3D bioprinting uses layer-by-layer deposition of bioinks, which are cells or tissues engineered to be part of an organ or other tissue, to fabricate structures that mimic natural tissue characteristics. Bioinks can be deposited to create tissue-like structures for use in medical and tissue engineering applications. These applications include joint replacements, bone plates, intraocular lenses, bone cement, artificial ligaments and tendons, dental implants, blood vessel prostheses, heart valves, skin repair devices, cochlear replacements, contact lenses, breast implants, drug delivery mechanisms, vascular grafts, stents, nerve conduits, surgical sutures and staples, pins and screws for fracture stabilization, and surgical mesh.