The document discusses the topics of language and communication from an anthropological perspective. It covers what language is, how it differs from nonhuman communication systems, its structure, and relationship to thought and culture. Additional sections explore nonverbal communication, sociolinguistics including linguistic diversity and gender differences, and historical linguistics focusing on reconstructing past languages and language families. Key points are that language is uniquely human, is learned through social interaction, and influences how people perceive and think about the world.
Language and communication can be studied from several perspectives. Language evolved from early hominid calls and gestures and allows humans to communicate about things not present. Nonverbal communication conveys meaning through signs, body language and gestures which vary across cultures. The structure of language includes phonology, morphology, syntax and lexicon. Sociolinguistics examines how social factors influence language variation and use. Historical linguistics studies how languages have changed over long periods of time.
Language Contact and Its Outcomes - Kyle Shiellsluvogt
Languages have been coexisting and influencing each other since long before history was recorded. What are the situations in which contact can arise, how are the languages and communities changed in the process, and how can we learn about histories of contact from the languages themselves?
Presentation endangered languages and linguistic diversityZwidzai Chinyowa
Endangered languages are those spoken by relatively few people, often elderly, and in few communities, putting their future use in doubt. Many languages are endangered or extinct as their speakers stop passing them on. Linguistic diversity refers to the existence of multiple languages in communities. Zimbabwe has over 20 languages including English, Shona, Ndebele and minority languages like Kalanga and Sotho. Some languages like Tshwao are endangered with under 20 speakers remaining. Cameroon has high linguistic diversity with 248 languages though only French and English are official. The US has over 350 languages led by English and Spanish. Factors threatening linguistic diversity include small speaker populations, lack of government support, and languages shifting to more prestigious options
The document discusses whether Finland is ready for critical multiculturalism and examines different perspectives on what multiculturalism means, who the key stakeholders are, and what values are served by various definitions of multiculturalism. It also explores issues around multiculturalism in education and society and how to expand the role of educators to better promote multicultural ideals.
Linguistic anthropology studies the relationship between language and social life. It examines how language influences culture and how the two interact. The field has four main branches: historical linguistics, descriptive linguistics, sociolinguistics, and ethnolinguistics. Linguistic anthropologists work to document endangered languages, understand how language shapes culture, and preserve languages at risk of extinction. They may have careers researching languages, teaching English abroad, or working with government and nonprofit organizations.
Language, Power, Identity & Global PoliticsRabbiaAzam
This document discusses the interrelationship between language, power, and identity in a globalized world. It argues that language is used to communicate, unite or divide people, and assert power through maintaining power relations and identities. Power shapes language by controlling discourse and agenda-setting. Identity is depicted through language and constantly negotiated. As globalization increases, new technologies and power relations emerge, reshaping concepts of power and information. International languages take on economic and cultural functions to share rather than impose ideas. Language plays a vital role in the foreign policy of global powers as they seek to promote their language and reshape identities.
English will become the universal language in the future to help people communicate globally more effectively. An international summit will choose a universal language, selecting English over Chinese due to China's economic issues and the structural differences between Mandarin and other languages. English will incorporate abbreviations and words from all varieties of English into a Global English Dictionary to allow for fast communication online and through technology. However, relying solely on abbreviated English risks losing meaningful aspects of language and culture over time.
Language and communication can be studied from several perspectives. Language evolved from early hominid calls and gestures and allows humans to communicate about things not present. Nonverbal communication conveys meaning through signs, body language and gestures which vary across cultures. The structure of language includes phonology, morphology, syntax and lexicon. Sociolinguistics examines how social factors influence language variation and use. Historical linguistics studies how languages have changed over long periods of time.
Language Contact and Its Outcomes - Kyle Shiellsluvogt
Languages have been coexisting and influencing each other since long before history was recorded. What are the situations in which contact can arise, how are the languages and communities changed in the process, and how can we learn about histories of contact from the languages themselves?
Presentation endangered languages and linguistic diversityZwidzai Chinyowa
Endangered languages are those spoken by relatively few people, often elderly, and in few communities, putting their future use in doubt. Many languages are endangered or extinct as their speakers stop passing them on. Linguistic diversity refers to the existence of multiple languages in communities. Zimbabwe has over 20 languages including English, Shona, Ndebele and minority languages like Kalanga and Sotho. Some languages like Tshwao are endangered with under 20 speakers remaining. Cameroon has high linguistic diversity with 248 languages though only French and English are official. The US has over 350 languages led by English and Spanish. Factors threatening linguistic diversity include small speaker populations, lack of government support, and languages shifting to more prestigious options
The document discusses whether Finland is ready for critical multiculturalism and examines different perspectives on what multiculturalism means, who the key stakeholders are, and what values are served by various definitions of multiculturalism. It also explores issues around multiculturalism in education and society and how to expand the role of educators to better promote multicultural ideals.
Linguistic anthropology studies the relationship between language and social life. It examines how language influences culture and how the two interact. The field has four main branches: historical linguistics, descriptive linguistics, sociolinguistics, and ethnolinguistics. Linguistic anthropologists work to document endangered languages, understand how language shapes culture, and preserve languages at risk of extinction. They may have careers researching languages, teaching English abroad, or working with government and nonprofit organizations.
Language, Power, Identity & Global PoliticsRabbiaAzam
This document discusses the interrelationship between language, power, and identity in a globalized world. It argues that language is used to communicate, unite or divide people, and assert power through maintaining power relations and identities. Power shapes language by controlling discourse and agenda-setting. Identity is depicted through language and constantly negotiated. As globalization increases, new technologies and power relations emerge, reshaping concepts of power and information. International languages take on economic and cultural functions to share rather than impose ideas. Language plays a vital role in the foreign policy of global powers as they seek to promote their language and reshape identities.
English will become the universal language in the future to help people communicate globally more effectively. An international summit will choose a universal language, selecting English over Chinese due to China's economic issues and the structural differences between Mandarin and other languages. English will incorporate abbreviations and words from all varieties of English into a Global English Dictionary to allow for fast communication online and through technology. However, relying solely on abbreviated English risks losing meaningful aspects of language and culture over time.
This paper purports to be a starting point to revisit existing approaches dealing with the origin and spread of languages in the light of the changed circumstances of the Twenty-first century without in any way undermining their applicability across space and time. The origin of spoken languages is intricately and inseparably interwoven and intertwined with the origin of human species as well, and in this paper, we propose a ‘Wholly-independent Multi-Regional hypothesis of the origin of Homo sapiens’ in response to both the highly-controversial and arguably antiquated ‘Out-of-Africa theory’ which we have stridently and vehemently opposed, along with all its protuberances and the contending Multi-Regional Hypothesis as well. The key tenets of this paper are therefore articulated based on this fundamental premise which is likely to upend existing presumptions and paradigms to a significant degree. Having said that, we must hasten to add that the evolutionary biology of language encompassing physical anthropology or genetics and other related areas of study, are wholly outside the purview of this paper. Structural linguistics and semantics are also outside the scope of this paper. In this paper, we examine the origins of spoken and written languages in pre-historic, proto-historic, historic, pre-globalized and post-globalized contexts and propose an ‘Epochal Polygenesis’ approach. As a part of this paper, we also provide a broad overview of early and current theories of the origin and spread of languages so that readers can compare our approaches with already existing ones and analyse the similarities and differences between the two. We propose and define several new concepts under the categories of contact-based scenarios and non-contact based scenarios such as the autochthonous origin of languages, the spread of properties of languages from key nodes, the ‘Theory of linguistic osmosis’ and the need to take historical and political factors into account while analysing the spread of languages. In this paper, we also propose among others, the ‘Theory of win-win paradigms’ and the ‘Net benefits approach’. We also emphasize the need to carry out a diachronic and synchronic assessment of the dynamics of languages spread and propose that this be made a continuous process so that the lessons learnt can be used to tweak and hone theories and models to perfection. This paper is likely to significantly up the ante in favour of a dynamics-driven approach by undermining the relative torpor now observed in this arguably vital sub-discipline and contribute greatly to the rapidly emerging field of language dynamics. We also hope that synchronic linguistics will finally get its due place under the sun in the post-globalised world, and will become a major driving force in linguistics in the Twenty-First Century.
Cross-cultural adjustment can be difficult and varies greatly between individuals. The experience is often likened to a roller coaster, with periods of elation and depression. There are typically stages in the adjustment process including an initial "honeymoon period", followed by culture shock as problems arise, then an initial adjustment period as everyday tasks are managed. Later, individuals may feel mental isolation and loneliness before finally reaching acceptance and integration in the new culture. Developing social relationships with others from one's own and the new culture can help ease the adjustment. Maintaining a balance between cultural patterns is also suggested to help in the long term.
The document discusses several theories about the origins of human language. It describes hypotheses such as the "bow-wow" theory that early words imitated animal sounds, the "pooh-pooh" theory that words derived from expressions of emotion, and necessity theories where language developed to convey warnings or enable cooperation. The document also discusses the idea that language evolved through genetic mutations, allowing innate linguistic abilities, and the debate around whether there was one original language or multiple origins of language diversity today.
This document discusses the concepts of ethnicity and race. It defines ethnicity as being based on cultural similarities and differences within a society, and ethnic groups as sharing certain beliefs, values, customs, and origins. Race is defined as an ethnic group assumed to have a biological basis. The document examines how ethnicity and race are socially constructed, and explores related concepts like status, nation, nationality, assimilation, plural societies, multiculturalism, and the roots of ethnic conflict.
The document discusses how language is used to transmit culture from one generation to the next. It states that while physical features are inherited from parents, language is learned from the surrounding culture rather than inherited genetically. Language represents the unique thinking of a cultural group and allows them to express their beliefs, customs, and way of life to subsequent generations.
Sociolinguistics is the study of how language and society interact. A key concept is that we alter our language based on social factors like the setting, participants, and topic of conversation. Pidgins develop as languages of contact between groups without a shared language, using simplified grammar and vocabulary from the source languages. If a pidgin is passed down to children as their primary language, it becomes a creole, a fully developed language with its own complex linguistic system. Code-switching and code-mixing occur when multilingual speakers blend elements of multiple languages in a single conversation for reasons of identity, emphasis, or lack of a word in one language.
Language planning, policy and implementation in south AfircaSelf employed
- South Africa has 11 official languages and recognizes several unofficial ones. The official languages are a result of politics to balance ethnic diversity.
- Nearly 25 languages are used daily by over 45 million people in South Africa, with Zulu, Xhosa, and Afrikaans being the most commonly spoken first languages.
- The language policy aims to promote multilingualism and the development of all languages, though implementing this policy fully faces challenges.
Language both reflects and creates culture through linguistic practices that generate meaning. It serves several cultural functions, including shaping cultural worldviews and cognitive processes, directing attention to important social realities, fostering group identity, and enabling social change. While language reinforces cultural norms, it also allows for code-switching and the flexible expression of new meanings over time. Overall, the document discusses the close relationship between language and culture, and how language socializes individuals and transmits cultural values.
Anthropology is the study of humans, past and present. It is divided into four main subfields: physical/biological anthropology which studies human evolution and biology; cultural anthropology which includes archaeology, linguistics, and ethnology to understand human cultures and societies; linguistics which examines the structure and development of human languages; and applied anthropology which uses anthropological knowledge and methods to analyze and address real-world problems. Anthropologists seek to understand humans as a whole through interdisciplinary and holistic research on our biology, behaviors, beliefs, and environments over time and across cultures.
This document discusses several key linguistic concepts:
1) Internal variation refers to different ways of expressing the same meaning within a language like "lorry-truck" or "underground-subway".
2) A dialect is a variety of a language spoken by a group that has systematic differences in structure or vocabulary compared to other varieties.
3) An idiolect is the unique variety of language used by an individual based on their personal vocabulary, grammar, and pronunciations.
48-110 (Foundations of Social Life) - Lesson Objectives
1. Distinguish between race, ethnicity and minority group;
2. Explain what is meant by race as a social construct;
3. Define and give examples of racism in real life and popular culture;
4. Discuss and give examples of White Privilege;
5. Define and discuss pluralism, multiculturalism, and assimilation;
6. Define and give examples of prejudice and discrimination;
7. Recognize and provide examples of racial and ethnic stereotypes;
8. Describe the various forms of ethnic conflict;
9. Discuss the role of race and ethnicity in crime, criminality and criminal justice
Multiculturalism refers to cultural diversity within a society where multiple groups maintain distinctive cultural beliefs and identities. It emerged from black consciousness movements in the 1960s and has been aided by post-WWII migration trends. It is mainly practiced in countries like the US, Canada, Germany, and India. The principles of multiculturalism include politics of recognition, culture and identity, minority rights, and celebrating diversity. While it aims to reduce discrimination, some argue it can threaten national identity and unity.
Human language originated from multiple sources according to the document. The Divine source theory suggests that language was originally given by God. Experiments by ancient kings isolating infants found they spontaneously spoke known languages. Natural sounds of animals and emotions may also have contributed words that imitate sounds. As humans lived in social groups, some communication was needed to coordinate tasks requiring physical effort. Physical adaptations like an upright posture and tools requiring hands freed speech to develop. The brain's lateralization for both language and tool use supported this. Finally, the genetic source hypothesis is that humans are born with the innate capacity for language due to pre-programmed language genes.
The document discusses race and ethnicity in three parts:
1. It addresses common myths about race, including the idea that any race is superior or pure, and that human characteristics are defined by race alone.
2. It examines the emergence of minority and dominant social groups, how racial and ethnic identities are constructed, and theories of prejudice including psychological and sociological perspectives.
3. It provides an overview of race relations in the United States, looking at the experiences and current situations of various racial and ethnic groups such as European Americans, Latinos, African Americans, Asian Americans, and Native Americans. It concludes by considering issues like immigration, affirmative action, and the goal of a truly multicultural society.
This document discusses various types of language variation including dialects, idiolects, and styles of language. It provides examples of regional dialects, social dialects, ethnic dialects, and how an individual's idiolect is unique. Dialects are influenced by both regional and social factors. The document also discusses standard versus nonstandard language varieties and gives examples of code-switching and borrowing between languages.
1. The document discusses several key aspects of language including universal features, structural linguistics, biological and cultural aspects, language issues and theories, and sociolinguistics.
2. Universal features of language that are discussed include productivity, displacement, and arbitrariness. Structural linguistics examines the basic elements of language including phonetics, phonemes, morphemes, syntax.
3. Both the biological and cultural aspects of language are explored, noting that while language is a biological adaptation, writing is a cultural adaptation. Language issues and theories covered include Chomsky's theory of innate grammar and the relationship between language and thought.
4. Sociolinguistics examines how language varies based on social factors like
English as an international language in Asia: How should we teach it?IanWalkinshaw1
The document discusses the changing nature and use of English worldwide. It notes that English is increasingly used as a first, second, or lingua franca language globally in diverse domains. The dominance of American and British English is declining as English evolves locally in different regions and adapts to local contexts and languages. The document also examines English as a lingua franca in Asia, where it is commonly used for communication between non-native speakers, with over 800 million multilingual users in Asia alone. Characteristics of English as a lingua franca communication are also outlined.
Three key concepts are discussed in the document:
1. Diglossia refers to situations where two distinct varieties of the same language are used in a community, with one variety regarded as "high" and used formally, and the other as "low" and used informally.
2. Bilingualism refers to individuals who can speak two languages, which may be either elite bilingualism involving high status languages, or immigrant bilingualism involving a high and low status language.
3. Multilingualism involves situations where speakers can and do use more than one language in their daily lives and interactions, shaping social relationships and identities.
PHONOLOGICAL ADAPTATION OF ENGLISH LOANWORDS IN IGBOEugene Ejiofor
The document discusses the phonological adaptation of English loanwords in Igbo. It analyzes various phonological processes that English words undergo when borrowed into Igbo, including vowel and consonant changes, insertions and deletions. Some key findings are that English vowels may be substituted with different Igbo vowels, long vowels may change to short vowels, diphthongs become monophthongs, and consonants can be modified. Additionally, vowels are often inserted between consonant clusters or at the end of words to comply with Igbo phonotactics. The stress patterns of English words also change to tone patterns in Igbo. The study reveals how contact between English and Igbo has influenced the flexibility and development of words in
Anthropology is the study of what it means to be human. It takes a holistic approach across four fields: archaeology studies how humans shape their material environments; physical anthropology examines human biological diversity and evolution; linguistic anthropology analyzes human language and communication; and cultural anthropology describes human cultures and learned knowledge systems. Together, these four fields seek to understand all aspects of human existence and behavior.
This document provides an overview of political parties and elections in the United States. It defines key terms like political parties, Democrats, Republicans, primaries, and general elections. It describes the role of political parties in selecting candidates and informing the public. It also explains the differences between primary and general elections and factors that influence how people vote, such as party identification, candidate image, policy choices, and socioeconomic characteristics.
This document defines and provides examples of the main parts of speech in English: nouns, pronouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs, prepositions, and conjunctions. It discusses the different types of words that fall within each part of speech category and provides examples to illustrate how they are used in sentences.
This paper purports to be a starting point to revisit existing approaches dealing with the origin and spread of languages in the light of the changed circumstances of the Twenty-first century without in any way undermining their applicability across space and time. The origin of spoken languages is intricately and inseparably interwoven and intertwined with the origin of human species as well, and in this paper, we propose a ‘Wholly-independent Multi-Regional hypothesis of the origin of Homo sapiens’ in response to both the highly-controversial and arguably antiquated ‘Out-of-Africa theory’ which we have stridently and vehemently opposed, along with all its protuberances and the contending Multi-Regional Hypothesis as well. The key tenets of this paper are therefore articulated based on this fundamental premise which is likely to upend existing presumptions and paradigms to a significant degree. Having said that, we must hasten to add that the evolutionary biology of language encompassing physical anthropology or genetics and other related areas of study, are wholly outside the purview of this paper. Structural linguistics and semantics are also outside the scope of this paper. In this paper, we examine the origins of spoken and written languages in pre-historic, proto-historic, historic, pre-globalized and post-globalized contexts and propose an ‘Epochal Polygenesis’ approach. As a part of this paper, we also provide a broad overview of early and current theories of the origin and spread of languages so that readers can compare our approaches with already existing ones and analyse the similarities and differences between the two. We propose and define several new concepts under the categories of contact-based scenarios and non-contact based scenarios such as the autochthonous origin of languages, the spread of properties of languages from key nodes, the ‘Theory of linguistic osmosis’ and the need to take historical and political factors into account while analysing the spread of languages. In this paper, we also propose among others, the ‘Theory of win-win paradigms’ and the ‘Net benefits approach’. We also emphasize the need to carry out a diachronic and synchronic assessment of the dynamics of languages spread and propose that this be made a continuous process so that the lessons learnt can be used to tweak and hone theories and models to perfection. This paper is likely to significantly up the ante in favour of a dynamics-driven approach by undermining the relative torpor now observed in this arguably vital sub-discipline and contribute greatly to the rapidly emerging field of language dynamics. We also hope that synchronic linguistics will finally get its due place under the sun in the post-globalised world, and will become a major driving force in linguistics in the Twenty-First Century.
Cross-cultural adjustment can be difficult and varies greatly between individuals. The experience is often likened to a roller coaster, with periods of elation and depression. There are typically stages in the adjustment process including an initial "honeymoon period", followed by culture shock as problems arise, then an initial adjustment period as everyday tasks are managed. Later, individuals may feel mental isolation and loneliness before finally reaching acceptance and integration in the new culture. Developing social relationships with others from one's own and the new culture can help ease the adjustment. Maintaining a balance between cultural patterns is also suggested to help in the long term.
The document discusses several theories about the origins of human language. It describes hypotheses such as the "bow-wow" theory that early words imitated animal sounds, the "pooh-pooh" theory that words derived from expressions of emotion, and necessity theories where language developed to convey warnings or enable cooperation. The document also discusses the idea that language evolved through genetic mutations, allowing innate linguistic abilities, and the debate around whether there was one original language or multiple origins of language diversity today.
This document discusses the concepts of ethnicity and race. It defines ethnicity as being based on cultural similarities and differences within a society, and ethnic groups as sharing certain beliefs, values, customs, and origins. Race is defined as an ethnic group assumed to have a biological basis. The document examines how ethnicity and race are socially constructed, and explores related concepts like status, nation, nationality, assimilation, plural societies, multiculturalism, and the roots of ethnic conflict.
The document discusses how language is used to transmit culture from one generation to the next. It states that while physical features are inherited from parents, language is learned from the surrounding culture rather than inherited genetically. Language represents the unique thinking of a cultural group and allows them to express their beliefs, customs, and way of life to subsequent generations.
Sociolinguistics is the study of how language and society interact. A key concept is that we alter our language based on social factors like the setting, participants, and topic of conversation. Pidgins develop as languages of contact between groups without a shared language, using simplified grammar and vocabulary from the source languages. If a pidgin is passed down to children as their primary language, it becomes a creole, a fully developed language with its own complex linguistic system. Code-switching and code-mixing occur when multilingual speakers blend elements of multiple languages in a single conversation for reasons of identity, emphasis, or lack of a word in one language.
Language planning, policy and implementation in south AfircaSelf employed
- South Africa has 11 official languages and recognizes several unofficial ones. The official languages are a result of politics to balance ethnic diversity.
- Nearly 25 languages are used daily by over 45 million people in South Africa, with Zulu, Xhosa, and Afrikaans being the most commonly spoken first languages.
- The language policy aims to promote multilingualism and the development of all languages, though implementing this policy fully faces challenges.
Language both reflects and creates culture through linguistic practices that generate meaning. It serves several cultural functions, including shaping cultural worldviews and cognitive processes, directing attention to important social realities, fostering group identity, and enabling social change. While language reinforces cultural norms, it also allows for code-switching and the flexible expression of new meanings over time. Overall, the document discusses the close relationship between language and culture, and how language socializes individuals and transmits cultural values.
Anthropology is the study of humans, past and present. It is divided into four main subfields: physical/biological anthropology which studies human evolution and biology; cultural anthropology which includes archaeology, linguistics, and ethnology to understand human cultures and societies; linguistics which examines the structure and development of human languages; and applied anthropology which uses anthropological knowledge and methods to analyze and address real-world problems. Anthropologists seek to understand humans as a whole through interdisciplinary and holistic research on our biology, behaviors, beliefs, and environments over time and across cultures.
This document discusses several key linguistic concepts:
1) Internal variation refers to different ways of expressing the same meaning within a language like "lorry-truck" or "underground-subway".
2) A dialect is a variety of a language spoken by a group that has systematic differences in structure or vocabulary compared to other varieties.
3) An idiolect is the unique variety of language used by an individual based on their personal vocabulary, grammar, and pronunciations.
48-110 (Foundations of Social Life) - Lesson Objectives
1. Distinguish between race, ethnicity and minority group;
2. Explain what is meant by race as a social construct;
3. Define and give examples of racism in real life and popular culture;
4. Discuss and give examples of White Privilege;
5. Define and discuss pluralism, multiculturalism, and assimilation;
6. Define and give examples of prejudice and discrimination;
7. Recognize and provide examples of racial and ethnic stereotypes;
8. Describe the various forms of ethnic conflict;
9. Discuss the role of race and ethnicity in crime, criminality and criminal justice
Multiculturalism refers to cultural diversity within a society where multiple groups maintain distinctive cultural beliefs and identities. It emerged from black consciousness movements in the 1960s and has been aided by post-WWII migration trends. It is mainly practiced in countries like the US, Canada, Germany, and India. The principles of multiculturalism include politics of recognition, culture and identity, minority rights, and celebrating diversity. While it aims to reduce discrimination, some argue it can threaten national identity and unity.
Human language originated from multiple sources according to the document. The Divine source theory suggests that language was originally given by God. Experiments by ancient kings isolating infants found they spontaneously spoke known languages. Natural sounds of animals and emotions may also have contributed words that imitate sounds. As humans lived in social groups, some communication was needed to coordinate tasks requiring physical effort. Physical adaptations like an upright posture and tools requiring hands freed speech to develop. The brain's lateralization for both language and tool use supported this. Finally, the genetic source hypothesis is that humans are born with the innate capacity for language due to pre-programmed language genes.
The document discusses race and ethnicity in three parts:
1. It addresses common myths about race, including the idea that any race is superior or pure, and that human characteristics are defined by race alone.
2. It examines the emergence of minority and dominant social groups, how racial and ethnic identities are constructed, and theories of prejudice including psychological and sociological perspectives.
3. It provides an overview of race relations in the United States, looking at the experiences and current situations of various racial and ethnic groups such as European Americans, Latinos, African Americans, Asian Americans, and Native Americans. It concludes by considering issues like immigration, affirmative action, and the goal of a truly multicultural society.
This document discusses various types of language variation including dialects, idiolects, and styles of language. It provides examples of regional dialects, social dialects, ethnic dialects, and how an individual's idiolect is unique. Dialects are influenced by both regional and social factors. The document also discusses standard versus nonstandard language varieties and gives examples of code-switching and borrowing between languages.
1. The document discusses several key aspects of language including universal features, structural linguistics, biological and cultural aspects, language issues and theories, and sociolinguistics.
2. Universal features of language that are discussed include productivity, displacement, and arbitrariness. Structural linguistics examines the basic elements of language including phonetics, phonemes, morphemes, syntax.
3. Both the biological and cultural aspects of language are explored, noting that while language is a biological adaptation, writing is a cultural adaptation. Language issues and theories covered include Chomsky's theory of innate grammar and the relationship between language and thought.
4. Sociolinguistics examines how language varies based on social factors like
English as an international language in Asia: How should we teach it?IanWalkinshaw1
The document discusses the changing nature and use of English worldwide. It notes that English is increasingly used as a first, second, or lingua franca language globally in diverse domains. The dominance of American and British English is declining as English evolves locally in different regions and adapts to local contexts and languages. The document also examines English as a lingua franca in Asia, where it is commonly used for communication between non-native speakers, with over 800 million multilingual users in Asia alone. Characteristics of English as a lingua franca communication are also outlined.
Three key concepts are discussed in the document:
1. Diglossia refers to situations where two distinct varieties of the same language are used in a community, with one variety regarded as "high" and used formally, and the other as "low" and used informally.
2. Bilingualism refers to individuals who can speak two languages, which may be either elite bilingualism involving high status languages, or immigrant bilingualism involving a high and low status language.
3. Multilingualism involves situations where speakers can and do use more than one language in their daily lives and interactions, shaping social relationships and identities.
PHONOLOGICAL ADAPTATION OF ENGLISH LOANWORDS IN IGBOEugene Ejiofor
The document discusses the phonological adaptation of English loanwords in Igbo. It analyzes various phonological processes that English words undergo when borrowed into Igbo, including vowel and consonant changes, insertions and deletions. Some key findings are that English vowels may be substituted with different Igbo vowels, long vowels may change to short vowels, diphthongs become monophthongs, and consonants can be modified. Additionally, vowels are often inserted between consonant clusters or at the end of words to comply with Igbo phonotactics. The stress patterns of English words also change to tone patterns in Igbo. The study reveals how contact between English and Igbo has influenced the flexibility and development of words in
Anthropology is the study of what it means to be human. It takes a holistic approach across four fields: archaeology studies how humans shape their material environments; physical anthropology examines human biological diversity and evolution; linguistic anthropology analyzes human language and communication; and cultural anthropology describes human cultures and learned knowledge systems. Together, these four fields seek to understand all aspects of human existence and behavior.
This document provides an overview of political parties and elections in the United States. It defines key terms like political parties, Democrats, Republicans, primaries, and general elections. It describes the role of political parties in selecting candidates and informing the public. It also explains the differences between primary and general elections and factors that influence how people vote, such as party identification, candidate image, policy choices, and socioeconomic characteristics.
This document defines and provides examples of the main parts of speech in English: nouns, pronouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs, prepositions, and conjunctions. It discusses the different types of words that fall within each part of speech category and provides examples to illustrate how they are used in sentences.
This document discusses several key business concepts:
- It defines organizational structure, systems, quality assurance, quality control, curriculum vitae, companies, SWOT analysis, key performance indicators, and the IPOI system.
- It also discusses management functions like planning, organizing, leading, and controlling, and frameworks like PDCA and POLC.
- Finally, it touches on topics like management skills, personality traits, negotiation techniques, and business vocabulary.
This document discusses different forms of government:
- Monarchy is rule by a single hereditary leader like a king or queen. Saudi Arabia is an example.
- Dictatorship places control in the hands of one ruler who seizes power by force, like Hitler in Nazi Germany or Saddam Hussein in Iraq.
- Democracy is rule by the people, either directly or through elected representatives. The United States is a representative democracy.
This document introduces different definitions of democracy, including procedural definitions focused on electoral processes and institutions, and substantive definitions focused on democratic outcomes. It outlines minimal electoral definitions requiring only competitive elections, as well as more complex procedural definitions incorporating additional institutions and protections. Maximalist definitions demand democratic regimes promote equality among citizens. While democracy relies on consent, it also involves constant paradoxes between conflict and consensus, representativeness and governability, and consent and effectiveness.
This document provides an introduction and overview to a book about advanced English grammar. It includes:
1) A preface stating that the book is designed to facilitate advanced English study using English as the medium, covering listening, speaking, reading, writing and grammar structures.
2) A list of abbreviations used in the book.
3) An outline of the book's contents which covers topics like sentence structure, sentence patterns, parts of speech, clauses and punctuation.
4) A concluding biography of the author.
This document provides an overview of political parties and elections in the United States. It defines key terms like political parties, Democrats, Republicans, primaries, and general elections. It describes the role of political parties in selecting candidates and informing the public. It also explains the differences between primary and general elections and factors that influence how people vote, such as party identification, candidate image, policy choices, and socioeconomic characteristics.
This document provides a course syllabus for an Advanced English class. It outlines the course objectives, schedule, assignments, and resources. The syllabus covers topics like sentence structure, grammar elements, expanding phrases and clauses, sentence transformations, and the four language skills of listening, speaking, reading, and writing. It also includes chapters on writing essays and summaries. The goal is to facilitate advanced English study through explanations of grammatical structures and practicing language skills in English.
This document outlines the contents of an English for Management course. It is divided into 7 sections that cover key management vocabulary, English skills for projects and presentations, reading skills, conversations, news comprehension, resumes and cover letters. The sections provide lessons, exercises and materials to improve English communication abilities for professional settings.
The document outlines 10 teaching plans for English language chapters that cover topics like the history of the English language, sentence structures, parts of speech, phrases and clauses, sentence transformations, writing essays and summaries. Each chapter is taught over 2-4 hours using methods like lectures, presentations, discussions, videos and assessments. The goals are to understand grammatical concepts and develop reading, writing, listening and speaking skills.
The document discusses different forms of government including monarchy, feudalism, oligarchy, democracy, republic, and totalitarianism/authoritarianism. It provides examples of each type of government such as Queen Elizabeth II representing monarchy in England and apartheid-era South Africa representing an oligarchy. The key differences between the forms of government are outlined, such as monarchy having rule by a family and totalitarianism involving total government control over society.
Advanced text book advanced english 1 12 chaptersYota Bhikkhu
The document provides an overview of the history and structure of the English language. It discusses how English originated from Germanic tribes invading Britain and displacing Celtic languages. It then covers the basic structures of English sentences, including the subject-verb relationship and how additional elements like objects, adjectives, adverbs and nouns can be added. Finally, it examines the spread and importance of English as a global language today due to British colonialism and American cultural influence.
Sociolinguistics is the study of language in social contexts. It analyzes how language varies based on social factors like geographical location, age, gender, occupation, and situation. Language varies across speech communities and registers. It changes over time through processes like dialect formation. Sociolinguistic analysis uses methods like ethnography, variationist analysis, and discourse analysis to study language variation and how it relates to power dynamics in society.
Full summary an_introduction_to_sociolinguisticsLutfan Adli
This document provides an overview of Chapter One from Janet Holmes' book "An Introduction to Sociolinguistics". It discusses key topics that sociolinguists study such as how social factors influence language varieties and how sociolinguists define terms like variety. Sociolinguists are interested in explaining why people speak differently in different social contexts and how social factors like social distance, status, age and gender impact language varieties and convey social meanings.
1) Applied linguistics has historically studied language and culture separately but since the 1970s has incorporated a discourse approach that views culture as constructed through language use.
2) This shift was driven by developments in fields like conversation analysis, cross-cultural pragmatics, and intercultural communication.
3) While the discourse approach challenges essentialist views of culture, debates continue between structuralist and post-structuralist perspectives in research and practice.
This document provides an introduction to linguistics through definitions of language and its key features. It discusses how language is a systematic, symbolic, and arbitrary human-specific communication system based on sounds. Key aspects of language include its origins, families, and the study of linguistics. Linguistics is defined as the study of language as a human communication system. The document outlines some major theories and concepts in linguistics, including the differences between langue and parole, descriptive and prescriptive approaches, synchronic and diachronic analysis, and competence and performance.
This document provides definitions and discussions of key concepts in linguistics from several experts and scholars. It discusses language as a systematic, symbolic, arbitrary, primarily vocal, and human-specific method of communication. Key features of language highlighted include that it is systematic, symbolic, arbitrary, vocal, human-specific, and used for communication. The document also covers the origin of language, language families, the field of linguistics, and important linguistic concepts such as langue and parole, prescriptive vs descriptive, synchronic vs diachronic, syntagmatic vs paradigmatic, competence vs performance, and form vs function.
This document discusses the impact of English on school curriculums globally. It explains that English emerged as the first global language in history and is now dominant or official in over 75 territories. As a result of English's widespread use internationally and the rise of the US as a superpower, English education has become a core component of school curriculums around the world. The worldwide expansion of English in schools reflects the institutional dynamics of the modern international system where English is conceived as a standard part of curriculum models.
This document summarizes key concepts from chapters in a sociolinguistics textbook. It discusses what sociolinguists study, including how social factors influence language varieties. It also covers multilingual speech communities and concepts like diglossia, code-switching and language shift. Language maintenance and revival are discussed, along with linguistic varieties in multilingual nations. National languages and language planning are also summarized.
Sociolinguistics studies language in social context, rejecting the idea that language can be studied in isolation. It recognizes that languages have social functions and are socially evaluated. While all languages are complex systems of equal linguistic value, socially some languages have more value than others. Sociolinguistics examines how social factors like ethnicity, education and power relations influence language variation and variability between groups. It defines key concepts like the speech community and linguistic diversity to understand these relationships between language and society.
1) No dialect of English is considered a disorder, but standard English is the dominant dialect used in government, media, and education.
2) It can be difficult for speech-language pathologists to distinguish between dialect features and communication disorders.
3) The role of speech-language pathologists is to treat only features that represent true errors, not aspects attributable to dialect variation. Elective services may also be provided to speakers of nonstandard dialects seeking standard English skills.
This document discusses language variation and the different varieties of language. It defines key terms like dialect, idiolect, and varieties. A dialect is a language variety spoken by a speech community that is distinguished by systematic features. An idiolect refers to the speech variety of an individual speaker. Varieties refer to forms of language associated with social factors like region, social class, situation, and individual. Dialects and varieties differ based on factors like geography, occupation, age, education, gender, and ethnicity. While some dialects have more prestige than others due to historical and social factors, all languages consist of dialects and everyone speaks at least one dialect.
1. Sociolinguistics is the study of the relationship between language and society. It examines how social factors like age, gender, status, and setting influence language use.
2. This document provides an introduction to key concepts in sociolinguistics including domains of language use, diglossia, code-switching, language maintenance vs shift, and linguistic variation related to gender and age.
3. Several examples are given to illustrate these concepts, such as how a bilingual Tongan speaker uses different languages in different social contexts, and how social class can influence pronunciation patterns in British English.
ANTH 225-001
American University
Professor Nikki Lane
Source:
2009 Duranti, Alessandro. History, Ideas, Issues. Linguistic Anthropology: A Reader, 2nd Edition. Wiley-Blackwell.
This document discusses language variations and varieties of language. It defines language variation as differences in pronunciation, word choice, or grammar patterns among speakers. Variations can occur at geographical, social, stylistic, or functional levels. There are also three main levels of variation: pronunciation, grammar, and vocabulary. The document then defines and provides examples of several varieties of language, including standard languages, national/official languages, dialects, registers, pidgins, creoles, classical languages, lingua francas, and diglossia.
This document provides an overview of key concepts in sociolinguistics. It discusses how language varies based on social factors like region, social class, gender, and age. Some of the main topics covered include language vs. dialect, speech communities, linguistic variables and constraints on linguistic variation. Examples are given of classic sociolinguistic studies that examined how variables like (r) pronunciation in New York City and (ng) in New England varied based on social characteristics of the speaker. The document also discusses multilingualism, code-switching, language planning and vitality, and methods for conducting sociolinguistic research.
This document discusses key concepts in sociolinguistics. It begins by explaining how language serves social functions and conveys information about speakers. It then distinguishes between language and dialect, discussing dialect continua and how political and cultural factors influence language classification. The document outlines criteria for what constitutes a language versus a dialect. It discusses how language is tied to social structures and how dialects and accents are socially evaluated. The document also covers concepts like speech communities, communicative competence, linguistic variation, and the relationship between language and society.
This document provides an overview of key concepts in sociolinguistics. It discusses how language varies based on social factors like region, social class, gender, and age. Some of the main topics covered include language vs. dialect, speech communities, linguistic variables and constraints on linguistic variation. Examples are given of classic sociolinguistic studies that examined how variables like (r) pronunciation in New York City and (ng) in New England varied based on social characteristics of the speaker. The document also discusses multilingualism, code-switching, language planning and vitality, and methods for conducting sociolinguistic research.
The document discusses several topics related to language:
1) It examines the juxtaposition of globalization of culture through languages like English while preserving local languages.
2) It describes policies of forced assimilation in countries that suppressed indigenous languages in the 20th century.
3) It discusses Benjamin Whorf’s hypothesis of linguistic relativity and how the structure of language can influence thought.
4) Various linguistic concepts are defined, including language, dialects, pidgins, creoles, lingua francas, and more.
The document discusses several topics related to language and culture, including:
1. It provides examples of how language is tied to cultural identity and can be a source of isolation when suppressed, as described by an elder from the Dena'ina Indians.
2. It examines reasons why place names (toponyms) may change, such as after decolonization or political revolution, or to memorialize people or events.
3. It poses questions about deducing the original name of a place in North America based on its naming history by indigenous groups and later Spanish and English speakers, without using the internet.
1. The document discusses various topics related to language including definitions of language, varieties of languages, language registers, and language change.
2. It provides details on the many languages spoken in the Philippines and classifications of language varieties such as dialects, pidgins, and creoles.
3. Examples are given of formal, casual, intimate, and other language registers and how register varies based on social context and relationships between speakers.
This document discusses various linguistic concepts related to sociolinguistics. It begins by explaining that language serves a social function in helping establish relationships and convey information about speakers. It then discusses the differences between language and dialect, as well as dialect and accent. Several key concepts are defined, including speech communities, communicative competence, linguistic variables, and constraints on linguistic variation. Methods of sociolinguistic data collection and analysis are outlined. Studies examining linguistic variation related to social factors are summarized. The concepts of style shifting, accommodation theory, dialect contact and levelling are also covered.