The document discusses organoids, which are 3D clusters of cells grown in vitro to mimic organ structures. It describes the 5 basic steps to make an organoid: 1) obtain a tissue sample, 2) dissociate it into single cells, 3) isolate stem cells using a cell sorter, 4) add the stem cells to a gel-like substance called Matrigel, and 5) allow the cells to grow over 1-90 days. Various types of organoids are listed, and potential uses discussed, including testing medical/chemical agents, aiding drug development by reducing animal testing, and regenerative medicine by growing replacement organs.

1. Organoids
Small Cells Doing Big Things
Franklin Wilson
GTCC North Carolina STEM Alliance

2. What is an organoid?
Three-dimensional cluster
of cells grown in-vitro

3. The making of an organoid
5 Basic Steps:

4. The making of an organoid
5 Basic Steps:
1. Obtain Sample

5. The making of an organoid
5 Basic Steps:
1. Obtain Sample
2. Mechanically and chemically
dissociate tissue into single
cells

6. The making of an organoid
5 Basic Steps:
1. Obtain Sample
2. Mechanically and chemically
dissociate tissue into single
cells
3. Use cell-sorter to obtain
target cells (stem cells)

7. The making of an organoid
5 Basic Steps:
1. Obtain Sample
2. Mechanically and chemically
dissociate tissue into single
cells
3. Use cell-sorter to obtain
target cells (stem cells)
4. Add target cells to Matrigel

8. The making of an organoid
5 Basic Steps:
1. Obtain Sample
2. Mechanically and chemically
dissociate tissue into single
cells
3. Use cell-sorter to obtain
target cells (stem cells)
4. Add target cells to Matrigel
5. Allow cells to grow (1-90
days)
0d 4d 6d
12d 14d 22d
8d
25d
11d

9. Types of organoids
Cerebral Cortex
Hepatic
Renal
Cardiac
Prostatic
Gastric
Lung Epithelial
Intestinal
Optic Cup
Thyroid
Pancreatic
Neural Tube
Pituitary
Mammary

10. Potential Uses for Organoids

11. Testing Uses
Perform tests of medical,
biological, and chemical
agents

12. Pharmaceutical Uses
Benefits to drug manufacturing:
• Lower the cost
• Decrease time needed
• Dramatically reduce the
amount of animals testing

13. Pharmaceutical Uses
Drawbacks:
• Not a whole organ
• Not a body

14. Uses in Regenerative Medicine

15. Uses in Regenerative Medicine
Process hepatic cancer treatment:
1. Excise tumor
2. Dissociate and harvest target
cells
3. Use CRISPR to modify DNA
4. Grow cells in Matrigel mold
5. Implant

16. Uses in Regenerative Medicine
Benefits to lab grown organs:
• Avoid risk of rejection
• Decrease transplant list

17. Uses in Regenerative Medicine
Drawbacks:
• Time needed to grow
• Lack of differentiation
• Size constraints