Lesson Five

1. INTRODUCTION TO THE
PHILOSOPHY OF THE HUMAN
PERSON
JAN PAULINE L. GALLEGO
August 31-September 2, 2020
Lesson 4. Pre-Socratic
Philosophy
Notre Dame of Tacurong College
Senior High School Department
City of Tacurong

2. Ancient Greek
Philosophy
Philosophy back in the day.

3. Objectives:
Upon completing the lesson , students will be
able to:
Discuss the pre-Socratic Philosophy.
 Enumerate the pre-Socratic philosophers
and knowing their philosophy.
Realize the value of pre-Socratic philosophy
in unfolding man’s speculative thinking.
Answer the given activity reflecting the
Philosophies of the pre-Socratic philosophers.

4. Pre - Socratic Philosophy
Socrates, Plato and Aristotle are the
most famous but not the first.
Usually we count the philosopher
THALES as being the first true
philosopher.
Thales lived around 600BC and
started the trend of western
philosophical thinking.

5. Why Look at the Pre Socratics
The syllabus requires you to know
elements of the philosophies of Plato
and Aristotle.
However, they produced their
philosophy in reaction to and
developing from that of the pre-
Socratics.
Really we identify the emergence of
philosophy by 3 main traits…

6. What makes it philosophy?
 Speculative thinking expresses human curiosity
about the world, striving to understand in natural
(rather than super-natural) terms how things really
are, what they are made of, and how they function.
 Practical thinking emphasizes the desire to guide
conduct by comprehending the nature of life and
the place of human beings and human behaviour
in the greater scheme of reality.
 Critical thinking (the hallmark of philosophy itself)
involves a careful examination of the foundations
upon which thinking of any sort must rely, trying to
achieve an effective method for assessing the
reliability of positions adopted on the significant
issues.

7. The Family Tree
Socrates taught Plato who taught
Aristotle.
Before Socrates were a wide group of
philosophers known collectively as the
pre-Socratics although they all had
VERY different sorts of ideas.
This history starts with Thales of
Miletus…

9. The First 3 Western Philosophers
are from Miletus
It is among the colonies of Asia Minor
that the story of philosophy begins, in
the city of Miletus where the first three
Western philosophers were born and
lived:
Thales, Anaximander, Anaximenes
They sought the PRIMARY
SUBSTANCE.

10. Thales(625-545 BC)
Thales is said to have
declared the primary
substance is water.
He held that the
transformation of this
fundamental substance is
the source of all living
things.

11. Anaximander (610-547 BC)
Primary
Substance:
Boundless,
changing,
undefined.

12. Anaximenes (585-525 BC)
Primary
Substance: Air- all
matter is
composed of air.
Air is central for
life- all known
living creatures
need air to survive.

13. Anaximander (c. 610—546
B.C.E.)
He doubted whether
any fundamental
substance would exist
in an observable pure
form.
This usually translated
as “the infinite” or
“the boundless”.

14. Another issue the Pre-
Socratics wrestled with was
the so-called Problem of
Change, how things appear
to change from one form to
another.

15. Heraclitus (540-480 BC)
Heraclitus was the
first philosopher we
know of to both
emphasize the
general process of
change and to
carefully analyze
particular
manifestations
thereof.

16. At the extremes, Heraclitus
believed in an-going process of
perpetual change, a constant
interplay of opposites.
He thought that the whole
universe was composed of
different forms of fire.

17. Heraclitus: 2 main ideas
(1) the Heraclitean doctrine of flux (which
viewed the whole cosmos as in a constant
state of change). He expressed this view
poetically as a metaphor: "You cannot step
twice into the same river; for fresh waters
are ever flowing in upon you."
(2) his disagreement with Thales about
the basic fundamental element. For
Heraclitus, the fundamental element of the
universe was fire (not water).

18. Parmenides (504-456 BC)
 All of reality is changeless. The universe
is one; change and motion is an illusion.

19. Parmenides
All of us, although we seem
individual, are part of one great
unity or whole- the universe.
He denied that there was any such
thing as change at all, and argued
that everything that exists is
permanent, indestructible, and
unchanging.

20. Zeno of Elea (490-430 BC)
Zeno’s Paradox. He attempts
to show that motion is
impossible.
He held that all belief in
plurality and change is
mistaken, and in particular that
motion is nothing but an
illusion.

21. Empedocles (490-435 BC)
True reality is changeless. But
apparent change in objects is
not an illusion.
Change is caused by changes
in the position of the four basic
elements- earth, fire, water
and air.
Love and strife (hate)
are the forces of change.

22. The Atomist
Democritus (460-360 BC)
He argued that all of reality is
actually composed of tiny,
indivisible and
indestructible building blocks
known as atoms, which form
different combinations and
shapes within the surrounding
void.

23. Pythagoras
Number. All
things take up
space, and have
measure.
He held that all of
reality was
governed by
numbers.