A Series of Presention By Mr Allah Dad Khan Master Trainer in Mushroom Technology Former DG Agriculture Extension KPK , Visiting Professor the University of Agriculture Peshawar Pakistan

2. Mushroom Production
(Basic Requirement of Mushroom )
A
Series of Lectures
Delivered to Mushroom Trainee
( Male/Female)
At University of Agriculture Peshawar
By
Mr Allah Dad Khan Former DG Agriculture
Extension KPK , Visiting Professor the University
of Agriculture Peshawar Pakistan

4. Basic Requirement:
Substrate
Substrate is any material used to support growth of crops
instead of soil. Mushroom can be classified as:
Primary decomposers of organic matter (like wood, leaves and
straw in nature) e.g. shitake and oyster mushroom,
Secondary decomposers-matter degraded by bacteria or other
fungi e.g. button mushroom
Examples of Agricultural waste substrate materials include:
Wheat straw, banana leaves, banana pseudo stems,wheat,
barley straw, bean pods/straw, coconut fibre,, , , corn fibre,
corn cobs, corn stovers, cotton straw, cotton husks, grass,
groundnuts shells, legume straws, paper pulp, potato foliage,
rice straw, saw dust, sorghum stover, sugarcane bagasse,
sunflower stypes, tea leaves, water hyacinth, wood shavings.

5. Factors to consider in substrate
selection
1. High yielding substrate
2. Ease of use
3. Cost of substrate
4. Availability
5. Storage
6. Cost of transport
7. Clean (without moulds/coloration)
8. If possible from the previous harvest

6. Mushroom Housing
Materials used include: -
1. Steel structure tubing covered with tarpaulin
2. Bamboo woven matting insulated inside with polythene
sheets.
3. Grass thatched houses or with shade cloth thatching
4. Green houses clad with insulation (glass wool) and roof
vents
5. Mud walled house

7. Housing conditions: -
i) Temperature
 Incubation 20 -27o C
 Fruiting/pin formation 10-18o C
ii) Humidity
 Substrate moisture - 60-70%
 Fruiting body 80-95% humidity
iii) Light- Mycelia growth (Incubation) can take place without
light
 - Fruiting body (mushroom growth process) requires light
iv) Ventilation -Fungi are aerobic therefore need fresh air
especially during the reproduction stage.

8. The Process of Mushroom
Growing:
Substrate preparation
1. Sterilization/pasteurization (decontamination) of
substrate
2. Inoculation (spawning)-This is introduction of seeds to
substrate
3. Fruiting (growth processes of mushroom)
4. Harvesting, post-harvest handling
5. Marketing

9. Substrate preparation for oyster
mushroom:
 The best substrates for oyster mushrooms include wheat
straw, banana leaves, cotton seeds hull, rice straw.
Unlike others, Banana leaves and cotton seed hulls may
not require supplementations.
 The main supplements used are wheat bran and rice
bran.
 Good substrate should have a C: N ratio of 2:5

10. Steps:
i) Substrate mixing ratio:
 To make 10kg of substrate: use bulk substrate (wheat straw) 80% = 8kg,
supplement (wheat bran) 20% = 2kg and buffer lime 1% of 10kg)
=100grams
 Note: Buffer is used to maintain pH at 6.5-7.0
 Lime (Ca (OH)2, Chalk (CaCo3) or Gypsum (CaSo4) can be used
 ii) Shredding - cut bulk substrate into 2-3cm (one inch)
 Soaking - put cut material in gunny bag and soak it in water for 2 hours
to attain 70% moisture content.
 Remove it from gunny bag, spread it on a clean polythene sheet and use
Squeeze/fist method to verify 70% moisture content. Pick a handful,
when squeezed it gives 2-3 drops of water.
 Then sprinkle wheat bran, lime, and mixed thoroughly.
 Bagging - Put mixture in polythene bags - 9×15 inches neck with
a 3/4 inch piece of PVC pipe, plug with the mouth with a piece of
cotton wool, tie, and covered with 10 x15 inch polythene bags.

11. Decontamination of Substrate
Sterilization- Put bags in an autoclave and heat to 121oC for
60-90 minutes to kill all micro-organisms, leaving a
biological vacuum
Pasteurization- uses low heat

12. Pasteurization methods:
Immersion in hot water; Put substrate in gunny bag and
immerse it in hot water at 60Cofor 30 minutes to kill
competitors while leaving friendly micro-organisms like
thermophiles.
Oil drum steaming; place the two kg substrate - filled bags-
on the rack inside the oil drum, already containing 40 litres
of clean water then seal then steam the content for 3-4
hours

13. Bulk steaming
Cooling- Cool substrate to 25o C
Spawning (Inoculation)
 Inoculate 30-50 (2 kg) bags with1 litre of spawn
 a) Conditions for spawning;
 i) Provide sterile conditions for spawning as shown
below
 Size: - 90cmX60cmX45cm (one plywood is used) Open
the spawning box, thoroughly disinfect the inside using
70% alcohol or propane, then put substrate bags and
spawn them.Put spawns in the bag and then close the
bag ready for incubation

14. b). Incubation
1. Put the bags under room temperature (25oC ) for28-30
days until white mass (mycelia) until substrate is fully
covered. Remove and discard contaminated bags.
2. Do the incubation in the growing house/room with no
mushroom growing

15. Fruiting
Maintain the following Conditions:
 Light: one should be able to read a newspaper in the
growing room
 Temperature: 8-20 o C.
 Relative humidity: 85-95%
 Aeration: keep CO2 at 0.1%d or 1000ppm by partially
opening the windows.
 During fruiting remove the cotton wool, rubber band
and plastic neck to allow mushroom to grow from the
top.
 Note: from inoculation to first harvest mushroom takes
2 months

16. Harvesting
 Harvest mushroom by twisting the stem (stype) and
uprooting and sell them while still fresh as they are
perishable.

17. Preservation
Oyster mushroom can be preserved for several days.
 Short term storage- refrigeration at 1- 40 C keeps them
good for 6 days
 Long term storage:
 1) Dry at10% moisture content.
 a) Sun drying
 b) Thermal drying
 2) Canning
 3) Pickling - storing in brine (21% salt)
 iv) Blanching- shortly cooked and the transferred to salty
water.

18. Mushroom Monitoring and
Evaluation:
Monitor for:
 Rodents and pathogens like fungi, bacteria, virus and
ants
 Temperature-uniform/constant temperature
 Humidity- Maintain at 85-95% or even 100% by avoiding
opening of the windows wide open.
 Light- enough to enable reading a newspaper for
fruiting to occur.
 Aeration-by ventilation as they are sensitive to CO2.