Development of cancer therapeutics is often carried out in 2D cultures prior to testing on animal model. In comparison to 2D cultures, discuss the potential of using 3D in vitro models for drug efficiency testing.
Genes and Tissue Culture Technology Assignment (G6)Rohini Krishnan
The culture of cells in two dimensions does not reproduce the histological characteristics of a tissue for informative or useful study. Growing cells as three-dimensional (3D) models more analogous to their existence in vivo may be more clinically relevant.
Genes and Tissue Culture Technology Assignment (G6)Rohini Krishnan
The culture of cells in two dimensions does not reproduce the histological characteristics of a tissue for informative or useful study. Growing cells as three-dimensional (3D) models more analogous to their existence in vivo may be more clinically relevant.
3D tumor spheroid models for in vitro therapeutic screening: a systematic app...Arun kumar
The potential of a spheroid tumor model composed of cells in different proliferative and metabolic
states for the development of new anticancer strategies has been amply demonstrated. However, there
is little or no information in the literature on the problems of reproducibility of data originating from
experiments using 3D models. Our analyses, carried out using a novel open source software capable of
performing an automatic image analysis of 3D tumor colonies, showed that a number of morphology
parameters affect the response of large spheroids to treatment. In particular, we found that both
spheroid volume and shape may be a source of variability. We also compared some commercially
available viability assays specifically designed for 3D models. In conclusion, our data indicate the need
for a pre-selection of tumor spheroids of homogeneous volume and shape to reduce data variability to
a minimum before use in a cytotoxicity test. In addition, we identified and validated a cytotoxicity test
capable of providing meaningful data on the damage induced in large tumor spheroids of up to diameter
in 650 μm by different kinds of treatments.
Genes and Tissue Culture Assignment Presentation (Group 3)Lim Ke Wen
The culture of cells in two dimensions does not reproduce the histological characteristics of a tissue for informative or useful study. Growing cells as three-dimensional (3D) models more analogous to their existence in vivo may be more clinically relevant. Discuss the potential of using three dimensional cell cultures for anti-cancer drug screening.
The culture of cells in two dimensions does not reproduce the histological characteristics of a tissue for informative or useful study. Growing cells as three-dimensional (3D) models more analogous to their existence in vivo may be more clinically relevant. Discuss the potential of using three dimensional cell cultures for anti-cancer drug screening.
A normal cell can be transformed into a cancerous cell. Discuss the therapeutic strategies that are employed to target the cellular transformation process for cancer prevention and treatment.
Dr. Talita Resende - Organoids as an invitro model for enteric diseasesJohn Blue
Organoids as an invitro model for enteric diseases - Dr. Talita Resende, from the 2018 Allen D. Leman Swine Conference, September 15-18, 2018, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA.
More presentations at http://www.swinecast.com/2018-leman-swine-conference-material
Building on the sell-out success of the launch event, SMi Group is delighted to announce the return of 3D Cell Culture, taking place on 21st and 22nd of February 2018, in London UK.
3D Cell Culture is rapidly growing with incredible potential for industrial application and a widespread reach that can be seen across many different fields, such as 3D bioprinting and microfluidics.
The 2nd annual conference will explore these overlapping areas and will combine pioneering breakthroughs with scientific research to strengthen your commercial success. Join us for exclusive insight into key topics such as disease models, organoids, organ-on-a-chip technologies, Ipsc advances and CRISPR technology. Notable speakers on the agenda for 2018 will include experts from Aurelia Bioscience, ReInnervate Ltd, Cell and Gene Therapy Catapult, University College London, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Kugelmeiers, GSK, AstraZeneca, Roche and more!
Compare density gradient centrifugation, Magnet-activated cell sorting (MACS), and Fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) in the isolation of pure stem cell populations from a heterogeneous suspension. Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of each technology as well as the emerging (recent) methods in stem cells separation.
Stem cells have the ability to perpetuate themselves through self-renewal and generate mature cells of a particular tissue through differentiation. Mesenchymal Stem Cells (MSCs) play an important role in tissue homeostasis supporting tissue regeneration. MSCs are rare pluripotent cells supporting hematopoietic and mesenchymal cell lineages. MSCs have a great potential in cancer therapy, also the stem cell exosome and/or microvesicle-mediated tissue regeneration abilities may be used a potential to the therapeutic applications. In this review, use of hMSCs in stem cell-mediated cancer therapy is discussed.
3D tumor spheroid models for in vitro therapeutic screening: a systematic app...Arun kumar
The potential of a spheroid tumor model composed of cells in different proliferative and metabolic
states for the development of new anticancer strategies has been amply demonstrated. However, there
is little or no information in the literature on the problems of reproducibility of data originating from
experiments using 3D models. Our analyses, carried out using a novel open source software capable of
performing an automatic image analysis of 3D tumor colonies, showed that a number of morphology
parameters affect the response of large spheroids to treatment. In particular, we found that both
spheroid volume and shape may be a source of variability. We also compared some commercially
available viability assays specifically designed for 3D models. In conclusion, our data indicate the need
for a pre-selection of tumor spheroids of homogeneous volume and shape to reduce data variability to
a minimum before use in a cytotoxicity test. In addition, we identified and validated a cytotoxicity test
capable of providing meaningful data on the damage induced in large tumor spheroids of up to diameter
in 650 μm by different kinds of treatments.
Genes and Tissue Culture Assignment Presentation (Group 3)Lim Ke Wen
The culture of cells in two dimensions does not reproduce the histological characteristics of a tissue for informative or useful study. Growing cells as three-dimensional (3D) models more analogous to their existence in vivo may be more clinically relevant. Discuss the potential of using three dimensional cell cultures for anti-cancer drug screening.
The culture of cells in two dimensions does not reproduce the histological characteristics of a tissue for informative or useful study. Growing cells as three-dimensional (3D) models more analogous to their existence in vivo may be more clinically relevant. Discuss the potential of using three dimensional cell cultures for anti-cancer drug screening.
A normal cell can be transformed into a cancerous cell. Discuss the therapeutic strategies that are employed to target the cellular transformation process for cancer prevention and treatment.
Dr. Talita Resende - Organoids as an invitro model for enteric diseasesJohn Blue
Organoids as an invitro model for enteric diseases - Dr. Talita Resende, from the 2018 Allen D. Leman Swine Conference, September 15-18, 2018, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA.
More presentations at http://www.swinecast.com/2018-leman-swine-conference-material
Building on the sell-out success of the launch event, SMi Group is delighted to announce the return of 3D Cell Culture, taking place on 21st and 22nd of February 2018, in London UK.
3D Cell Culture is rapidly growing with incredible potential for industrial application and a widespread reach that can be seen across many different fields, such as 3D bioprinting and microfluidics.
The 2nd annual conference will explore these overlapping areas and will combine pioneering breakthroughs with scientific research to strengthen your commercial success. Join us for exclusive insight into key topics such as disease models, organoids, organ-on-a-chip technologies, Ipsc advances and CRISPR technology. Notable speakers on the agenda for 2018 will include experts from Aurelia Bioscience, ReInnervate Ltd, Cell and Gene Therapy Catapult, University College London, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Kugelmeiers, GSK, AstraZeneca, Roche and more!
Compare density gradient centrifugation, Magnet-activated cell sorting (MACS), and Fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) in the isolation of pure stem cell populations from a heterogeneous suspension. Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of each technology as well as the emerging (recent) methods in stem cells separation.
Stem cells have the ability to perpetuate themselves through self-renewal and generate mature cells of a particular tissue through differentiation. Mesenchymal Stem Cells (MSCs) play an important role in tissue homeostasis supporting tissue regeneration. MSCs are rare pluripotent cells supporting hematopoietic and mesenchymal cell lineages. MSCs have a great potential in cancer therapy, also the stem cell exosome and/or microvesicle-mediated tissue regeneration abilities may be used a potential to the therapeutic applications. In this review, use of hMSCs in stem cell-mediated cancer therapy is discussed.
Poster - Including the matricial tumoral microenvironment in 3D in vitro mode...HCS Pharma
In oncology, 97% of drug candidates fail in clinical trials. This highlights a lack of relevance of preclinical models used upstream. Indeed, human in vitro models don’t consider the Tumoral Extracellular Matrix (TECM). However, more and more studies demonstrate that ECM composition and stiffness are modified in tumors and are linked to cancer initiation, progression, propagation, and drug resistances.
BIOMIMESYS® is a Hyaluronic Acid-based matrix grafted with structural and adhesion molecules, which mimics the ECM/TECM. It is chemically defined and its composition and stiffness can be modified to reproduce the organ-specificity of the ECM, or to mimic a pathological microenvironment in vitro.
We have demonstrated that the exposition of colon cancer cells cultured in BIOMIMESYS® Oncology matrix to an anti-proliferative drug showed a closer in vitro/in vivo correlation in the EC50 curve compared to 2D culture. Cancer cells can be advantageously grown in BIOMIMESYS® for several weeks in multiwell plates and in microfluidic chips for more advanced models. We also observed that modifications in the matrix composition and stiffness modify the cell behavior. Moreover, thanks to collaborations with academic laboratories, we demonstrated that BIOMIMESYS® allows to reproduce in vitro the behavior of cancerous cells in vivo, like mutation effects and metastasis propagation, and could be a relevant alternative to animal models. These results showed that the matricial microenvironment modifies the cell behavior in vitro and should be considered carefully in drug discovery. BIOMIMESYS® hydroscaffold™ is adapted to High Content Screening and represented a powerful tool to better select drug candidate.
Potentials of 3D models in anticancer drug screeningAnjali R.
A short presentation about the differences between 2D and 3D culture models, why researchers are moving toward 3D models in anticancer drug screening, the methods used in doing so and a recent case study of 3D tumour model being used for drug screening.
From 3D Cell Culture System to Personalized Medicine in Osteosarcoma_Crimson ...CrimsonpublishersITERM
Osteosarcoma is the most common primary bone malignancy presenting typically during childhood and adolescence. However, few improvements of the survival outcomes for osteosarcoma patients have been achieved since the last three decades. Despite the rarity of the diagnosis, the complexity of tumor microenvironment and the genetic heterogeneity of osteosarcoma remain the major obstacles to understanding the mechanisms involved in tumor progression and metastasis, and to screening the pharmacologically active molecules for better drugs. Compared to the 2D cell culture system, 3D cell culture system is much closer to the in vivo physiological condition in tumor. Thus, 3D cell culture system could be a powerful technique to screen therapeutic agent towards personalized medicine in osteosarcoma.
The void between preclinical testing and clinical trials of drugs reveals a crucial roadblock to efficient drug discovery. This plan defines an apporach to bioengineer structurally representative human tissues in vitro using the power of outstanding international academic collaborations.
collaboration
Preliminary Study on Monitoring Drug Resistance of Colon Cancer with Intravox...semualkaira
The current study investigated the role of intravoxel incoherent motion-DWI (IVIM-DWI) in evaluating drug
resistance in colon cancer xenografts and explored possible biomarkers
Preliminary Study on Monitoring Drug Resistance of Colon Cancer with Intravox...semualkaira
The current study investigated the role of intravoxel incoherent motion-DWI (IVIM-DWI) in evaluating drug
resistance in colon cancer xenografts and explored possible biomarkers.
Preliminary Study on Monitoring Drug Resistance of Colon Cancer with Intravox...semualkaira
The current study investigated the role of intravoxel incoherent motion-DWI (IVIM-DWI) in evaluating drug
resistance in colon cancer xenografts and explored possible biomarkers.
Preliminary Study on Monitoring Drug Resistance of Colon Cancer with Intravox...semualkaira
The current study investigated the role of intravoxel incoherent motion-DWI (IVIM-DWI) in evaluating drug
resistance in colon cancer xenografts and explored possible biomarkers.
Preliminary Study on Monitoring Drug Resistance of Colon Cancer with Intravox...semualkaira
The current study investigated the role of intravoxel incoherent motion-DWI (IVIM-DWI) in evaluating drug
resistance in colon cancer xenografts and explored possible biomarkers.
Preliminary Study on Monitoring Drug Resistance of Colon Cancer with Intravox...semualkaira
The current study investigated the role of intravoxel incoherent motion-DWI (IVIM-DWI) in evaluating drug
resistance in colon cancer xenografts and explored possible biomarkers.
Preliminary Study on Monitoring Drug Resistance of Colon Cancer with Intravox...semualkaira
The current study investigated the role of intravoxel incoherent motion-DWI (IVIM-DWI) in evaluating drug
resistance in colon cancer xenografts and explored possible biomarkers.
Preliminary Study on Monitoring Drug Resistance of Colon Cancer with Intravox...semualkaira
The current study investigated the role of intravoxel incoherent motion-DWI (IVIM-DWI) in evaluating drug
resistance in colon cancer xenografts and explored possible biomarkers.
A normal cell can be transformed into a cancerous cell. Discuss the therapeutic strategies that are employed to target the cellular transformation process for cancer prevention and treatment.
Similar to Gene & Tissue Culture: Presentation (Group 4) (20)
Deep Behavioral Phenotyping in Systems Neuroscience for Functional Atlasing a...Ana Luísa Pinho
Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) provides means to characterize brain activations in response to behavior. However, cognitive neuroscience has been limited to group-level effects referring to the performance of specific tasks. To obtain the functional profile of elementary cognitive mechanisms, the combination of brain responses to many tasks is required. Yet, to date, both structural atlases and parcellation-based activations do not fully account for cognitive function and still present several limitations. Further, they do not adapt overall to individual characteristics. In this talk, I will give an account of deep-behavioral phenotyping strategies, namely data-driven methods in large task-fMRI datasets, to optimize functional brain-data collection and improve inference of effects-of-interest related to mental processes. Key to this approach is the employment of fast multi-functional paradigms rich on features that can be well parametrized and, consequently, facilitate the creation of psycho-physiological constructs to be modelled with imaging data. Particular emphasis will be given to music stimuli when studying high-order cognitive mechanisms, due to their ecological nature and quality to enable complex behavior compounded by discrete entities. I will also discuss how deep-behavioral phenotyping and individualized models applied to neuroimaging data can better account for the subject-specific organization of domain-general cognitive systems in the human brain. Finally, the accumulation of functional brain signatures brings the possibility to clarify relationships among tasks and create a univocal link between brain systems and mental functions through: (1) the development of ontologies proposing an organization of cognitive processes; and (2) brain-network taxonomies describing functional specialization. To this end, tools to improve commensurability in cognitive science are necessary, such as public repositories, ontology-based platforms and automated meta-analysis tools. I will thus discuss some brain-atlasing resources currently under development, and their applicability in cognitive as well as clinical neuroscience.
Multi-source connectivity as the driver of solar wind variability in the heli...Sérgio Sacani
The ambient solar wind that flls the heliosphere originates from multiple
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This presentation explores a brief idea about the structural and functional attributes of nucleotides, the structure and function of genetic materials along with the impact of UV rays and pH upon them.
Cancer cell metabolism: special Reference to Lactate PathwayAADYARAJPANDEY1
Normal Cell Metabolism:
Cellular respiration describes the series of steps that cells use to break down sugar and other chemicals to get the energy we need to function.
Energy is stored in the bonds of glucose and when glucose is broken down, much of that energy is released.
Cell utilize energy in the form of ATP.
The first step of respiration is called glycolysis. In a series of steps, glycolysis breaks glucose into two smaller molecules - a chemical called pyruvate. A small amount of ATP is formed during this process.
Most healthy cells continue the breakdown in a second process, called the Kreb's cycle. The Kreb's cycle allows cells to “burn” the pyruvates made in glycolysis to get more ATP.
The last step in the breakdown of glucose is called oxidative phosphorylation (Ox-Phos).
It takes place in specialized cell structures called mitochondria. This process produces a large amount of ATP. Importantly, cells need oxygen to complete oxidative phosphorylation.
If a cell completes only glycolysis, only 2 molecules of ATP are made per glucose. However, if the cell completes the entire respiration process (glycolysis - Kreb's - oxidative phosphorylation), about 36 molecules of ATP are created, giving it much more energy to use.
IN CANCER CELL:
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
introduction to WARBERG PHENOMENA:
WARBURG EFFECT Usually, cancer cells are highly glycolytic (glucose addiction) and take up more glucose than do normal cells from outside.
Otto Heinrich Warburg (; 8 October 1883 – 1 August 1970) In 1931 was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology for his "discovery of the nature and mode of action of the respiratory enzyme.
WARNBURG EFFECT : cancer cells under aerobic (well-oxygenated) conditions to metabolize glucose to lactate (aerobic glycolysis) is known as the Warburg effect. Warburg made the observation that tumor slices consume glucose and secrete lactate at a higher rate than normal tissues.
Slide 1: Title Slide
Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Slide 2: Introduction to Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Definition: Extrachromosomal inheritance refers to the transmission of genetic material that is not found within the nucleus.
Key Components: Involves genes located in mitochondria, chloroplasts, and plasmids.
Slide 3: Mitochondrial Inheritance
Mitochondria: Organelles responsible for energy production.
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in mitochondria.
Inheritance Pattern: Maternally inherited, meaning it is passed from mothers to all their offspring.
Diseases: Examples include Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) and mitochondrial myopathy.
Slide 4: Chloroplast Inheritance
Chloroplasts: Organelles responsible for photosynthesis in plants.
Chloroplast DNA (cpDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in chloroplasts.
Inheritance Pattern: Often maternally inherited in most plants, but can vary in some species.
Examples: Variegation in plants, where leaf color patterns are determined by chloroplast DNA.
Slide 5: Plasmid Inheritance
Plasmids: Small, circular DNA molecules found in bacteria and some eukaryotes.
Features: Can carry antibiotic resistance genes and can be transferred between cells through processes like conjugation.
Significance: Important in biotechnology for gene cloning and genetic engineering.
Slide 6: Mechanisms of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Non-Mendelian Patterns: Do not follow Mendel’s laws of inheritance.
Cytoplasmic Segregation: During cell division, organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts are randomly distributed to daughter cells.
Heteroplasmy: Presence of more than one type of organellar genome within a cell, leading to variation in expression.
Slide 7: Examples of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Four O’clock Plant (Mirabilis jalapa): Shows variegated leaves due to different cpDNA in leaf cells.
Petite Mutants in Yeast: Result from mutations in mitochondrial DNA affecting respiration.
Slide 8: Importance of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Evolution: Provides insight into the evolution of eukaryotic cells.
Medicine: Understanding mitochondrial inheritance helps in diagnosing and treating mitochondrial diseases.
Agriculture: Chloroplast inheritance can be used in plant breeding and genetic modification.
Slide 9: Recent Research and Advances
Gene Editing: Techniques like CRISPR-Cas9 are being used to edit mitochondrial and chloroplast DNA.
Therapies: Development of mitochondrial replacement therapy (MRT) for preventing mitochondrial diseases.
Slide 10: Conclusion
Summary: Extrachromosomal inheritance involves the transmission of genetic material outside the nucleus and plays a crucial role in genetics, medicine, and biotechnology.
Future Directions: Continued research and technological advancements hold promise for new treatments and applications.
Slide 11: Questions and Discussion
Invite Audience: Open the floor for any questions or further discussion on the topic.
Unveiling the Energy Potential of Marshmallow Deposits.pdf
Gene & Tissue Culture: Presentation (Group 4)
1. Genes & Tissue Culture
Presentation
(Group 4)
By:
Asiah Salleh
Chua Qin Ling
Ng Chu Xin
Lim Su Shen
2. Development of cancer therapeutics is often
carried out in 2D cultures prior to testing on
animal model. In comparison to 2D cultures,
discuss the potential of using 3D in vitro
models for drug efficiency testing
6. 2D/3D Culture in drug efficacy testing
➔ Studies have found that cells cultured in 3D models are more resistant to
anticancer drug than in 2D cultures
- geno- or phenotypical change induced by 3D spheroid formation
- difference in gene expression
- different cell stage
➔ 2D culture is non-predictive for in vivo test
- Drug candidates fail in clinical trials due to adverse events, low efficacy etc.
➔ 3D culture emerged as a more reliable model to test for cancer cell
viability in response to drug treatment
- Photodynamic therapy
(Zang et. al 2012)
(Edmondson et. al 2014)
(Chen et. al 2015)
7. Differences in efficacy of PDT between 2D monolayer cell cultures and 3D
spheres
● Perform Photodynamic Therapy
(PDT) to compare conventional
2D culture and 3D culture
● LIVE/DEAD staining to check for
cell viability
● After 10 minutes, about 50% of
the cells in 2D culture are viable,
but most of the cells are still
viable in 3D spheroid
● After 1 hour, all cells in 2D
culture were killed, but many cells
in the sphere are still viable
(Chen etl al 2015)
8. Advantages of 3D cell culture systems for drug
discovery.
★ Matrices contain ECM components lead to better cell-cell contact,
communication and signalling pathway activation.
★ Restored cell functional and morphological differentiation.
★ Culture condition can be modified to include factors/proteins found
in particular tumour microenvironment.
★ The gene and protein expression levels of cells as well as the
cellular behaviours are similar to the in vivo levels.
★ Provide in vitro models for including different types of cells to build
multicellular systems.
★ Bridges the gap between in vitro and in vivo drug screening,
(Edmondson et. al, 2014)
Figure : Advantages of microenvironment for drug
discovery programmes. (Lovitt et. al, 2014)
9. Disadvantages of 3D cell culture systems for drug
delivery
❖ variability in biologically derived matrices leads to non-
reproducible experimental results
❖ high cost needed for large scale studies and high throughput
assay
❖ High variability result ( difference ECM components in
matrices)
❖ Low throughput in certain technique, due to the necessity of
manual media changes (Katt et. al 2016)
(LabAutopedia, 2016)
Figure : Hanging Drop Plate Assembly.
10. Application of 3D cell culture
· study basic mechanisms of organ development
· to develop artificial organs for replacement or support of natural organs
· to optimize bioproduction, or to obtain realistic pharmacotoxicological test systems.
Drug discovery:
Undergo high throughput screening to generate hits.
Useful in cancer drug research
organotypic tissue or slice cultures for drug testing:
artificial liver (hepatocyte spheroids)
hormone-producing tissues
brain cell cultures
heart cells
extracellular matrix and skin (by using fibroblasts and/or keratinocytes)
Artificial skin
11. Embryoid Bodies
Embryoid bodies are derived from embryonic stem cell lines
retained capacity of lineage commitment (i.e., of generating cells of the hematopoietic,
endothelial, muscle, and neuronal lineages)
12. References
Chen, YC, Lou, X, Zhang, Z, Ingram, P & Yoon, E 2015, ‘High Throughput Cancer Cell Sphere Formation for Characterizing the Efficacy of
Photodynamic Therapy in 3D cultures’, Scientific Reports, viewed 29 April 2016,
<http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4495468/>
Edmondson, R, Broglie, JJ, Adcock, AF &Yang LJ 2014, ‘Three-Dimensional Cell Culture Systems and Their Applications in Drug Discovery and
Cell-Based Biosensors’, Assay and Drug Development Technologies, vol 12, no. 4, pp. 207-218.
Katt, ME, Placone, AL, Wong AD, Xu, ZS, Searson, PC 2016, ' In Vitro Tumour Models: Advantages, Disadvantages, Variables and Selecting the
Right Platform', Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology, vol. 4, no. 12.
Kunz-Schughart, L 2004, ‘The Use of 3-D Cultures for High-Throughput Screening: The Multicellular Spheroid Model’, Journal of Biomolecular
Screening, vol 9, no.4, pp.273-285.
LabAutopedia 2016, Automated Cell Dispensing and Image-based Spheroid Formation Tracking, viewed 26 April 2016,
<http://www.labautopedia.org/mw/Automated_Cell_Dispensing_and_Image-Based_Spheroid_Formation_Tracking>
Lovitt, CJ, Shelper, TB & Avery, VM 2014, ‘Advanced Cell Culture Techniques for Cancer Drug Discovery’, Discovery Biology, vol 3, no. 2, pp. 345-
367.
Mueller-Klieser, W 1997, ‘Three-dimensional cell cultures: from molecular mechanisms to clinical applications’, American Journal of Physiology -
Cell Physiology, vol 273, no.4, pp.C1109-C1123.
Zhang,R, Li, D, Tang, IC, Wang, J & Yang, ST 2012, ‘Cell-Based Assays in High-Throughput Screening for Drug Discovery’, International Journal of
Biotechnology for Wellness Industries, vol. 1, pp. 31-51.