Reliability is an important consideration for smart grids. Currently, utilities only know of outages when customers call to report them. Smart grids aim to use sensors and communication technologies to automatically detect and respond to outages. This will help utilities restore power more quickly. Advanced metering infrastructure is one approach, using meters that can communicate outage information. Such improvements help meet customer expectations for reliable power and prepare for challenges like an aging grid and increased penetration of renewable energy.

1. 3g Technology
3G
Definition of 3G:
3G is the third generation of wireless technologies. It comes with enhancements over previous
wireless technologies, like high–speed transmission, advanced multimedia access and global
roaming. 3G is mostly used with mobile phones and handsets as a means to connect the phone to the
Internet or other IP networks in order to make voice and video calls, to download and upload data
and to surf the net.
How is 3G Better?
3G has the following enhancements over 2.5G and previous networks: * Several times higher data
speed; * Enhanced audio and video streaming; * Video–conferencing support; * Web and WAP
browsing at higher speeds; * IPTV (TV through the Internet) support
3G Technical Specifications:
The ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In Asia, Europe, Canada and the USA, telecommunication companies use W–CDMA technology
with the support of around 100 terminal designs to operate 3G mobile networks.
Roll–out of 3G networks was delayed in some countries by the enormous costs of additional
spectrum licensing fees. (See Telecoms crash.) In many countries, 3G networks do not use the same
radio frequencies as 2G, so mobile operators must build entirely new networks and license entirely
new frequencies; an exception is the United States where carriers operate 3G service in the same
frequencies as other services. The license fees in some European countries were particularly high,
bolstered by government auctions of a limited number of licenses and sealed bid auctions, and initial
excitement over 3G's potential. Other delays were due to the expenses of upgrading equipment for
the new systems.
T–Mobile, a major Telecommunication services provider has recently rolled out a list of over 120
U.S. cities which will be provided with 3G Network coverage in the year 2009.
Europe
In Europe, mass market commercial 3G services were introduced starting in March 2003 by 3 (Part
of Hutchison Whampoa) in the UK and Italy. The European Union Council suggested that the 3G
operators should cover 80% of the European national populations by the end of 2005.
Canada
In Canada,
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3. Android Essay
|Google Android |November 15 |
| |2011 |
|An operating system for mobile devices such as smartphones and tablet computers. Developed by
the Open |Operating System |
|Handset Alliance led by Google. | |
Table of Contents
Introduction 3
About 4
Architecture 7
System Threading 11
CPU ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Applications: These are applications written in Java. Some of basic applications include a calendar,
email client, SMS program, maps, making phone calls, accessing the Web browser, accessing your
contacts list and others.
[pic]
2. Application Framework: This is the skeleton or framework which all android developers has to
follow. The developers can access all framework APIs an manage phone's basic functions like
resource allocation, switching between processes or programs, telephone applications, and keeping
track of the phone's physical location. The architecture is well designed to simplify the reuse of
components. Think of the application framework as a set of basic tools with which a developer can
build much more complex tools.
[pic]
3. Libraries: This layer consists of Android libraries written in C, C++, and used by various systems.
These libraries tell the device how to handle different kinds of data and are exposed to Android

4. developers via Android Application framework. Some of these libraries include media , graphics,
3D, SQLite, web browser library etc. The Android runtime layer which includes set of core
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6. History of Cellphone
History of Cell Phones The history of mobile phones records the development of interconnection
between the public switched telephone systems to radio transceivers. From the earliest days of
transmitting speech by radio, connection of the radio system to the telephone network had obvious
benefits of eliminating the wires. Early systems used bulky, high power consuming equipment and
supported only a few conversations at a time, with required manual set–up of the interconnection.
Today cellular technology and microprocessor control systems allow automatic and pervasive use of
mobile phones for voice and data. The transmission of speech by radio has a long and varied history
going back to Reginald Fessenden's invention and shore–to–ship ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
In 1969 Amtrak equipped commuter trains along the 225–mile New York–Washington route with
special pay phones that allowed passengers to place telephone calls while the train was moving. The
system re–used six frequencies in the 450 MHZ band in nine sites, a precursor of the concept later
applied in cellular telephones. [2] In December 1971, AT&T submitted a proposal for cellular
service to the Federal Communications Commission (FCC). After years of hearings, the FCC
approved the proposal in 1982 forAdvanced Mobile Phone System (AMPS) and allocated
frequencies in the 824–894 MHz band.[6] Analog AMPS was eventually superseded by Digital
AMPS in 1990. A cellular telephone switching plan was described by Fluhr and Nussbaum in 1973,
[7] and a cellular telephone data signaling system was described in 1977 by Hachenburg et al.[8] In
1979 a U.S. Patent 4,152,647 was issued to Charles A. Gladden and Martin H. Parelman, of Las
Vegas for an emergency cellular system for rapid deployment in areas where there was no cellular
service. Emergence of commercial mobile phone service Alongside the early developments outlined
above, a different technology was also growing in popularity. Two–way mobile radios (known as
mobile rigs) were used in vehicles such as taxicabs, police cruisers, and ambulances, but were not
mobile phones, because they were not connected to the telephone network. The first fully automated
mobile phone system for vehicles was launched in Sweden in 1960. Named
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8. Ambulance System Design Essay
Table of Contents 1.Introduction 2. Literature survey 3.Formation of the Problem 4.System
specification 5.Design of solution 6.Implementation 7.Results and Discussions 8.System testing
9.Conclusion and future scope 10.References INTELLIGENT AMBULANCE FOR CITY
TRAFFIC AND GSM TO SENT THE STATUS OF THE PATIENT TO THE HOSPITAL
ABSTRACT: The main aim of this project is develop an intelligent ambulance which will reach the
hospitals without any problem in heavy traffics. INTRODUCTION: This particular project is
designed for the cities with heavy traffic. Eg: In Bangalore the roads are full jammed every time.
Most of the time the traffic will at least for 100meters .In this distance the traffics police can¶t hear
the siren form the ambulance ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This hardware also contains memory chips onto which the software is loaded. The software residing
on the memory chip is also called the µfirmware¶. The embedded system architecture can be
represented as a layered architecture as shown in Fig. The operating system runs above the
hardware, and the application software runs above the operating system. The same architecture is
applicable to any computer including a desktop computer. However, there are significant
differences. It is not compulsory to have an operating system in every embedded system. For small
appliances such as remote control units, air conditioners, toys etc., there is no need for an operating
system and you can write only the software specific to that application. For applications involving
complex processing, it is advisable to have an operating system. In such a case, you need to
integrate the application software with the operating system and then transfer the entire software on
to the memory chip. Once the software is transferred to the memory chip, the software will continue
to run for a long time you don¶t need to reload new software. 2.2 Characteristics 1. Embedded
systems are designed to do some specific task, rather than be a general–purpose computer for
multiple tasks. Some also have real–time performance constraints that must be met, for reasons such
as safety and usability; others may have low or no performance requirements, allowing the system
hardware to be simplified to reduce
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10. Dtac Business Analysis
ABSTRACT Date: Program: Course Authors Teacher Title Strategic question Purpose 2008–05–26
International Marketing Master Thesis International Marketing (EF0705) Parunya Vanasakul
Ploychompoo Wankeao Supisra Arayaphong (830422) (850418) (831102) Tobias Eltebrandt The
battle of DTAC in Thailand's mobile phone operator market How can DTAC gain higher market
share by focusing on customers in Bangkok? The purpose of this research is to investigate, analyze
current competition between DTAC and other competitors with customer insight in order to find out
the possibility for DTAC to gain more market share in Thai telecommunication market by focusing
on customers in Bangkok area. Researchers apply 'Business Strategy theory and Marketing mix for
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Introduction DTAC – a short background and history In accordance with DTAC's annual report
2007, Total Access Communication Public Company Limited has the operation under "DTAC"
brand. DTAC is one of the leading players among three principal operating cellular services in
Thailand market. DTAC has positioned itself as a favorite choice for customers in term of services
and value of money. Moreover, DTAC has consistently expanded its network coverage and quality.
In 2007, DTAC has total cell sites all over the country around 8,166 sites. DTAC has expanded its
distribution network outside the traditional telecom sales channels in
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12. Reliability in Smart Grids
In many areas of the United States, the only way a utility knows there's an outage is when a
customer calls to report it. A challenge faced by smart grid systems is to provide highly reliable
transmission to improve the energy efficiency of the system. If a proper command couldn't be send
in the event of an emergency it could result in disastrous consequences. As a result, quantitative
reliability evaluation of information infrastructures should be addressed.
A smart grid is a modernized electrical grid that uses analogues or digital information and
communications technology to gather and act on information, such as information about the
behaviors of suppliers and consumers, in an automated fashion to improve the efficiency, reliability,
economics, and sustainability of the production and distribution of electricity.
To provide the reliability of data communication of smart grids we are proposing wireless
communication infrastructure. In this paper we will discuss pros and cons along with the
applicability of wired, wireless and hybrid communication systems for the smart grid application.
For reliability we have to optimize both power consumption and power supply. Smart grid works on
the mechanism of data communication infrastructure. Smart grids has one of the most important
feature meter data management system which is designed to collect exchange and process the meter
data for optimization of power consumption and supply.
Niyato, Dong, Wang, & Hossain, (2013) suggested
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14. Swot
Business Management , Individual Assignment 1 C.P.U.T. Short Course in Supply Chain
Management 3/19/2015 George Wilson | Table of contents | Index Number | Table of content | 1 |
Objective | 2 | Overview | 3 | Vodacom's Vision and Values | 4 | SWOT Analysis based on Vodacom |
5 | Resource allocation in Vodacom | 9 | Leadership in Vodacom | 10 | Controls | 11 | Conclusion | 12
| Glossary | 13 | Objective This assignment focuses on the practical application of management
theory to a work environment and organisation. Focus will be on: * Strategic Planning * Organising
* Leadership * Controls Vodacom Group LTD will be focussed on in the assignment. ... Show more
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* The net revenue of Vodacom increase yearly. * The increase in the revenues was attributed to the
increase in the demand for data services. * Vodacom's strong financial performance provides a
strong base for the company to pursue future growth opportunities. Strong market position *
Vodacom enjoys a strong market position in South Africa over its peers. * It had approximately 30
million customers in FY2013. * According to the industry estimates, the company had 50% of the
market share in South Africa. The company has a leadership position in South Africa in terms of
number of subscribers. * The company's data offerings and the M–Pesa also strengthened its market
position. Neotel's acquisition further strengthened Vodacom's position in the market. * Vodacom's
established market position provides the company with several competitive advantages related to
scale Weaknesses Declining ARPU * The company witnessed a decline in the average revenue per
user (ARPU) during 2011–14. * The prepaid ARPU declined at a compound annual rate change
(CARC) of 15% and contract ARPU declined by 10% for the period 2011–14. * The decline in the
ARPU was attributed to higher prevalence of lower usage telemetry and data SIMs, the reduction in
mobile termination rates (MTRs) and lower out of bundle spend from contract customers. * The
decline in the ARPU will have a detrimental impact on the
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16. Telstra and Mcdonalds
Exam cases: McDonald's Telstra Pre–seen exam information Semester 1 2013 CPA Program
professional level Global Strategy and Leadership © CPAAustralia Ltd 2013 Case Study 1
McDonald's case facts McDonald's Corporation: A strategic approach to global growth McDonald's
Corporation (McDonald's) is the world's leading global foodservice retailer with more than 33 500
restaurants serving nearly 68 million people in 119 countries each day (McDonald's 2012a). In 2011
the company generated USD 27 billion in revenue from its global operations and USD 8.5 billion of
operating profit. Headquartered in the United States, McDonald's Bar–B–Q restaurant was opened
in California in 1940 by brothers Richard (Dick) and Maurice (Mac) McDonald as a ... Show more
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We'll stay focused on adding greater choice and balanced options around the world [to enhance our
food image], from wraps to oatmeal to new Happy Meal alternatives, as we stay in step with our
customers' needs' (McDonald's 2011, p. 2). Modernising our customer experience–'continuing to
modernize our restaurants to provide a superior experience for our customers, as well as our
managers and crew. We're adding new features and technologies that are making the drive–thru,
ordering and payment processes easier. In addition, we're moving ahead on our reimaging efforts,
remodeling a growing number of restaurants with our contemporary new designs. With roughly 45%
of our interiors and 25% of our exteriors reimaged around the world, we still have ample
opportunity to keep reshaping our brand and delighting our guests with our updated restaurants'
(McDonald's 2011, p. 2). 'The customer experience efforts will include accelerating our interior and
exterior reimaging efforts and providing our restaurant teams with the appropriate tools, training,
technology and staffing' (McDonald's 2011, p. 11). 3 Broadening our accessibility–'making the
McDonald's brand more accessible is another important priority. Continuing to deliver strong value
across every price tier, extending our operating hours at more locations and strategically opening
new restaurants in both emerging and mature
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18. Gsm Technology
GSM – Overview
GSM is a globally accepted standard for digital cellular communications.
What is GSM?
If you are in Europe, Asia or Japan and using a mobile phone then most probably you must be using
GSM technology in your mobile phone.
GSM stands for Global System for Mobile Communication and is an open, digital cellular
technology used for transmitting mobile voice and data services.
The GSM emerged from the idea of cell–based mobile radio systems at Bell Laboratories in the
early 1970s.
The GSM is the name of a standardization group established in 1982 to create a common European
mobile telephone standard.
The GSM standard is the most widely accepted standard and is implemented globally.
The GSM is a circuit–switched system that ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
|
|1994 |Data transmission capabilities launched. The number of networks rises to 69 in 43 countries
by the end of 1994. |
|1995 |Phase 2 of the GSM specifications occurs. Coverage is extended to rural areas. |
|1996 |June: 133 network in 81 countries operational. |
|1997 |July: 200 network in 109 countries operational, around 44 million subscribers worldwide. |
|1999 |Wireless Application Protocol came into existence and 130 countries operational with 260
million subscribers |
|2000 |General Packet Radio Service(GPRS) came into existence. |
|2001 |As of May 2001, over 550 million people were subscribers to mobile telecommunications |
GSM – Architecture
A GSM network consists of several functional entities whose functions and interfaces are defined.
The GSM network can be divided into following broad parts. The Mobile Station(MS) The Base
Station Subsystem (BSS) The Network Switching Subsystem (NSS) The Operation Support
Subsystem(OSS)
Following is the simple architecture diagram of GSM Network.
[pic]

19. The added components of the GSM architecture include the functions of the databases and
messaging systems: ▪ Home Location Register
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21. How Wireless Technology Has Changed Improved
Abstract: The purpose of this research paper is to demonstrate how much Wireless Technology has
really improved, since the year James Clerk Maxwell developed and explained the theory of
electromagnetic waves on 1865; And Heinrich Hertz put into practice Maxwell 's theory by
experimenting with electromagnetic waves–measuring their speed and wavelength between the
years 1885–1889; Until present days. As this type of technology grows, it is perceivable to what
extent people have learned how to manipulate electromagnetic waves at will. For the purpose of this
paper, I have done a very extensive research looking for remarkable improvements that would take a
substantial and detailed portion that would explain the what, when and how of each major
breakthrough, on the body of this research. Wireless Technology has become a very important part
of our daily lives–as individual users, groups, or even businesses–since radio waves were
discovered, and we learned how to manipulate it to some extent. It isn't odd to see a device which
doesn't depend of a cable to receive/transmit a signal or radio waves nowadays. We often see people
using smartphones, laptops without requiring any external connection to the LAN, or even our own
radios. All of these wouldn't be possible without the existence of Wireless Technology. But, has
there really been a whole deal of improvements on this type of technology? According to (Merriam–
Webster, Inc., n.d), to
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23. Cellular Technology Has Developed A Long Way From Its...
Chapter 1
Introduction
The cellular technology has developed a long way from its existence in the early 1980's. In the past
few decades it has grown into one of the biggest market with the rise of cell phone users, the cellular
network providers and cell phone makers have grown in immense amount. Cellular technologies
have evolved from first generation (1G), second generation (2G), third generation (3G) and to its
current technology which is fourth generation (4G) which is also known as Long Term Evolution
(LTE). Fig 1.1 Evolution of Cellular technology
The first generation (1G) only provided users with voice communication in its second generation
(2G) the service was expanded to voice and data communication in which the system capacity was
also improved. Second generation or 2G wireless technology is also known as Global Systems for
Mobile Communications (GSM) and Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA). The third generation
(3G) was a revolution in the cellular technology the data rates increased immensely from 2G, 3G is
also known as Wideband CDMA (WCDMA) and CDMA–2000. The current cellular technology that
are in existence is fourth generation (4G) also known as Long Term Evolution (LTE), which can
theoretically provide data rates up to 100 Mbps.
Evolution of Cellular Technology
The first generation (1G) system was developed and implemented in 1981 in Norway which used
Advanced Mobile Phone System (AMPS), US and UK later followed similar technology for
developing
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25. Churn Analysis
CELL2CELL: THE CHURN GAME It was a cold and cloudy morning at Cell2Cell Headquarters as
Sarah A. Stanford headed to her cubicle holding a cup of cappuccino in one hand and a bulky
database manual in the other. Although a veteran in the database marketing field with a doctorate in
Statistics, her new assignment was more challenging than she had imagined. Churn Management in
the wireless industry was really complicated, but Sarah was excited to be working on perhaps the
most important marketing issue facing Cell2Cell, one of the leading providers of cellular telephone
service. Sarah's mission, as described by her boss, Charles R. Morris, was to (1) develop a statistical
model for predicting customer churn, (2) use the model to ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
By 2001, there were an estimated 128,000,000 subscribers in the US. THE CURRENT
CELLPHONE INDUSTRY Industry Structure During the late 90s, the number of subscribers
doubled every two years, wireless stocks grew as fast as those of many dot–coms, and IPOs raised
record amounts of money. These vertiginous events shaped the new telecommunications landscape
we know today (Exhibit 1– US Wireless Industry Statistics) However, recently things changed
dramatically as industry growth began to level off. Growth in new subscribers went from 50%
yearly to 15%–20% in 2002 and analysts predict a meager 10% for 2003 and stabilization in the low
single digits by 2009 (Exhibit 2 – Wireless Penetration). The first victim in this scenario was the
ARPU (Average Revenues per User). Companies enticed new subscribers by offering them "better
deals" while sacrificing margin. Before long, roaming revenues (fees a company receives when
another carrier's subscriber utilize its network) had become the most important ARPU growth
engine. Unfortunately this source of cash didn't last long. Recent statistics showed that in spite of an
increase in minutes of use, US roaming revenues consistently have declined approximately 5% year
to year (Exhibit 3 – Roaming Services). With high–margin revenues relegated to the history books,
wireless carriers focused their efforts on expanding their geographic availability, lowering their
service costs and ultimately
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27. Disadvantages Of Wireless Technology
No doubt, in last few decades technologies involved in the communication systems have been
developed exponentially along with attractive features and facilities. Wireless communication
system is one of the biggest inventions of the century and its developments can be processed in
different terms of generation having approx. 10 years for each one. At every step of each generation
is to provide to link with persons at every corner of globe with set of quality services. Today we are
in Fourth Generation; it is categorized based on its characteristic services and features like
transmission signals, data transmission rate, bandwidth frequency and nature of the services
provided. First generation (1G) is introduced in 1980, so each generation had been comes at the end
of every decade. First generation used analog signals, circuit switching and FDMA with 30 kHz
channels occupying the 824MHz 894MHz frequency band .First generation supports only voice
transmission .The data was not reliable; there were interrupted communication and few other
problems in First Generation [1]. Second Generation (2G) technology was established in 1990,
which used digital signals for transmission and two digital modulation schemes TDMA and CDMA
with circuit switched network . Second Generation uses the existing radio spectrum to provide the
services. It was developed to overcome the previous generation's drawbacks, and to have data and
voice transmission. But this generation also has few drawbacks like
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29. Wimax vs. Long Term Evolution
Wimax vs. LTE:
LTE and Wimax are 4G technologies. LTE is Long Term Evolution project which is been proposed
by 3GPP (3rd generation partnership project) which is nothing but collaboration between various
telecommunication companies. So LTE has its background from the GSM technology. Wimax is
IEEE 802.16 standard and it's mainly roots in CDMA.
Frequency of operation: LTE operates at lower frequency as compared to wimax. Higher the
frequency of operation, higher the attenuation.
Both wimax and LTE uses OFDM (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing). OFDM uses
orthogonal frequencies as carrier frequencies so that there will be no interference between the
signals i.e. it uses the principle of orthogonality. This in turn improves the spectral efficiency.
Multiple Access: Both LTE and wimax uses MIMO (Multiple Input Multiple Output), which a
Space Division Multiple Access technique. It is a smart technique in which the same signal is
transmitted in different streams to the receiver. The receiver choses the best of the transmitted signal
streams and decodes the signal. It is chosen such a way that, the best quality signal is obtained. So,
even the weaker signals are boosted up by this technique.
Infrastructure: Both LTE and wimax uses ip infrastructure. The flat structure of ip helps the mobile
as well as the base station.
Latency: Latency is less in LTE when compared to wimax.
Range: Theoretically LTE has better rang than wimax.
Speed: speed of LTE is way higher than
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31. 3g Wireless Communication Technology
An Essay on 3G Wireless Communication Technology
Branch: EEE
The advent of Wireless Communication
Communication has been one of the most fundamental aspects of human development. It took the
eccentric genius of Nikola Tesla to come up with the design of the first radio transmitter in 1891.
The first transatlantic radio communication in 1901 was a sign of further things to come.
Communication technologies that have been developed over the last century have largely shaped
human interaction and have played a crucial role in sustaining human relationship be it ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The recent introduction of 3G mobile services in India have however brought in enhanced data and
voice transmission and are welcome signs in the improvement in mobile communication technology.
The essay deals in–depth with 3G wireless technology and the difference with its successors (3.5G
and 4G) and predecessor (2G).
3G (3rd generation mobile telecommunications)
3G wireless technology represents the convergence of various 2G wireless telecommunications
systems into a single global system that includes both terrestrial and satellite components. One of
the most important aspects of 3G wireless technology is its ability to unify existing cellular
standards, such as CDMA, GSM, and TDMA, under one umbrella. It improves the efficiency of data
can be transferred through the cellular phone. The data transfer rates for third generation mobile
telecommunications is up to 2 Megabits per second. Aside from this feature, 3G cellular phones also
have conventional voice, fax and data services, as well as high–resolution video and multimedia
services which can be used while on the move. It also includes mobile office services such as virtual
banking and online–billing, video conferencing, online entertainment and access to the Internet.
International Mobile Telecommunications–2000 (IMT–2000), better known as 3G or 3rd
Generation, is a family of standards for mobile telecommunications defined by the International
Telecommunication Union, which includes GSM EDGE, UMTS, and
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33. The System Selection Of Gsm
System Selection While discussing about the system selection on the basis of GSM, there are many
thins which need to consider ad play a very significant role. This can be providing security on the
wireless communication, adding most demanded features etc. Gums are the most widely used
technology used for communication with the help of mobile device which is generally used to talk to
a person which can be at far distance. This generally established communication between two
different devices which may or may not be places at distant location. The selection of the system
should so conducted in order to support better communication as well as better channel usage. In
order to selection the appropriate system for the GSM system many things or ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
Without this device the life of every human being is incomplete. This because the GSM device is not
the device which is used to access the GSM services but it also offer more other services. The most
common and most frequent device which is used all over the world in the mobile. Mobile is the
most common and most demanded device. This device not only used to communication but it also
supports data communication. Earlier there were different generations of mobiles which are used to
access the bet work. But the second generation mobile uses the GSM services and hence the GSM
technology known as the second generation communication channel. As the GSM uses the
combination of Time and FDM, the mobile is used to demultiplex the given channel and also it is
responsible for accessing the channel more effectively and efficiently. The mobile device is used to
transmit and receive the required data within in a given time frame and with if a give condition.
With the help of mobile devices, there are many other services offered by the GSM to enable ad to
support more efficient data transmission. These services can be SMS, MMS etc. All these services
can only be accessed with the help of mobile devices which supports may other multimedia features
like live calling, video calling etc. Every day,
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35. Essay on Wireless Technology Upgrade
Table of contents Page
1. Introduction 3
2. Strategic Business Assessment 3
3. Technology 4
4. Design a Wireless System 5
5. Compatibility Plans 6
6. Planned Competitive Improvements 7
7. Other Competitive Technological Solutions 8
8. Upgrading to Next Generation 9
9. Summary and Conclusions 10
10. Work Cited 12 Introduction:
Since the introduction of the first mobile phone in 1924, there has been a steady climb in developing
and enhancing, the mobile phone and its supporting technologies. The cellular network
infrastructures as well as service providers have been hard at work; in making sure they are
providing the best service as well as devices. The infrastructure alone ... Show more content on
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Technology:
GoFone Cellular Communications is a leader in delivering innovative wireless cellular services. The
need for innovation and providing top–notch service has led GoFone into being an industry leader.
GoFone has been able stay ahead of the class, by keeping up with industry trends, and consumer
satisfaction. The services offered allow users to stay connected to the world. Subscribers are able to
talk and browse the Internet at the same time. GoFone also offers a variety of cellular phones with
several options. GoFone's service is currently being offered on 3rd generation technology, that
promises scalability. Having the ability to offer different services, with different pricing points
consumers will be able to pick a choice on what type of service or package they want. GoFone
promises to provide cellular wireless services, with the ability to stay connected and have minimal
to no impact.
GoFone's network is operating off Universal Mobile Telecommunications Service (UMTS), which is
3rd generation wireless cellular technology. GoFone will deploy its UMTS network on the 900MHz
frequency. UMTS technology is mainly based off of Wide Code Division Multiple Access
(WCDMA) affords; GoFone the opportunity to offer features such as mobile wireless Internet, email
and other services. The use of UMTS allows for
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37. Impact Of Technology On The Computer Technology
CLOUD ASSISTED WEARABLE TECHNOLOGIES
TEAM 7
Assignment No. 2
Bharti Kodwani
Kavya Malla
Nivedhitha Venkatachalam
Sushanta Sahoo
Email addresses bharti.kodwani@sjsu.edu kavya.malla@sjsu.edu sushanta.sahoo@sjsu.edu
nivedhitha.venkatachalam@sjsu.edu
Introduction:
There have been numerous changes in the computer technology since the first computer was
invented and this is an ongoing process. During this whole time computers have shrinked
tremendously in size and now can be carried in pocket and as a wearable object. Wearable
technology provides human enhancement in personal level and offers several opportunities in
enterprise. It is essential to understand the history, evolution and other enabling technologies to
effectively adopt and improve the use of wearable technologies.
History and evolution of Wearable Technology:
The first form of wearable technologies was probably the wrist watch, which was designed to
provide a particular service to the users, was invented as early as the late 1500s. Then the portable
radio, later evolved into the Walkman which was also perpetuated because of users desire to have
access to a particular service all the time. These desires for continuous access of services have
pervaded the development of most of the wearable technologies. The development of computers has
exhibited a progression towards mobility and portability, from massive mainframe computers to
desktops to laptops, to PDA's and to wristwatch computers which were
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39. Mobile Wireless Technology Is An Important Part Of...
Introduction The world lives a large evolvement in all life aspects. Everything moves in the comfort
direction. One of these aspects is the technician aspect and it is an important part of everyone 's life
as every thing around you become technician. In your room there is a TV, mobile, laptop...etc. Even
most of kids ' toys became in need to a remote control. The wireless technology means no need to
wires or cables. Wi–fi and Bluetooth are examples of that. Mobile wireless industry now is in the
head of all industries due to the increasing in mobile usage day after day. It passed through several
generations until it reached this great evolvement which we see now. It started with the first
generation 1G with analog communication. In the second generation 2G the digital messaging was
added to the analog communication. In the 3G, both calls and messages became digital. In the 4G –
which we have now– the improvement was in the usage of a large bandwidth. The generation which
is expected to appear is the 5G. The 5G is purely based on the 4G and will give a huge level of
bandwidth which we cannot imagine. Furthermore, there are two predicted generations 6G and 7G.
The 6G will be a satellite based network with speed up to 1 GB. This leads to the space roaming
problem which shall be solved by the 7G. The report is organized as follows. First and Second
section provides literature review of past and current mobile communication generations from first
generation (1G) to fourth
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41. Integrated Wireless Communication Schemes Use Radio /...
Emerging Technologies in Communication
Shradha Bhingardive1, Mrs. N. V. Dhole2
1 P.G Student, Department of Electronics and Telecommunication Engineering, RMDSSOE Pune,
Maharashtra, India shradhabhingardive2@gmail.com 2 Assistant Professor, Department of
Electronics and Telecommunication Engineering, RMDSSOE Pune, Maharashtra, India
nandini.dhole@sihngad.edu
–––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––
***–––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––
Abstract – Conventional wireless communication schemes use radio/micro wave frequencies for
data transmission, primarily because of the availability of high sensitivity receivers and ability to
provide broad coverage at low frequencies and line of sight communication at high frequencies. But,
RF can support only a limited bandwidth due to confined spectrum availability. Therefore the
expanding demand for wireless data has led to clogging of the radio spectrum. Thus there is a need
to study and use new communication technologies in near future that will reduce interference and
will be a clean source of communication. Communication is providing new advances constantly,
people are depending more and more on the benefits they provide.
Key Words: Visible Light Communication, Loon Project, Near Field Communication, White Fi,
IEEE 802.15.7
1. INTRODUCTION
The act of conveying intended meaning from one entity to another entity through the use of
mutually understood signs and rules
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43. Advantages And Disadvantages Of 4g Communication
INTRODUCTION :
Wireless communication is the transfer of information over a distance without the use of enhanced
electrical conductors or "wires". The distances involved may be short (a few meters as in television
remote control) or long (thousands or millions of kilometers for radio communications). When the
context is clear, the term is often shortened to "wireless". It encompasses various types of fixed,
mobile, and portable two–way radios, cellular telephones, Personal Digital Assistants (PDAs), and
wireless networking. 1895, Guglielmo Marconi opened the way for modern wireless
communications by transmitting the three–dot Morse code for the letter 'S' over a distance of three
kilometers using electromagnetic waves.
From this beginning, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Furthermore, they can avoid the problem of long queues at the famous parks or museums by buying
tickets via their terminals.
ADVANTAGES:
– Because of the appropriate amount of spectrum and good network engineering the 4G network
will have a high data transfer rate, High speed for downloads and uploads the files over wireless
network system. It is 10 times faster than 3G . it support for interactive multimedia, voice, video,
and simply reach Internet and continues connected to the Internet without any disturbance.
– For installation it need only cell phone that support 4G or a PC card or USB port that you can plug
into a laptop. so it is so easy to install and maintain. There is no special software needed or modems
or cables.
– It has high quality of voice, Better scheduling and call acceptance control techniques.
– it has very quick handoff.
– Since 4G coverage of 30 miles and more, so it offer much more coverage than other systems such
as WiFi, which forces users to depend upon hotspots in each area you
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45. 4g (Fourth Generation) Mobile Communication Systems
ABSTRACT
Mobile devices are getting smaller, lighter, and more powerful; they have bigger screens and longer
battery life, more features and more capabilities .With the rapid growth of user demands, and the
limitations of third generation (3G) mobile communication systems, it is expected that fourth
generation (4G) mobile systems are likely to reach the consumer market in another 4–5 years. 4G
systems are expected to become a platform capable of providing increased bandwidth, higher data
rates, and greater interoperability across communication protocols, and user friendly, innovative,
and secure applications. This system will primarily focus on seamlessly integrating the existing
systems like GSM, wireless LAN, and Bluetooth. Since 4G is ... Show more content on
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Widespread deployment of WiFi is expected to start in 2005 for PCs, laptops and PDAs. In
enterprises, voice may start to be carried by Voice over Wireless LAN (VoWLAN). However, it is
not clear what the next successful technology will be. Reaching a consensus on a 200 Mbit/s (and
more) technology will be a lengthy task, with too many proprietary solutions on offer.
A third path is IEEE 802.16e and 802.20, which are simpler than 3G for the equivalent performance.
A core network evolution towards a broadband Next Generation Network (NGN) will facilitate the
introduction of new access network technologies through standard access gateways, based on ETSI–
TISPAN, ITU–T, 3GPP, China Communication Standards Association (CCSA) and other standards.
3. Key 4G Technologies
Some of the key technologies required for 4G are briefly described below:
3.1 OFDMA:
Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) not only provides clear advantages for
physical layer performance, but also a framework for improving layer 2 performance by proposing
an additional degree of free– dom. Using ODFM, it is possible to exploit the time domain, the space
domain, the frequency domain and even the code domain to optimize radio channel usage. It ensures
very robust transmission in multi–path environments with reduced receiver complexity. As shown in
Figure 2 the signal is split into orthogonal subcarriers, on each of which the signal is "narrowband"
(a few kHz) and therefore immune to
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47. 4g Wireless Mobile Communication Networks
ABSTRACT
4G wireless mobile communication networks are been specified to support display, battery and
computational power etc. 4G wireless mobile communication networks should not focus on air
interface and data rate, but instead cover advance wireless mobile communication networks and
high speed wireless access system into different platforms.
The era of new wireless communication is evolving and it will soon penetrate into daily life and
change the way we live. The key concept is integrating the 4g capabilities with all of the existing
mobile technology. The purpose of this paper is to provide an overview of different aspects of 4g
technology which include its features, proposed architecture and key technological enabler. 4G
technology will encompass all system from various network public to private operator driven
broadband to personal area and adhoc Networks. 4g technology system will be fully IP based
wireless internet. With 4G technology a range new services and model will be available, this
services and model need to be further examine for interface with the design of 4g technology
system. 4G wireless mobile communication networks are been specified to support display, battery
and computational power etc. 4G wireless mobile communication networks should not focus on air
interface and data rate, but instead cover advance wireless mobile communication networks and
high speed wireless access system into different platforms. Based on different model, 4G wireless
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49. LYT2 Task 2 Essay
RLYT Task 2
Technological Solutions
Banzal, S. (2007). Data and Computer Network Communication. Daryaganj, New Delhi, India:
Laxmi Publications.
T carriers, e.g., T1 and T3, are digital, leased twisted–pair lines, designed to carry voice
(via Pulse Code Modulation (PCM)) and data communications up to distances of
48miles/80km. Approximate available bandwidth for a T1 is 1.5Mbps, and for a T3,
45Mbps of available bandwidth. T1s provide 24 64Kbps channels and a T3, made up of
28 T1s, can provide 672 64Kbps channels for use. These channels can also be bonded together in
multiples of 64Kbps (T1 carrier) or 1.5Mbps (T3 carrier).
T carriers are used as dedicated facilities between customer premises and Local Exchange
Carriers (LECs) and ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
These satellites cover a portion of the Earth in an area referred to as the satellite "footprint."
Similar to a cellular–based approach for NHS, satellite connectivity can be considered an option for
rural office connectivity, however concerns associated with solar flares and atmospheric ionization
(both can affect satellite signal reliability and stability).
Fitzgerald, J., Dennis, A., & Durcikova, A. (2012). Business Data Communications and
Networking, Eleventh Edition. Hoboken: John Wiley & Sons.
T carrier circuits are the most common form of dedicated–circuit services in North
America today; the European standard is based on the E carrier. The T carrier is a dedicated–circuit
service which is leased from a Local Exchange Carrier, providing connectivity between intra–city
customer premises or from a customer premise and an
InterExchange Carrier for long–haul leased line services.
2|Page
T carriers, as dedicated facilities, provide a dedicated communications path for
LEC/IXC–based voice and WAN services and can also be used as private (leased) line circuits
between two customer premises.
T1/T3s could be used by NHS to provide reliable, landline–based communications between the rural
office locations and a central hub, in turn providing dedicated connectivity to the New York City
location. An IXC would be required to provide the long–haul dedicated services between NHS
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51. Advantage And Disadvantage Of 3g
NETWORK EVOLUTION in 3G / 4G
Abstract: During the 20th century, the key technology was information gathering, processing and
distribution. This total technology will depend based on the network systems. Which are nothing but
grouping of systems that should be controlled by a server. In business and home applications,
mobile users and in all social issues the networks are used . To enhance the benefits of these
networks, we are introducing 3G systems. The aim of the 3G security architecture is to improve on
the security of 2G systems.3G systems have additional standards like EDGE and CDMA rather than
older systems. It has a high quality voice and video services but has limited in coverage area. Now
introducing the 4G technologies to full fill the limitations of 3G.
Introduction:
In ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Faster data connectivity.
2. Uninterrupted video streaming on phones.
3. Video calls and big MMS.
4. Good for data intensive applications.
5. Downloading games and songs is much faster.
Benefits of 3G
High Quality Voice Service:
The quality of voice–falls under 3G will be much higher compared to 2G services.
Enhanced content Service:
3G users can download full music files, full movie files and other files at high speed.
Mobile Broadband:
3G user can use his handset for high speed internet any time any where (where connectivity is
available).
Video Services:
3G user can enjoy the video call facility where in both the caller and the receiver will be able to see
each other while speaking if both have 3G services and 3G enabled handsets.
Mobile TV:
3G users can watch TV programs of different video channels as per his liking while on the movie.
Applications of 3G

52. The bandwidth and location information available to 3G devices gives rise to applications not
previously available to mobile phone users. Hence, there are some applications in 3g
1. Mobile TV.
2. Video on demand.
3. Video conferencing.
4. Telemedicine.
5. Location–based
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54. Consumer Behaviour
A STUDY ON CONSUMER BUYING BEHAVIOUR OF MOBILE PHONES IN INDIA Synopsis
of Introduction Consumer behavior refers to the mental and emotional process and the observable
behavior of consumers during searching, purchasing and post consumption of a product or service.
Consumer behavior involves study of how people buy, what they buy, when they buy and why they
buy. It blends the elements from psychology, sociology, socio– psychology, anthropology and
economics. It also tries to assess the influence on the consumer from groups such as family, friends,
reference groups and society in general. Buyer behavior has two aspects: the final purchase activity
visible to any observer and the detailed or short ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Reference groups can be family, school or college, work group, club membership; citizenship etc.
Reference groups serve as one of the primary agents of consumer socialization and learning and can
be influential enough to induce not only socially acceptable consumer behavior but also socially
unacceptable and even personal destructive behavior. For example, if fresher student joins a college
/ university, he/she will meet different people and form a group, in that group there can be behavior
patterns of values, for example style of clothing, handsets which most of group member prefer or
even destructive behavior such as excessive consumption of alcohol, use of harmful and addictive
drugs etc. So, according to how an individual references him / herself to that particular reference
group, this will influence and change his/her buying behavior. Psychological Factors These are
internal to an individual and generate forces within that influence her/his purchase behavior. The
major forces include motives, perception, learning, attitude and personality. Example: Attitude is an
enduring organization of motivational, emotional, perceptual and cognitive processes with respect to
some aspect of our environment. Consumers form attitude towards a brand on the basis of their
beliefs about the brand. For example, consumers of Sony products might have the belief that the
products offered by Sony are durable; this will influence those customers to buy
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56. Advantages And Disadvantages Of 4g
In networking technology, wireless is the term used to describe any network where there is no
physical wired connection between sender and receiver, but rather the network by radio waves or
micro waves to maintain communications. The evolution of technology specially in mobile
technology is the most and fast developing, that era starts from 1G in 1980s and it is replaced by a
continuous emerging of next generations. To compensate the drawbacks of each previous generation
next generation with lot of new applications is introduced. Now it is fourth generation that is 4G,
beyond 4G now researches are going on about 5G and it will come into existence by 2020s. In the
near future, i.e., beyond 4G, some of the prime objectives or demands that need to be addressed are
increased capacity, improved data rate, decreased latency, and better quality of service. To meet
these demands, drastic improvements need to be made in cellular network architecture. This paper
presents the results of a detailed survey on the fifth generation (5G) cellular network architecture
and some of the key emerging technologies that are helpful in improving the architecture and
meeting the demands of users. A detailed survey is included regarding all wireless generations
especially concentrated on 5G by research groups and ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
a hardware and software designed earlier. The hardware of 5G uses ultra wide band networks with
higher bandwidth at low energy levels and the bandwidth is of 4000Mbps, which is about 400 times
faster than existing generations. It uses the smart antenna system and CDMA for better performance.
The software which is the core for functioning the device is arranged in such a way that the 5G will
be single unified standard of different wireless networks including LAN technologies, LAN/WAN,
wwww, unified IP and seamless combination of broadband. Software defines radio, encryption,
flexibility, antivirus of the
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58. Comparison of the 4 Main Smartphone Operating Systems
Final Project Report Student Name: Cy Gabriel Module Code: 6MM006 Module Name: Individual
Project Project Title: Comparison of smartphones operating systems such as Apple 's iOS, Google 's
Android OS, Microsoft 's Windows Phone OS, and RIM 's BlackBerry OS. Module Leader Name:
D.I. Beardsmore Supervisor Name: Cheong Teck Kee Submission Date: 25TH May 2012 Award
Title: Bsc Computing Department: School of Computing and Information Technology Declaration
Presented in partial fulfilment of the assessment requirements for the above award. This work or any
part thereof has not previously been presented in any form to the University or to any other
institutional body whether for assessment or for other ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It has a zillion more uses now apart from basic ones, and that has contributed to the success of
making it not just a mobile phone but also a smartphone. Table of contents Chapter 1. Introduction
Background In the past it was never clear that the cell phone would have such an important status in
today's society. But the development of the cell phone into a smartphone proves this statement right.
This includes transformations, besides the normal functionalities of a phone like text messaging,
receiving and making calls. A smartphone's operating system reflects the users lifestyle because it
controls the choice of applications, the general features and functionality in a phone. However the
mobile market is fragmented amongst the following software platforms or operating systems;
WebOS, BlackBerry OS, Windows phone formerly known as (Windows Mobile OS), Android OS,
Meego OS, Bada OS, Symbian OS, iPhone OS, and Tizen OS. Due to the continues advancement in
the technology of a smartphone, each smartphone needs an operating system in order for it to reach
its full capacity in today's world, however a phone is not smart on till it is powered by an operating
system. i.e. phone manufacturers such as Samsung, HTC, LG, SonyEricson etc. Play a role by
manufacturing a phone (hardware) with the demand and capability of running this software, which
is the OS inside. This simply means that the phone (hardware) is the infrastructure, while an
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60. Evolution Of Mobile Network Essay
THE GRADUAL EVOLUTION OF MOBILE NETWORKS FROM FIRST GENERATION TO
THE FIFTH GENERATION
ABSTRACT
Mobile networks have made a remarkable growth in the last 20 years. In our time 4G is the main
network used to ensure IP connectivity for real time and non–real time services. It will be wrong not
to mention that in most 3rd world countries 3G and 2G networks are still of great importance in the
field of communication due to poor connectivity issues preventing them to utilize the services of 4G
services. This paper will mainly talk about the growth of mobile networks from say 3G to 4G and
also mention in details what we expect from 5G network. It will also mention some of the positive
and negative impacts to our Kenyan society and ways to ensure that we benefit fully from the
services. The proposal in this paper is fundamental shift in the mobile networking philosophy
compared to existing 3G and near–soon 4G mobile technologies, and this concept is called here –
the 5G.
GENERAL TERMS
EDGE–ENHANED DATA FOR GSM EVOLUTION
GSM–GLOBAL SYSTEM FOR MOBILE COMMUNICATION
GPRS–GENERAL PACKET FOR RADIO TRANSMISSION
CDMA–CODED DIVISION FOR MULTIPLE ACCESS
KEY WORDS
Networking, 1G, 2G, 3G, 4G, 5G
INTRODUCTION
Since the invention of 1G (first generation) mobile network there has been a series of inventions to
better the reception, bandwidth and latency of communication. It all started by the shift from analog
to digital (discrete) kind of communication. I will take you through sands of time
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62. Samsung Swot Analysis Essay
This report seeks to undertake an in–depth analysis of Samsung in the global Smartphone industry. I
would be examining and analyzing closely a series of analyses that were pursued by Samsung over
the years as a competitor in the global smartphone industry in order to evaluate its ability to compete
effectively and remain a key player in the marketplace through the use of a SWOT Analysis. I would
also analyse the innovations that have contributed to a highly dynamic industry globally. In addition,
I would seek to analyze the specific innovative strategies adopted by Samsung in order to gain a
clear understanding and appreciation for its ability to foster proper change management initiatives
within its organization, and utilize effectively research and development undertakings in order to
achieve a robust competitive advantage, and also secure sustainability and continuous profitability.
Finally, I would undertake an analysis of the interrelationships between the business strategy, the
innovation strategy and the internationalisation strategy of Samsung in the global smartphone
industry that allowed their resources and capabilities to be manipulated efficiently and effectively, in
order to capitalize on product & market growth both locally and internationally (Ansoff –growth
matrix1957), by gaining a thorough understanding of their customer base needs and wants from a
global perspective. 1. Analysis of International Business Strategies by Samsung: A smartphone can
be
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64. Essay On Evolution Of Mobile Phones
Evolution of Mobile Phone Technology
Mobile phone
A mobile phone (also known as a cellular phone, cell phone and a hand phone) is a device that can
make and receive telephone calls while moving around a wide geographic area. It does so by
connecting to a cellular network provided by a mobile phone operator, allowing access to the public
telephone network. By contrast, a cordless telephone is used only within the short range of a single,
private base station.
In addition to telephony, modern mobile phones also support a wide variety of other services such as
text messaging, MMS, email, Internet access, short–range wireless communications (infrared,
Bluetooth), business applications, gaming and photography. Mobile phones that offer ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
It was commercially introduced in the Americas in 1978, Israel in 1986, and Australia in 1987.
AMPS was a pioneering technology that helped drive mass market usage of cellular technology, but
it had several serious issues by modern standards. It was unencrypted and easily vulnerable to
eavesdropping via a scanner; it was susceptible to cell phone "cloning;" Many of the iconic early
commercial cell phones such as the Motorola DynaTAC Analog AMPS were eventually superseded
by Digital AMPS (D–AMPS) in 1990, and AMPS service was shut down by most North American
carriers by 2008.
Digital cellular networks – 2G
In the 1990s, the 'second generation' mobile phone systems emerged. Two systems competed for
supremacy in the global market: the European developed GSM standard and the U.S. developed
CDMA standard. These differed from the previous generation by using digital instead of analog
transmission, and also fast out–of–band phone–to–network signaling. The rise in mobile phone
usage as a result of 2G was explosive and this era also saw the advent of prepaid mobile phones.
In 1991 the first GSM network (Radiolinja) launched in Finland. In general the frequencies used by
2G systems in Europe were higher than those in America, though with some overlap. For example,
the 900 MHz frequency range was used for both 1G and 2G systems in Europe, so the 1G systems
were rapidly closed down to make space for the 2G systems. In America the IS–54 standard was
deployed
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66. Emerging Wireless Technologies
Emerging Wireless Technologies
A look into the future of wireless communications – beyond 3G
Forward: The Public Safety Wireless Network (PSWN) Program is conducting an ongoing
assessment of advancements in the wireless communications industry. The scope of this assessment
is to identify emerging wireless services and technologies for potential public safety use in the near
future and beyond. This particular document is the first of a series of emerging wireless technologies
studies. This study will concentrate primarily on the fourth generation of mobile
telecommunications and beyond.
3G – i.e., an entirely packet switched network with all digital network elements and extremely high
available bandwidth. For the most part, it is ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It is anticipated that 4G speeds could be as high as 100 Mbps. Thus, 4G will represent another
quantum leap in mobile Internet speeds and picture quality. Ericsson confirms that 4G could bring
connection speeds of up to 50 times faster than 3G networks and could offer three–dimensional
visual experiences for the first time. The following graph represents what has been the typical
progression of wireless communications:
Quality of Service Challenges In wireless networks, Quality of Service (QOS) refers to the
measure of the performance for a system reflecting its transmission quality and service availability
(e.g., 4G is expected to have at least a reliability of 99.99%). Supporting QOS in 4G networks will
be a major challenge. When considering QOS, the major hurdles to overcome in 4G include: varying
rate channel characteristics, bandwidth allocations, fault tolerance levels, and handoff support
among heterogeneous wireless networks. Fortunately, QOS support can occur at the packet,
transaction, circuit, and network levels. QOS will be able to be tweaked at these different operating
levels, making the network more flexible and possibly more tolerant to QOS issues. Varying rate
channel characteristics refers to the fact that 4G applications will have varying bandwidth and
transition rate requirements. In order to provide solid network access to support the anticipated 4G
applications, the 4G networks must be designed with both flexibility and scalability. Varying
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68. 4g Wireless System Pdf
4G Wireless System
VISHVESHWARAIAH TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY
BELGAUM–10
S.D.M COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
DHARWAD–02
A seminar report on
"4G WIRELESS SYSTEM "
Submitted by
SANGAMESHKUMAR.BANDI
2SD05CS066
8th semester
SDMCET,CSE Dept
Page 1
4G Wireless System
DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING
2009–10
SDMCET,CSE Dept
Page 2
4G Wireless System
VISHVESHWARAIAH TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY
BELGAUM–10
S.D.M COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY

69. DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING
CERTIFICATE
CERTIFICATE
Certified that the seminar work entitled "4G WIRELESS SYSTEM" is a bonafide work presented
by SANGAMESHKUMAR.BANDI bearing USN NO:2SD05CS066 in a partial fulfillment for the
award of degree of ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The earliest systems were implemented based on analog technology and the basic cellular structure
of mobile communication. Many fundamental problems were solved by these early systems.
Numerous incompatible analog systems were placed in service around the world during the 1980s.
The 2G (second generation) systems designed in the 1980s were still used mainly for voice
applications but were based on digital technology, including digital signal processing techniques.
These 2G systems provided circuit‐switched data communication services at a low speed. The
competitive rush to design and implement digital systems led again to a variety of different and
incompatible standards such as GSM (global system mobile), TDMA (time division multiple
access); PDC (personal digital cellular) and CDMA (code division multiple access).These systems
operate nationwide or internationally and are todayʹs mainstream systems, although the data rate for
users in these system is very limited.
The 2.5G it is basically an enhancement of the two major 2G technologies to provide increased
capacity on the 2G RF (radio frequency) channels and to introduce higher throughput for data
service, up to 384 kbps. A very important aspect of 2.5G is that the data channels are optimized
SDMCET,CSE Dept
Page 6
4G Wireless System
for packet data, which introduces access to the Internet from mobile devices, whether telephone,
PDA (personal digital assistant), or laptop.
During the 1990's
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71. Sms Based Home Appliance Control System
[pic] [pic] A PROJECT REPORT ON "SMS BASED HOME APPLIANCE CONTROL SYSTEM"
Submitted in partial fulfillment for the award of Degree Bachelor of Technology in Computer
Science SUBMITTED BY DIGANTA MUDAI KALYAN BANERJEE JAHNU BORAH (Final
Year B. E. Computer Science & Engineering) Under Guidance of Mrs. UMA THAKUR
DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING [pic] PRIYADARSHINI
INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY, NAGPUR RASHTRASANT TUKADJI
MAHARAJ NAGPUR UNIVERSITY Priyadarshini Institute Of Engineering And Technology
Nagpur–440016 Department of Computer Science & Engineering Session: –2009–2010 [pic]
CERTIFICATE This is to ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
However, looking at the increasing popularity of home automation, most manufacturing companies
are trying to develop products that will be affordable to the middle class customers. Home
Automation Inc also known as HAI began the production of home automated devices in 1985. The
founders Jay McLellan, Tom Pickral and Brian Yokum were from the commercial industry and
concentrated their efforts in home automation. The first home automation product known as the
Model 1503, was introduced in 1988 and was meant for fire and burglar protection, home lighting
and appliance control. HAI's annual sales increased as the years passed and presently they market
their own line of home automated products. Home Automation Inc developed the Omni Control
system, Weblink , Omnistat Communicating Thermostat and the OmniPto Control System, during
the period from 1994 to 99. The company won the Leadership Award for Home Automation in the
year 1999, when Jay McLellan was the President of the company. The Omni LT was introduced in
the market in 2000. It was aimed at the European markets and the products were meant for homes,
apartments and townhouses. HAI received an award for the best new product and the Judges Choice
Award in that year for the Omni LT. In 2001, HAI introduced Web–Link II, a software that has
Windows –based video capabilities, wireless control and access through PDA or Internet phones.
HAI
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73. Wireless Networks And Network For Future Of Mobile...
Every day the wireless communication is getting more advanced comparing to what is was
yesterday. Every generation of mobile communication get advanced with a higher speed, frequency
band, better connectivity, security and high data rates in transmission. For all these reasons, it's clear
how the 4G is success more than the 3G networks, and the same thing will happen to the 4G after
lunching the 5G in the near future. In this paper, I will try to describe the 4G networks and 5G
networks in contest of future of mobile communications. What are their drawbacks and what are the
main differences between these different generations along with the issues that make the new
network take over that network.
2– Background:
A look back in the history, the first generation of telephony (1G) started in the early of 1980s. This
network was designed to carry analog voice data. The (1G) networks were based on these standard
TACS, NMT, C–Nets and AMPS. In the early of 1990s the (2G) networks came as a digital network
comparing to the analog in (1G). That was the first digital cellular network after the switches that
were supported digital calls by using actual 0s and 1s. The (2G) networks were supported by these
standards D–AMPS, Code Division Multiple Access One (CDMAOne) and Global System of
Mobile Communication (GSM). The second generation of telephony (2G) was offered a higher
capacity, improved security and improved the voice quality. The (2G) technology was offered a
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75. Technology Used By Gsm And Its Related Process Essay
Summary:
The document focuses on the technology used by GSM and its related process which is necessary
for setting up a GSM network. This mainly imphasize on the technology which is available recently
in the market and its competition with the others. It also shows the types of communication provided
by the company. Meanwhile we are talking about the different stratagies in the business, there are
also several other factors which plays an important role in GSM services. These important factors
are elaborated in this article to have an eye on different business stratagies.
Business Strategy:
As we all know there is no shortcut to success, the same implies on the business stratagies as well.
The long path is painful but always fruitful. So the first and the most important tast is to deep
research on the market. As we do more reserach we will come to know more about the market
policy and the risk taken in the business. We have to learn by our own steps also taken in diffrent
modes. We have to learn from others also and need to follow them in their positive steps to some
extent, as this may lead to different ideas captured. We have to also deal with the current position of
the market as well. If we want to attract the customer we have to follow the present trends of the
market.
If we talk about GSM technology, it is wide as it is used for communication and transmission of data
as well. Recently launching of 4g network have boost up the market. Users are attracted in a hufge
way
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77. Telstra and Mcdonalds
Exam cases: McDonald's Telstra Pre–seen exam information Semester 1 2013 CPA Program
professional level Global Strategy and Leadership © CPAAustralia Ltd 2013 Case Study 1
McDonald's case facts McDonald's Corporation: A strategic approach to global growth McDonald's
Corporation (McDonald's) is the world's leading global foodservice retailer with more than 33 500
restaurants serving nearly 68 million people in 119 countries each day (McDonald's 2012a). In 2011
the company generated USD 27 billion in revenue from its global operations and USD 8.5 billion of
operating profit. Headquartered in the United States, McDonald's Bar–B–Q restaurant was opened
in California in 1940 by brothers Richard (Dick) and Maurice (Mac) ... Show more content on
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The first is our ongoing commitment to [our strategic framework] the Plan to Win which was
launched in 2003 and has served as our operations roadmap for nine years. The Plan focuses on the
core drivers of our business–People, Products, Place, Price and Promotion ... It keeps us disciplined
around our brand holistically and enhancing the customer experience across our entire business–
from our menu and service to our value and convenience' (McDonald's 2011, p. 1). Global Strategy
and Leadership Page 1 of 20 McDonald's has 'enhanced the restaurant experience for customers
worldwide and grown comparable * sales and customer visits in each in each' year to 2011
(McDonald's 2011, p. 10). This framework has also delivered strong results for the company's
shareholders. McDonald's has exceeded its long–term 'financial targets of average annual ... sales
growth of 3 to 5%; average annual operating income growth of 6 to 7%; and annual returns on
incremental invested capital in the high teens every year since the Plan to Win was implemented'
(McDonald's 2011, p. 10). Operating model: Our System partners The 2011 Annual Report goes on
to describe the second factor: 'the collaboration of Our System partners. From our worldclass
franchisees, who are dedicated to running great restaurants and
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79. At&T Business Strategy
PREPARED BY ALVIN WHETSTONE AT&T Wireless is the leading wireless telecommunications
provider in the US market. The US wireless market constitutes over 243M wireless subscribers. This
represents a market penetration of 81%. The wireless market sells mobility of voice and data
(video–media, download content and internet access).
The wireless market is distributed between the following major competitors and distinguishing
technology.
AT&T– TDMA,GSM, UMTS/HSPDA
Verizon Wireless – CDMA, EV–DO
Sprint–Nextel– CDMA, EV–DO
T–mobile – GSM, UMTS
Upon the acquisition and merger of legacy AT&T Wireless by Cingular Wireless and the
solidification of SBC, BellSouth and Cingular Wireless, the New AT&T mobility business unit now
leads in ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Established in 1988 LDP is AT&T's flagship leadership development program. The goal of the
program is to develop competitive leaders with the skills and experience to perform well in various
positions and organizations across the company. Rewards include career development, exposure to
key areas within AT&T, frequent developmental feedback and accelerated career growth for
successful participants
IT MATREX (Management Transition Exchange) is the Information Technology hiring program for
high motivated individuals. The group consists of recent college graduates in the areas on
client/server mainframe and Web development.
The Financial Leadership Program (FLP) is designed to give individuals the breadth and depth of
business experience necessary for a successful career. FLP participants are rotated through high
profile decision–making positions in which they work directly with key members of the senior
management team of AT&T Finance. This program is centered on entrepreneurial thinking.
..
EXECUTION OF STRATEGIES
AT&T Wireless has successfully executed it strategy growing its Operating revenue by 14%.
Through the integration and cleanup of legacy AT&T wireless and Cingular Wireless, churn has
been reduced to 1.7%. This is a direct
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81. Mobile Communication : An Overview Of 4g And Its Features,...
Mobile Communication from 1G to 4G Ajit Singh Grewal GEORGE MASON UNIVERSITY
Fairfax, Virginia, USAAbstract The evolution of mobile telephone system can be classified into
different generation based on the level of maturity in technology. This classification does not depend
on any standardized facts. The purpose of this paper is to provide the history of mobile
communication and provide an overview of 4G and its features, architecture, key technologies and
challenges. Introduction: From 1G (First Generation) to 3G (Third Generation) the way of mobile
communication has changed drastically. The new generation is giving users a new way to
communicate and access the services on the go. The ultimate aim of the latest generations is to
provide better services to its users. The growth of mobile users over last few decades has increased
significantly. From around 210 million users in 1995 to almost 1.6 million users in 2008 worldwide.
Figure1: Figure 1: Growth of mobile users from initial years till 2010. Initial advancement that were
taken during the launch of GPRS (2.5G) i.e. users can use data services (E.g. internet access, MMS–
Multimedia Message Service). As clearly shown in the figure1, the mobile internet subscribers also
increased from almost zero to almost 800 million in 2008. Now the ever growing need of high
mobile data services led to the new generation i.e. 4G (The Fourth Generation) of the mobile
communication that tends to support all these
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