States and its culture to China. After the
Opium War (1839–1842) and Britain’s forced opening
of trade with China, the United States worked to
negotiate the Wangxia Treaty, which gave the U.S.
unilateral trade rights and helped Americans to enter
the illegal opium trade.
By the early 1850s, news of the Gold Rush in
California reached China. Some of the earlier immi-
grants were from Canton, where missionaries had
helped native Chinese to conceptualize the U.S. and
to understand more about U.S. culture. The 1850
foreign Miner’s Tax Law, passed in California, was
the first in a series of state and federal laws designed
to discriminate directly against the Chinese. By charg-
ing an additional tax for foreign miners, authorities
targeted Chinese miners for their differences while
helping native-born miners. The Chinese miners called
the U.S. Gam Saan, or ‘‘Gold Mountain,’’ although
many white and native-born miners forced Chinese
immigrants to work older (and more depleted) mines,
or paid lower wages for Chinese laborers. Throughout
the 1850s, the U.S. government restricted naturaliza-
tion for immigrants of non-white status, placing
Chinese immigrants in limbo.
By the 1860s, a substantial number of Chinese
immigrants worked as railroad construction laborers;
after the Civil War, and in the early 1870s when an
economic depression affected the U.S., Chinese

laborers were viewed by poor whites and former slaves
as interlopers who took jobs away from native-born
Americans. Anti-Chinese sentiment increased dramat-
ically throughout the 1870s, as incidents of mob vio-
lence against Chinese immigrants in Colorado,
California, and Washington demonstrated increasing
prejudice. An 1877 report from the Joint Special
Committee to Investigate Chinese Immigration docu-
mented native beliefs that Chinese workers took
American jobs, that Chinese immigrants were unable
to support and function in a democracy, and that the
Chinese refused to learn English. By the early 1880s,
Congress was prepared to curb Chinese immigration
in spite of diplomatic relations with China in which the
Chinese government expressed disapproval of these
actions. In 1882, Congress passed The Chinese
Exclusion Act.
n PRIMARY SOURCE
CHINESE EXCLUSION ACT
An Act to execute certain treaty stipulations relating to Chinese
Whereas in the opinion of the Government of the United
States the coming of Chinese laborers to this country
endangers the good order of certain localities within the
territory thereof: Therefore,
78 I M M I G R A T I O N A N D M U L T I C U L T U R A L I
S M : E S S E N T I A L P R I M A R Y S O U R C E S
C H I N E S E E X C L U S I O N A C T 1 8 8 2

Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Repre-
sentatives of the United States of America in Congress
assembled, That from and after the expiration of ninety
days next after the passage of this act, and until the expi-
ration of ten years next after the passage of this act, the
coming of Chinese laborers to the United States be, and
the same is hereby, suspended; and during such suspen-
sion it shall not be lawful for any Chinese laborer to come,
or having so come after the expiration of said ninety days
to remain within the United States.
SEC. 2. That the master of any vessel who shall knowingly
bring within the United States on such vessel, and land or
permit to be landed, any Chinese laborer, from any foreign
port or place, shall be deemed guilty of a misdemeanor,
and on conviction thereof shall be punished by a fine of not
more than five hundred dollars for each and every such
Chinese laborer so brought, and maybe also imprisoned for

a term not exceeding one year.
SEC. 3. That the two foregoing sections shall not apply to
Chinese laborers who were in the United States on the
seventeenth day of November, eighteen hundred and
eighty, or who shall have come into the same before the
expiration of ninety days next after the passage of this act,
and who shall produce to such master before going on
board such vessel, and shall produce to the collector of
the port in the United States at which such vessel shall
arrive, the evidence hereinafter in this act required of his
being one of the laborers in this section mentioned; nor
shall the two foregoing sections apply to the case of any
master whose vessel, being bound to a port not within the
United States, shall come within the jurisdiction of the
United States by reason of being in distress or in stress
of weather, or touching at any port of the United States on
its voyage to any foreign port or place: Provided, That all
Chinese laborers brought on such vessel shall depart with

the vessel on leaving port.
SEC. 4. That for the purpose of properly identifying
Chinese laborers who were in the United States on the
seventeenth day of November eighteen hundred and
eighty, or who shall have come into the same before the
expiration of ninety days next after the passage of this act,
and in order to furnish them with the proper evidence of
their right to go from and come to the United States of their
free will and accord, as provided by the treaty between the
United States and China dated November seventeenth,
A cartoon critical of the Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882 depicts
the United States building a wall against Chinese immigration—
using
bricks of jealousy and non-reciprocity and ‘‘congressional
mortar’’—at the same time that China is tearing down a wall
against trade with
the United States. THE LIBRARY OF CONGRESS.
I M M I G R A T I O N A N D M U L T I C U L T U R A L I S
M : E S S E N T I A L P R I M A R Y S O U R C E S 79

eighteen hundred and eighty, the collector of customs of
the district from which any such Chinese laborer shall
depart from the United States shall, in person or by deputy,
go on board each vessel having on board any such Chinese
laborers and cleared or about to sail from his district for a
foreign port, and on such vessel make a list of all such
Chinese laborers, which shall be entered in registry-books
to be kept for that purpose, in which shall be stated the
name, age, occupation, last place of residence, physical
marks of peculiarities, and all facts necessary for the iden-
tification of each of such Chinese laborers, which books
shall be safely kept in the custom-house; and every such
Chinese laborer so departing from the United States shall
be entitled to, and shall receive, free of any charge or cost
upon application therefor, from the collector or his deputy,
at the time such list is taken, a certificate, signed by the
collector or his deputy and attested by his seal of office, in

such form as the Secretary of the Treasury shall prescribe,
which certificate shall contain a statement of the name,
age, occupation, last place of residence, personal descrip-
tion, and facts of identification of the Chinese laborer to
whom the certificate is issued, corresponding with the
said list and registry in all particulars. In case any Chinese
laborer after having received such certificate shall leave
such vessel before her departure he shall deliver his cer-
tificate to the master of the vessel, and if such Chinese
laborer shall fail to return to such vessel before her depar-
ture from port the certificate shall be delivered by the
master to the collector of customs for cancellation. The
certificate herein provided for shall entitle the Chinese
laborer to whom the same is issued to return to and re-
enter the United States upon producing and delivering the
same to the collector of customs of the district at which
such Chinese laborer shall seek to re-enter; and upon
delivery of such certificate by such Chinese laborer to the

collector of customs at the time of re-entry in the United
States said collector shall cause the same to be filed in the
custom-house and duly canceled.
SEC. 5. That any Chinese laborer mentioned in section four
of this act being in the United States, and desiring to depart
from the United States by land, shall have the right to
demand and receive, free of charge or cost, a certificate
of identification similar to that provided for in section four
of this act to be issued to such Chinese laborers as may
desire to leave the United States by water; and it is hereby
made the duty of the collector of customs of the district
next adjoining the foreign country to which said Chinese
laborer desires to go to issue such certificate, free of
charge or cost, upon application by such Chinese laborer,
and to enter the same upon registry-books to be kept by
him for the purpose, as provided for in section four of
this act.
SEC. 6. That in order to the faithful execution of articles

one and two of the treaty in this act before mentioned,
every Chinese person other than a laborer who may be
entitled by said treaty and this act to come within the
United States, and who shall be about to come to
the United States, shall be identified as so entitled by the
Chinese Government in each case, such identity to be
evidenced by a certificate issued under the authority of
said government, which certificate shall be in the English
language or (if not in the English language) accompanied
by a translation into English, stating such right to come,
and which certificate shall state the name, title or official
rank, if any, the age, height, and all physical peculiarities,
former and present occupation or profession, and place of
residence in China of the person to whom the certificate is
issued and that such person is entitled, conformably to the
treaty in this act mentioned to come within the United
States. Such certificate shall be prima-facie evidence of
the fact set forth therein, and shall be produced to the

collector of customs, or his deputy, of the port in the
district in the United States at which the person named
therein shall arrive.
SEC. 7. That any person who shall knowingly and falsely
alter or substitute any name for the name written in such
certificate or forge any such certificate, or knowingly utter
any forged or fraudulent certificate, or falsely personate
any person named in any such certificate, shall be deemed
guilty of a misdemeanor; and upon conviction thereof shall
be fined in a sum not exceeding one thousand dollars, and
imprisoned in a penitentiary for a term of not more than
five years.
SEC. 8. That the master of any vessel arriving in the United
States from any foreign port or place shall, at the same
time he delivers a manifest of the cargo, and if there be no
cargo, then at the time of making a report of the entry of
the vessel pursuant to law, in addition to the other matter
required to be reported, and before landing, or permitting

to land, any Chinese passengers, deliver and report to the
collector of customs of the district in which such vessels
shall have arrived a separate list of all Chinese passengers
taken on board his vessel at any foreign port or place, and
all such passengers on board the vessel at that time. Such
list shall show the names of such passengers (and if
accredited officers of the Chinese Government traveling
on the business of that government, or their servants, with
a note of such facts), and the names and other particulars,
as shown by their respective certificates; and such list
shall be sworn to by the master in the manner required
by law in relation to the manifest of the cargo. Any willful
refusal or neglect of any such master to comply with the
provisions of this section shall incur the same penalties
and forfeiture as are provided for a refusal or neglect to
report and deliver a manifest of the cargo.

SEC. 9. That before any Chinese passengers are landed
from any such line vessel, the collector, or his deputy, shall
proceed to examine such passenger, comparing the cer-
tificate with the list and with the passengers; and no pas-
senger shall be allowed to land in the United States from
such vessel in violation of law.
SEC. 10. That every vessel whose master shall knowingly
violate any of the provisions of this act shall be deemed
forfeited to the United States, and shall be liable to seizure
and condemnation in any district of the United States into
which such vessel may enter or in which she may be
found.
SEC. 11. That any person who shall knowingly bring into or
cause to be brought into the United States by land, or who
shall knowingly aid or abet the same, or aid or abet the
landing in the United States from any vessel of any
Chinese person not lawfully entitled to enter the United

States, shall be deemed guilty of a misdemeanor, and
shall, on conviction thereof, be fined in a sum not exceed-
ing one thousand dollars, and imprisoned for a term not
exceeding one year.
SEC. 12. That no Chinese person shall be permitted to
enter the United States by land without producing to the
proper officer of customs the certificate in this act required
of Chinese persons seeking to land from a vessel. And any
Chinese person found unlawfully within the United States
shall be caused to be removed therefrom to the country
from whence he came, by direction of the President of the
United States, and at the cost of the United States, after
being brought before some justice, judge, or commis-
sioner of a court of the United States and found to be
one not lawfully entitled to be or remain in the United
States.
SEC. 13. That this act shall not apply to diplomatic and
other officers of the Chinese Government traveling upon

the business of that government, whose credentials shall
be taken as equivalent to the certificate in this act men-
tioned, and shall exempt them and their body and house-
hold servants from the provisions of this act as to other
Chinese persons.
SEC. 14. That hereafter no State court or court of the
United States shall admit Chinese to citizenship; and all
laws in conflict with this act are hereby repealed.
SEC. 15. That the words ‘‘Chinese laborers,’’ wherever
used in this act shall be construed to mean both skilled
and unskilled laborers and Chinese employed in mining.
Approved, May 6, 1882.
nnn
SIGNIFICANCE
The Chinese Exclusion Act revised laws from
1880 restricting Chinese immigration and ended the
provisions of the 1868 Burlingame Treaty. Under the
Chinese Exclusion Act, laborers were barred from
entering the country for ten years, and Chinese immi-
grants were prevented from becoming naturalized citi-
zens. The act—the first piece of federal legislation that

singled out one immigrant group—dictated Chinese
immigration for the next sixty years.
As a result of the act, Chinese immigration
dropped from nearly 40,000 per year to less than one
hundred legal Chinese immigrants per year. Later
revisions prohibited Chinese workers who had left
the United States to visit China from re-entering the
country and restricted the ability to bring spouses from
China to the U.S.
In 1892, despite vocal opposition from Chinese
business organizations, missionary groups, and some
native-born supporters of Chinese immigrant rights,
the Exclusion Act was renewed. The new version was
called the Geary Act, and in addition to the provisions
of the Exclusion Act, the Geary Act stripped Chinese
immigrants of the right to post bail or to act as a wit-
ness in court.
The Chinese government, angered by the restric-
tions but hopeful for U.S. aid in foreign relations with
Russia as well as trade, criticized the act but did noth-
ing to stop it. Congregationalist missionaries, repre-
sented by the American Missionary Association, feared
retaliation against Americans in China when the 1882
act was up for renewal.
Small Chinese immigrant communities continued
in spite of the act; ‘‘Chinatowns’’ helped maintain a
sense of Chinese community in major cities such as San
Francisco, though birth rates declined as the popula-
tion—largely male—aged, and Chinese brides were
not permitted to enter the country. The 1924 immi-
gration law restricted legal immigration to no more
than one hundred Chinese per year, and in 1943 the

Magnuson Act repealed the strictest provisions of the
1882 Exclusion Act. The Immigration Act of 1965
finally placed Chinese immigrants on equal status
with immigrants from other parts of the world seeking
residency in the U.S.
FURTHER RESOURCES
Books
Claiming America: Constructing Chinese Identities During the
Exclusion Era, edited by K. Scott Wong and Sucheng
Chan. Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1998.
I M M I G R A T I O N A N D M U L T I C U L T U R A L I S
M : E S S E N T I A L P R I M A R Y S O U R C E S 81
Gyory, Andrew. Closing the Gate: Race, Politics, and the
Chinese
Exclusion Act. Chapel Hill, N.C.: University of North
Carolina Press, 1998.
Lee, Erika. At America’s Gates: Chinese Immigration During
the Exclusion Era, 1882–1943. Chapel Hill, N.C.:
University of North Carolina Press, 2003.
Web sites
National Archives and Records Administration. ‘‘Chinese
Immigration and the Chinese in the United States.’’
<http://www.archives.gov/locations/finding-aids/
chinese-immigration.html> (accessed June 26, 2006).

Rosa Cavalleri: From Northern
Italy to Chicago,1884–1926
Book excerpt
By: Marie Hall Ets
Date: 1970
Source: Ets, Marie Hall. Rosa: The Life of an Italian
Immigrant. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press,
1970.
About the Author: Marie Hall Ets was born in Wisconsin
in 1895. She was best known as a writer and illustrator
of children’s books and won many awards for her work.
In 1918, she became a social worker in a settlement
home in Chicago, where she met Rosa Cavalleri. Rosa
told her many stories of her early life in an Italian
village and of her arrival in America in 1884. Ets
published these stories in 1970 as Rosa, the Life of an
Italian Immigrant.
INTRODUCTION
This is an excerpt from the biography of Rosa
Cavelleri, an Italian immigrant who arrived in
America at the height of European immigration in
the late nineteenth century, when she was eighteen
years old. Born in a silk-making village in Lombardy,
Rosa was an orphan who was brought up by various
foster parents. At the age of sixteen, she was married
off to a brutal older man called Santino. Shortly after
their wedding, Santino joined a work gang who went to
America for work in the Missouri iron mines. He soon

sent a ticket for Rosa to join him there so that she could
keep house for him and the other miners. She reluc-
tantly left Italy in 1884 with other young women who
were going to join husbands or fiancés in the United
States.
Although the early waves of European immigra-
tion to the United States had been from western and
northern Europe, by 1890 immigrants from these areas
were equaled in number by southern and eastern
Europeans, especially Italians, Greeks, and Eastern
European Jews. Within a few years, they accounted
for two-thirds of all immigrants to the United States.
While economic stability in northern Europe was
reducing emigration, in the south and east a number
of factors contributed to its increase. These included,
for example, the displacement of rural people as a
result of industrialization, unemployment, poverty,
high taxation, and compulsory military service.
In Italy, labor migration to nearby countries was
already commonplace. In the mid-nineteenth century,
America became a viable alternative with the develop-
ment of the steamship, which greatly shortened
journeys. In addition, many steamship companies
competed against each other to offer cheap fares.
With high levels of poverty and unemployment in
Italy, many Italians took advantage of the opportunity
to find employment and a better life in America.
Often men emigrated first, with their wives and
other family members joining them later, when the
men had saved up enough money to pay for their
fares. However, many single Italian women also immi-
grated to America, either to join their fiancés there, or
to live with relatives. One factor that affected women’s

migration from Italy was their parents’ increasing dif-
ficulty in providing a dowry, which in some areas of the
country was expected to consist of a house, land, or
furnishings. Between 1881 and 1890, around a fifth of
Italian immigrants to the United States were women,
but this percentage increased to thirty-nine percent
between 1921 and 1930. Family networks also brought
many Italians to America, forming the bases of Italian
communities that developed in New York and other
cities.
The Italian government also encouraged labor
migration to the United States. Officially, men who
were liable for military service were banned from emi-
grating. However, this policy was not effectively
enforced, due partly to the weak authority of the
newly established government in a country only
recently unified, and partly because the money emi-
grants sent back to Italian families helped the Italian
economy. Over time, the government introduced
measures to facilitate migration, introducing a literacy
program in 1901 to help migrants pass the tests being
proposed as a condition of entry to the United States
and recommending the establishment of employment
offices for Italian immigrants in New York, to help
them secure jobs there.
R O S A C A V A L L E R I : F R O M N O R T H E R N I T A
L Y T O C H I C A G O , 1 8 8 4 – 1 9 2 6
work/folder-1/question.txt
For your first primary source assignment, please read and

evaluate the Chinese Exclusion Act, linked here:
Chinese_Exclusion_Act_1882.PDFPreview the document
After you read this document and the supplemental material,
please respond to the following questions based on your reading
of the document. You may wish to consult your text for
reference. You will need to cite in Chicago Style if you are
using direct quotes or paraphrasing from outside sources. I do
not expect you to be an expert in American-Chinese foreign
policy relations so do your best to respond to the questions
using the document, your text, and supported opinions.
Please be sure to number the responses to each question as well
as use COMPLETE SENTENCES to answer each of the 6
questions.
12 pt font, double spaced, Times New Roman, PDF, .doc, .docx
files only!
This Primary Source Assignment is due SATURDAY, JUNE 1
by 11:59PM.
Questions to respond to after reading the source document:

What rights should immigrants or foreign laborers have under
American law? Should the Constitution be altered? Should the
14th Amendment be expanded?
Was the Chinese Exclusion Act or a law like it a good idea at
any point? When? If not, how can you address foreign labor
crowding a finite job market?
What sorts of lingering effects can a law like this have, both to
a Chinese-American population and to relations between China
and the United States?
Should immigration be restricted in terms of ethnicity or race?
Religion? Political belief? Any criteria you can think of? Why
or why not?
Is it ethical to use a population of people for cheap labor, as
Chinese immigrants were used on the railroad, and then enact
measures to keep more from immigrating? Why or why not? Do
ethics like these have any basis for laws?
The United States often finds itself at odds with the lofty
principles espoused in the Constitution and political and
economic reality. When this happens, which is more important?
What's more important in the case of the Chinese Exclusion
Act?
For this paper, please discuss how immigrants versus native-
born Americans viewed the United States immigration
restrictions that took place during the 1920s. You must take
into account how immigrant experiences of global migration and
acculturation shaped views. You must also include and evaluate
how international events shaped the debate over immigration
restrictions in the 1920s.

12 pt, Times New Roman font, 1 inch margins, Word Doc or
PDF submission only.
DUE SUNDAY, JUNE 1 by 11:59 PM!
This paper will be evaluated based on the following:
Strong thesis that answers the question and addresses the views
of both native-born Americans and immigrants.
Paragraphs with topic sentence, evidence, conclusion.
Paragraphs that make an argument and are analytical.
Understanding of the historical context and particularly how
international events shaped the debate over immigration
restriction in the 1920s.
Introduction and conclusion.
At least two primary sources related to native-born perspective
and two primary sources from immigrant perspectives, and
analysis of those sources. 4 total primary sources. Also include
secondary sources.
Minimum 1000 words.
Chicago Manual Style Notes/Bibliography FORMAT and

Citations - See Citation Libguide for more guidance:
https://library.fiu.edu/citation/chicago (Links to an external
site.)
A great opportunity to check in with the History Tutors!
Firstly, use Netflix to watch the film "Miss Representation"
if you don't have an account, simply create a free trial account
for the purpose of this assignment.
After Watching the film:
For this assignment you are to write a 2 page, double spaced (or
longer) paper addressing the following: You may use the
questions and simply answer them as well (this doesn't need to
be in essay format, but your answers to each questions should
be substantial)
• What surprised you most about the film?

• What, if anything, did you learn from the film?
• How much media do you (and your family) consume in a day
& what is this media
telling you about what it means to be a boy (man) or girl
(woman)?
• What is one step you can take to change the way media
portrays women and girls?
• How can we discuss issues raised in the film with the children
in our lives?
• As a community what can we do to change the way women and
girls are portrayed
throughout our culture?
• What can businesses do to breakdown gender stereotypes in
the workplace?
• What type of policy changes should we be encouraging at the
state and national
level?

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