This is an Economics project which will help in understanding the concept of production, the costs involved in it, and the contributing factors associated with both.
This is an Economics project which will help in understanding the concept of production, the costs involved in it, and the contributing factors associated with both.
Introduction
The circular flow of income is a theoretical construct that simplifies the complex interactions within an economy. At its core, this model visualizes the flow of money and goods and services between two main sectors: households and firms. These sectors engage in economic transactions that drive the flow of income, creating a circular and continuous process.
Basic Components of the Circular Flow Model
1. Households
Households are the primary consumers in an economy. They provide factors of production such as labor, land, and capital to firms in exchange for income. This income can take various forms, including wages, rent, interest, and profits. Households use this income to purchase goods and services, pay taxes, and save.
2. Firms
Firms, also known as businesses or producers, play a crucial role in the circular flow. They hire factors of production from households to produce goods and services. Firms generate revenue by selling these goods and services to households and other firms. The revenue earned is then used to pay for factors of production, cover operating costs, and potentially reinvest in the business.
3. Goods and Services
The flow of goods and services is a central element of the circular flow model. Firms produce goods and services, which are then sold to households and other firms in exchange for money. This exchange of money for goods and services represents a fundamental economic transaction.
4. Factor Payments
Households receive factor payments for providing their inputs (labor, land, capital) to firms. These factor payments include wages, rent, interest, and profits. Factor payments form the income that households use to meet their consumption needs and engage in other economic activities.
5. Government Sector
The circular flow model is often expanded to include the government sector. Governments collect taxes from households and firms, and in return, they provide public goods and services. Additionally, governments may engage in transfer payments, redistributing income to support individuals in need.
6. Financial Institutions
Financial institutions, such as banks, facilitate the circular flow by managing the flow of money between savers and borrowers. They provide loans to firms for investment, and households use financial institutions to save and borrow money.
The Flow of Money in the Circular Model
The circular flow of income is dynamic, and the flow of money can be traced through various stages of the economic process.
Households Provide Factors of Production: Households supply factors of production—labor, land, and capital—to firms.
Firms Produce Goods and Services: Firms use these factors of production to produce goods and services.
Goods and Services Sold in Markets: Firms sell these goods and services in markets, receiving payments in return.
Income to Households: The payments received by firms become income for households, which is used for consumption, saving, and taxes.
Government Involvement:
This power point is all about highlighting the concept of National Income in the Indian context and various methods for its calculation. Further, various limitations of National Income are also underlined.
circular flow of income,
meaning of national income,
concepts of national income,
methods & problems in measuring national income
concepts of agregate demand & agregate supply
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The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
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Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
The Indian economy is classified into different sectors to simplify the analysis and understanding of economic activities. For Class 10, it's essential to grasp the sectors of the Indian economy, understand their characteristics, and recognize their importance. This guide will provide detailed notes on the Sectors of the Indian Economy Class 10, using specific long-tail keywords to enhance comprehension.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
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This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
3. Islam Shah Syful 09-13027-1
Sozib Md. Habibur Rhaman 08-12419-3
Alam Md. Toushikul 09-12855-1
Haque Mohammad Ashikul 09-13015-1
Uddin Syed Sarwer 09-13010-1
PREPERED BY
5. There are three approaches to measure
gross domestic product (GDP)
Two sector models
Three sector model
Four sector model
6. Two sector
models
Two sectors model known as classic model
In two sector model house hold input
money to the farm by expenditure and farm
give money to the household by wages,
Interest, Rent, and Profit
7. Y = C
A person gets 3000tk wages, 5000tk
interest, 500rent from a business farm.
On the other hand, the business farm
gates 8500tk by his expenses.
9. On other diagram we see that saving go in
to capital market and it’s tarn in to in
vestment.
Y = C + S
Y = C + I
S = I
10. A person gates 8000tk wages, 15000tk
interest, 1000rent from a business farm.
On the other hand the business farm
gates 15000tk by his expenses and
9000tk by investment
Y = C + I
12. Three sector
model
This model is like two sector model hear
it include government. Hear govern takes
direct & indirect taxes from people &
business firm and expense where needed
13. Y = C + I + G
A person gates 8000tk wages, 15000tk
interest, 1000rent from a business farm.
And give tax 3600. On the other hand the
business farm gates 13200tk by his
expenses and 7200tk by investment and
government invest 3600tk.
15. Four sector
model
Four sector models like three sector
model except it has included foregone
exchange here government and business
farm import goods, services and man
power and export goods, services and
man power. The balance of import &
export business is called XN
16. Y = C + S + G + Xn
Xn = the balance of foreign trade
( Export – Import )