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Therefore, the steering team will have to identify the people who will be involved in tracking the progress of IT
implementation and intervals of assessments so that the final product may be effective. In the sixth step, the
essential activity that will be undertaken will be finalizing the plan. The team will examine whether or not
everything is in a place like resources for the IT and that everything has been put in its right place before the
activity starts. After finalizing the plan, the seventh and last step will be distributed every person and resources to
the area that each has been located and the activity of implementing the IT starts. Therefore, the planning
process will involve those key steps and if followed systematically, the existing IT systems will be reengineered
effectively.
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The plan by the management of ModMeters to move from the North
American operation so that it may operate globally is an important
undertaking and is also a logical and the next step for this company. The
reason is that its commodities will be highly specialized and will have a lot of
demand from the diverse consumers like the manufacturers, utility
companies and even several other industries as well as enjoying other
benefits that are associated with the company operating globally, (McKeen,
2013). However, for the above benefits to be realized, the firm will have an
effective Information Technology to facilitate the above undertaking and the
realization of these benefits that have been mentioned above. As a way of
having this effective reengineering of the existing IT systems, ...
The document summarizes an internship report for developing a prototype website for a travel company. It discusses the objectives of developing a centralized system to manage expeditions and provide online booking. The methodology section describes selecting Living Eyes Media as the internship host, performing tasks as a Laravel developer under supervision. The internship lasted 3 months, involving requirements analysis, development, testing, and maintenance. Some limitations of the developed system are that it lacked an online payment system and cancellation options.
Running head pROJECT DELIVERABLE 21pROJECT DELIVERABLE 28.docxjeanettehully
Running head: pROJECT DELIVERABLE 2
1
pROJECT DELIVERABLE 2
8Business Requirements Document
Charles Tinsley
Dr. Mark Cohen
CIS 599
July 28, 2019
Business Requirements Document
Providing better services to customers is one of the keys to a successful business. Fulfilling customer’s requirements helps achieve customers satisfaction; an important tool that drives the business towards achievement. Customers’ requirements are those needs that determine whether or not the customer needs have been satisfied with the products. According to Spacey (2017), a customer requirement is a specification that originates with customers as opposed to internal stakeholders. This can include both functional and non-function requirements for products, services and experiences.Definition of the Scope and how to Control the Scope of the Project
After brainstorming and interviewing customers, there was a need to implement the voice of a customer in the business. Voice of the customer involves capturing customer’s needs and expectations before coming up with a product, services, and brands. According to Saeed et al. study (2013), Innovation and new product development connected with “customer needs and expectations” differs across the marketing, engineering, and industrial design literature. The goods in the market are of a high quality due to the customer’s input during production. Customers know what they want. Therefore, involving them during production ensures that the goods produced to meet their needs. This business aims at providing customers with better services and products. Therefore, ensuring that customers are satisfied by getting their feedback can be used as a control to using Voice of Customers. Assessing increase in profits will also help define whether this strategy is working.
Feedbacks and profits realized after the implementation of Voice of Customer (VoC) will use as a way to realize workability of this scope. Positive feedbacks from customers will mean that their needs have been fully satisfied. However, negative feedbacks will mean more has to be done. Better strategies will have to be implemented to ensure mass satisfaction of the customers. When balancing the books of account, the profits increase that will be realized after the implementation of VoC will mean success in the strategy. However, no profits or losses will be linked to the failure in workability of the strategy.Possible Risks, Constraints, and Assumptions
This strategy has four distinct components, namely; Listening (collecting data), understanding (analyzing data for insights), sharing (distributing the insights), and taking action. Having all the four components to work will involve using a lot of resources from the company. The risks associated will be getting individualized needs from the customers. Every customer has his/her needs. It will be therefore, hard for the analyzers to determine the need that will be likely to cause customers’ satisfaction and achieve busines ...
Assessment 2:
Description/Focus
Essay
Value
50%
Due Date
Midnight Sunday 2 (Week 12)
Length
2500 words
Task: Human services practitioners work across many domains of practice including direct work with individuals, groups and communities.
1. Critically examine the policy or policies that you consider impact upon a client group and suggest ways that policy could be changed to improve the life outcomes for those with whom you are working.
2. Develop a framework that you would adopt for influencing policy change that aligns with your professional values, standards and ethics.
Presentation: The document will be typed in a word document, 12 pt. Font, 1½ or Double spacing
Assessment criteria:
· Critical analysis of social policy
· Application of theory to practice
· Adherence to academic conventions of writing
(eg referencing; writing style)
· At least 8 references. Format APA 6th referencing.
Running head: NETWORK AND WORKFLOW FOR A DATA ANALYTICS COMPANY 1
NETWORK AND WORKFLOW FOR A DATA ANALYTICS COMPANY 2
Network and Workflow for a Data Analytics Company on Ssports
Student Name Nezar Al Massad
Institution Name Dr. Mark O'Connell
Network and Workflow for a Ddata Analytics Company on Ssports.
A company’s network and workflow play a major roles in its performance and growth. Different companies consist of rely on different networks and workflows depending on the services/tasks they are providing and the number of workers and members of staff. A network tends to connect workers and members of staff at different levels of the company. This network tends to create a good and effective workflow within the company, hence a company network and workflow go hand in hand. When creating a network and a workflow of a company, the workers and members of staff working duration must be considered in order to achieve a company objective (Moretti, 2017).Also, the mode of employment which may be permanent or temporary/laying down of workers within a short period of time, to a large extent determines a company’s network and workflow. The change of an organizational requirement due to growth and expansion creates a need for a company to adapt a new network and workflow. A network in company plays a vital role of guiding how the company should run its operations. Comment by Mark O'Connell: Duration?? Comment by Mark O'Connell: What? Laying down?? Comment by Mark O'Connell: OK so stop educating us about the factors that determine a company’s network and tell us about YOUR network Comment by Mark O'Connell: Too obvious
My company in the world requires data analysts for to perform analysisdata analysis allowing them to and make important strategic decisions and identify opportunities in the market, and therefore data analysts are becoming very important vital to our company. Despite this, there are many companies coming u.
1Running Head Business ProjectSection 1 Business Requirement.docxfelicidaddinwoodie
1
Running Head: Business Project
Section 1: Business Requirements Document
I. Describe the scope and analyze how to control the scope.
Scope:
We live in computer age where businesses no more bound by borders or limited clientage. Computer and fast technology has renovated the Project's scope can be defined as such element in project that explains the boundaries of the project, set responsibilities for each team member and describe the procedures for how completed work will be verified and how it will be approved.
Meetup help the people together in thousands of cities to do what they want to do in life. Major scope is to give the human being a happiness and peace of mind so that no one gets disappointed that he never got a chance to do what he want to do in his life. It is based on a very simple single idea that is when we get together and do such tasks that matter to us or appeal us most, we’re doing our best. It's all about the central idea or major chunk of scope of Meetup. It assist the people together to do, search, teach and learn the things that help them to live long and what they desire most to do. Meetup now want to increase its scope by setting offices in main cities and want to do extensive advertisement so that more people know about services of company and connect with it.
How to Control Scope process
Changing a scope is an ongoing process that starts just after creation of baseline.
Control Scope Inputs
Five inputs are included in control scope process
1. Project management plan.
In this step scope baseline consisting of the WBS codes WBS dictionary as well as the project scope statement is analyzed. This phase describes how to control scope when the change control plan will intimate about project change control system.
2. Work performance information.
In this phase information is provided on deliverable status and it describes which deliverables are ready to launch and which one are currently work in progress, and how much work is still pending. This phase contains information related to any issues and risks that the development team is expected to face for particular deliverables or products.
3. Requirements documentation.
This is very important phase in input process as when a change request is made the requirements documentation acts as a reference to memorize what was originally agreed so that the change could be detected against the regional requirement.
4. Requirements traceability matrix.
It helps the project manager to estimate about the value of change that is required and the regional baseline that is already finalized and why this change is so important for this project. It assist him to identify source of change and he will consult about this change from the stakeholders who are expected to affect by this change.
5. Organizational process assets.
This will normally cover any particular policies and procedures that have been laid down by the delivery organization regarding scope manage ...
Questions On Technical Design DecisionsRikki Wright
The document discusses technical design decisions made by software engineers to achieve requirements, such as choosing development processes and technologies. It also defines the breadth and depth issues in software complexity, where breadth addresses major functions and interfaces, and depth addresses relationships and linkages among items. Finally, it provides an overview of how to increase employee productivity through implementing new technologies and overcoming challenges like fear of change.
Quality Assurance, Testing, And ImplementationKristen Wilson
Here are the key steps in Kavyos' IT staffing recruiting process:
1. Continuous recruiting - They actively search online and in-person to find both candidates actively looking for work and those open to new opportunities.
2. Screening interviews - An initial phone screen evaluates technical skills and determines if a candidate is a potential fit.
3. Technical assessments - Candidates take technical tests to objectively evaluate their skills and qualifications.
4. In-person interviews - Qualified candidates meet with the hiring manager to assess cultural fit and soft skills through conversation.
5. Reference and background checks - References are contacted and background checks performed on final candidates before making an offer.
By combining different interview types
HR information system project Comment feedback concerning the .docxadampcarr67227
HR information system project
Comment feedback concerning the content and grammar can be found in the bullet points on the paper. Details concerning all APA format items can be found on the spreadsheet. Great job with identifying the affected stakeholders. Nicely done with the list of information gathering techniques such as interviews, observations, questionnaires, and additional research. For the feasibility study, this would have been better to discuss how you would measure the possible success of the project. Just stating it will be a “quantifiable profit” does not indicate how much money is involve or how long it will take to realize those profits. Normally a study such as this is not done by the business users. Sometimes a systems analyst will perform these studies. Using examples of how other companies have saved money or how long it took to implement a similar solution can show value in moving forward. Good on the gathering information and documenting section; however, that is not a guarantee that all of the requirements have been identified. One way that can help is to have the development team create prototypes to show the business. These preliminary examples can help to uncover any missing functionality that might need to be included in the final product. Overall you did very well on this first assignment. HR Information System Project
SHARON EDLUND
February 23, 2015
Introduction
Riordan Manufacturing HRIS framework was secured in 1992. Their HR framework was intended to track workers' data. For example, their individual data, pay rate, individual absolution for tax purposes, contract date and vacation hours and so forth. While then again Riordan lawful framework and activities are taken care of by Litteral & Finkel. Litteral & Finkel gives lawful administrations like tax law, land transactions, employee law, migration matters, and work law and custom regulations. In this paper we will examine the HR framework reconciliation with tools to make a single coordinated application. The organization ought to have more particular data systems technology (Thite.et.al, 2008). This paper will recognize and portray existing and required business frameworks and subsystems. Comment by Owner: Great! Comment by Owner: It is unclear what “to have more particular data systems technology” means.
Riordan Manufacturing is a worldwide plastic producer utilizing 550 individuals with the yearly profit of $46 million. The organization is completely claimed by Riordan Industries, a Fortune 500 organizations. The major stakeholders in the company include; the company president and its CEO the chief operating officer, the vice president of research and development, the sales and marketing vice president, the human resources director, the chief financial officer, the company employees, customers and managers will enable provide information for the HR information systems. Comment by Owner: Good on the stakeholders.
Information gathering tec.
5To Executive BoardFrom Cassandra MorrisonDate July 31, 20.docxblondellchancy
5
To: Executive BoardFrom: Cassandra MorrisonDate: July 31, 2019Subject: New Information System Introduction
I am writing this memo to inform the CIO, the executives, and the entire employee fraternity about the new information system that is to be implemented in the organization. To begin, I would like to inform the CIO that I cannot handle all the work alone, and in so doing I would like to assemble a team that would work with me hand in hand in ensuring that the new information system is competent and serves the company as expected. I would also take this opportunity to thank the CIO and Executives for untrusting me with this task, which I was so willing to do for the betterment of the entire organization.
Implementation of proposed Information Systems
To begin with, I would like to inform the Chief Information Officer that this new information system has a budget of four million dollars. As you can see, it is less by one million dollars of the money that was allocated by the budgeting committee to the information system, and this aids the company to save on 20% of the money which could be used on something else. Besides, the new information system will have extra functions which include; planning, organizing, directing together with controlling. Planning is defined as the preparation of what is to be done, and by this, the new information system shall be planning on both the short and long term activities of the company. By this, the system will ensure that it established goals as well as develop specific strategies and tactics to achieve them.
The company will need to acquire the latest computer operating system, Mac operating system. This will enable the running of the new computer software that we will also have to obtain for the success of the latest information system. The software will be in charge of the "telling" the hardware what to do, for instance, the functions that I have talked about earlier at the beginning of the memo. The organizations will also have to acquire a data warehouse. This is where all the information would be collected and stored, and retrieval can also be done. The data warehouse will be necessary for the company's massive data which will be kept safe and could be accessed easily as well. Lastly, all these components will require being coordinated in a way, and that would be done by the use of a Local Area Network. The LAN will connect all the computers of the organization to allow communication and sharing of information without having to physically move from one place to another to deliver documents or information.
As we will be transitioning from the old information system to the latest one, all the employees will be required to participate to ensure successful transitioning fully. The change will have to begin from the top members of the organization and move down systematically. We would want to finish the process of transition fast so that we would continue with the daily activities. I want to appe ...
The document summarizes an internship report for developing a prototype website for a travel company. It discusses the objectives of developing a centralized system to manage expeditions and provide online booking. The methodology section describes selecting Living Eyes Media as the internship host, performing tasks as a Laravel developer under supervision. The internship lasted 3 months, involving requirements analysis, development, testing, and maintenance. Some limitations of the developed system are that it lacked an online payment system and cancellation options.
Running head pROJECT DELIVERABLE 21pROJECT DELIVERABLE 28.docxjeanettehully
Running head: pROJECT DELIVERABLE 2
1
pROJECT DELIVERABLE 2
8Business Requirements Document
Charles Tinsley
Dr. Mark Cohen
CIS 599
July 28, 2019
Business Requirements Document
Providing better services to customers is one of the keys to a successful business. Fulfilling customer’s requirements helps achieve customers satisfaction; an important tool that drives the business towards achievement. Customers’ requirements are those needs that determine whether or not the customer needs have been satisfied with the products. According to Spacey (2017), a customer requirement is a specification that originates with customers as opposed to internal stakeholders. This can include both functional and non-function requirements for products, services and experiences.Definition of the Scope and how to Control the Scope of the Project
After brainstorming and interviewing customers, there was a need to implement the voice of a customer in the business. Voice of the customer involves capturing customer’s needs and expectations before coming up with a product, services, and brands. According to Saeed et al. study (2013), Innovation and new product development connected with “customer needs and expectations” differs across the marketing, engineering, and industrial design literature. The goods in the market are of a high quality due to the customer’s input during production. Customers know what they want. Therefore, involving them during production ensures that the goods produced to meet their needs. This business aims at providing customers with better services and products. Therefore, ensuring that customers are satisfied by getting their feedback can be used as a control to using Voice of Customers. Assessing increase in profits will also help define whether this strategy is working.
Feedbacks and profits realized after the implementation of Voice of Customer (VoC) will use as a way to realize workability of this scope. Positive feedbacks from customers will mean that their needs have been fully satisfied. However, negative feedbacks will mean more has to be done. Better strategies will have to be implemented to ensure mass satisfaction of the customers. When balancing the books of account, the profits increase that will be realized after the implementation of VoC will mean success in the strategy. However, no profits or losses will be linked to the failure in workability of the strategy.Possible Risks, Constraints, and Assumptions
This strategy has four distinct components, namely; Listening (collecting data), understanding (analyzing data for insights), sharing (distributing the insights), and taking action. Having all the four components to work will involve using a lot of resources from the company. The risks associated will be getting individualized needs from the customers. Every customer has his/her needs. It will be therefore, hard for the analyzers to determine the need that will be likely to cause customers’ satisfaction and achieve busines ...
Assessment 2:
Description/Focus
Essay
Value
50%
Due Date
Midnight Sunday 2 (Week 12)
Length
2500 words
Task: Human services practitioners work across many domains of practice including direct work with individuals, groups and communities.
1. Critically examine the policy or policies that you consider impact upon a client group and suggest ways that policy could be changed to improve the life outcomes for those with whom you are working.
2. Develop a framework that you would adopt for influencing policy change that aligns with your professional values, standards and ethics.
Presentation: The document will be typed in a word document, 12 pt. Font, 1½ or Double spacing
Assessment criteria:
· Critical analysis of social policy
· Application of theory to practice
· Adherence to academic conventions of writing
(eg referencing; writing style)
· At least 8 references. Format APA 6th referencing.
Running head: NETWORK AND WORKFLOW FOR A DATA ANALYTICS COMPANY 1
NETWORK AND WORKFLOW FOR A DATA ANALYTICS COMPANY 2
Network and Workflow for a Data Analytics Company on Ssports
Student Name Nezar Al Massad
Institution Name Dr. Mark O'Connell
Network and Workflow for a Ddata Analytics Company on Ssports.
A company’s network and workflow play a major roles in its performance and growth. Different companies consist of rely on different networks and workflows depending on the services/tasks they are providing and the number of workers and members of staff. A network tends to connect workers and members of staff at different levels of the company. This network tends to create a good and effective workflow within the company, hence a company network and workflow go hand in hand. When creating a network and a workflow of a company, the workers and members of staff working duration must be considered in order to achieve a company objective (Moretti, 2017).Also, the mode of employment which may be permanent or temporary/laying down of workers within a short period of time, to a large extent determines a company’s network and workflow. The change of an organizational requirement due to growth and expansion creates a need for a company to adapt a new network and workflow. A network in company plays a vital role of guiding how the company should run its operations. Comment by Mark O'Connell: Duration?? Comment by Mark O'Connell: What? Laying down?? Comment by Mark O'Connell: OK so stop educating us about the factors that determine a company’s network and tell us about YOUR network Comment by Mark O'Connell: Too obvious
My company in the world requires data analysts for to perform analysisdata analysis allowing them to and make important strategic decisions and identify opportunities in the market, and therefore data analysts are becoming very important vital to our company. Despite this, there are many companies coming u.
1Running Head Business ProjectSection 1 Business Requirement.docxfelicidaddinwoodie
1
Running Head: Business Project
Section 1: Business Requirements Document
I. Describe the scope and analyze how to control the scope.
Scope:
We live in computer age where businesses no more bound by borders or limited clientage. Computer and fast technology has renovated the Project's scope can be defined as such element in project that explains the boundaries of the project, set responsibilities for each team member and describe the procedures for how completed work will be verified and how it will be approved.
Meetup help the people together in thousands of cities to do what they want to do in life. Major scope is to give the human being a happiness and peace of mind so that no one gets disappointed that he never got a chance to do what he want to do in his life. It is based on a very simple single idea that is when we get together and do such tasks that matter to us or appeal us most, we’re doing our best. It's all about the central idea or major chunk of scope of Meetup. It assist the people together to do, search, teach and learn the things that help them to live long and what they desire most to do. Meetup now want to increase its scope by setting offices in main cities and want to do extensive advertisement so that more people know about services of company and connect with it.
How to Control Scope process
Changing a scope is an ongoing process that starts just after creation of baseline.
Control Scope Inputs
Five inputs are included in control scope process
1. Project management plan.
In this step scope baseline consisting of the WBS codes WBS dictionary as well as the project scope statement is analyzed. This phase describes how to control scope when the change control plan will intimate about project change control system.
2. Work performance information.
In this phase information is provided on deliverable status and it describes which deliverables are ready to launch and which one are currently work in progress, and how much work is still pending. This phase contains information related to any issues and risks that the development team is expected to face for particular deliverables or products.
3. Requirements documentation.
This is very important phase in input process as when a change request is made the requirements documentation acts as a reference to memorize what was originally agreed so that the change could be detected against the regional requirement.
4. Requirements traceability matrix.
It helps the project manager to estimate about the value of change that is required and the regional baseline that is already finalized and why this change is so important for this project. It assist him to identify source of change and he will consult about this change from the stakeholders who are expected to affect by this change.
5. Organizational process assets.
This will normally cover any particular policies and procedures that have been laid down by the delivery organization regarding scope manage ...
Questions On Technical Design DecisionsRikki Wright
The document discusses technical design decisions made by software engineers to achieve requirements, such as choosing development processes and technologies. It also defines the breadth and depth issues in software complexity, where breadth addresses major functions and interfaces, and depth addresses relationships and linkages among items. Finally, it provides an overview of how to increase employee productivity through implementing new technologies and overcoming challenges like fear of change.
Quality Assurance, Testing, And ImplementationKristen Wilson
Here are the key steps in Kavyos' IT staffing recruiting process:
1. Continuous recruiting - They actively search online and in-person to find both candidates actively looking for work and those open to new opportunities.
2. Screening interviews - An initial phone screen evaluates technical skills and determines if a candidate is a potential fit.
3. Technical assessments - Candidates take technical tests to objectively evaluate their skills and qualifications.
4. In-person interviews - Qualified candidates meet with the hiring manager to assess cultural fit and soft skills through conversation.
5. Reference and background checks - References are contacted and background checks performed on final candidates before making an offer.
By combining different interview types
HR information system project Comment feedback concerning the .docxadampcarr67227
HR information system project
Comment feedback concerning the content and grammar can be found in the bullet points on the paper. Details concerning all APA format items can be found on the spreadsheet. Great job with identifying the affected stakeholders. Nicely done with the list of information gathering techniques such as interviews, observations, questionnaires, and additional research. For the feasibility study, this would have been better to discuss how you would measure the possible success of the project. Just stating it will be a “quantifiable profit” does not indicate how much money is involve or how long it will take to realize those profits. Normally a study such as this is not done by the business users. Sometimes a systems analyst will perform these studies. Using examples of how other companies have saved money or how long it took to implement a similar solution can show value in moving forward. Good on the gathering information and documenting section; however, that is not a guarantee that all of the requirements have been identified. One way that can help is to have the development team create prototypes to show the business. These preliminary examples can help to uncover any missing functionality that might need to be included in the final product. Overall you did very well on this first assignment. HR Information System Project
SHARON EDLUND
February 23, 2015
Introduction
Riordan Manufacturing HRIS framework was secured in 1992. Their HR framework was intended to track workers' data. For example, their individual data, pay rate, individual absolution for tax purposes, contract date and vacation hours and so forth. While then again Riordan lawful framework and activities are taken care of by Litteral & Finkel. Litteral & Finkel gives lawful administrations like tax law, land transactions, employee law, migration matters, and work law and custom regulations. In this paper we will examine the HR framework reconciliation with tools to make a single coordinated application. The organization ought to have more particular data systems technology (Thite.et.al, 2008). This paper will recognize and portray existing and required business frameworks and subsystems. Comment by Owner: Great! Comment by Owner: It is unclear what “to have more particular data systems technology” means.
Riordan Manufacturing is a worldwide plastic producer utilizing 550 individuals with the yearly profit of $46 million. The organization is completely claimed by Riordan Industries, a Fortune 500 organizations. The major stakeholders in the company include; the company president and its CEO the chief operating officer, the vice president of research and development, the sales and marketing vice president, the human resources director, the chief financial officer, the company employees, customers and managers will enable provide information for the HR information systems. Comment by Owner: Good on the stakeholders.
Information gathering tec.
5To Executive BoardFrom Cassandra MorrisonDate July 31, 20.docxblondellchancy
5
To: Executive BoardFrom: Cassandra MorrisonDate: July 31, 2019Subject: New Information System Introduction
I am writing this memo to inform the CIO, the executives, and the entire employee fraternity about the new information system that is to be implemented in the organization. To begin, I would like to inform the CIO that I cannot handle all the work alone, and in so doing I would like to assemble a team that would work with me hand in hand in ensuring that the new information system is competent and serves the company as expected. I would also take this opportunity to thank the CIO and Executives for untrusting me with this task, which I was so willing to do for the betterment of the entire organization.
Implementation of proposed Information Systems
To begin with, I would like to inform the Chief Information Officer that this new information system has a budget of four million dollars. As you can see, it is less by one million dollars of the money that was allocated by the budgeting committee to the information system, and this aids the company to save on 20% of the money which could be used on something else. Besides, the new information system will have extra functions which include; planning, organizing, directing together with controlling. Planning is defined as the preparation of what is to be done, and by this, the new information system shall be planning on both the short and long term activities of the company. By this, the system will ensure that it established goals as well as develop specific strategies and tactics to achieve them.
The company will need to acquire the latest computer operating system, Mac operating system. This will enable the running of the new computer software that we will also have to obtain for the success of the latest information system. The software will be in charge of the "telling" the hardware what to do, for instance, the functions that I have talked about earlier at the beginning of the memo. The organizations will also have to acquire a data warehouse. This is where all the information would be collected and stored, and retrieval can also be done. The data warehouse will be necessary for the company's massive data which will be kept safe and could be accessed easily as well. Lastly, all these components will require being coordinated in a way, and that would be done by the use of a Local Area Network. The LAN will connect all the computers of the organization to allow communication and sharing of information without having to physically move from one place to another to deliver documents or information.
As we will be transitioning from the old information system to the latest one, all the employees will be required to participate to ensure successful transitioning fully. The change will have to begin from the top members of the organization and move down systematically. We would want to finish the process of transition fast so that we would continue with the daily activities. I want to appe ...
Justifications Report
Sharon Boone
Marla Cartwright
English 315 Professional Communications
February 21, 2016
Introduction
The implementation of a program can be designated as technical specification or program, software element or any 0ther systems over computer programming and the deployment. Frequently the implementations will be prevailing for a definite description or standards. The program application of a particular organization in the IT industry will give reimbursements and supports for high-level management(Ake & Kevin, 2009). It also deals with the participation of the customer. In addition, advance, the services in future, directing the audiences, the client awareness, and current programs would be understood.
The problem statement
The problem statement was a statement, which describes about, which recommendations should be done for implementing a program with high privacy as well as the security meanwhile unsecure program can source danger to an IT association and help third party to hack the information more with no trouble(Ake & Kevin, 2009). The programs that are unsecure will under no circumstances get to the clients because the programs will make them apprehension about concealed information. Furthermore, the programs must satisfy the need for the end users. Hence, it is necessary to have confidentiality (privacy), high protected, as well as user-friendly programs to circumvent many of the teething troubles.
Method used
The methods used to make an endorsement for implementing programs are two. The first method was formal method and the second one was an evaluation of R&D methods. The software companies in information technology industries helped the formal methods. The evaluation of the of R&D can be used for helping firms to improve the plan for a program and departments the surveys for identifying the usage for programs and awareness was created in an IT industry. In addition, the formal method was also used for the software development(Orthodox Presbyterian Church, 2014).
Alternative methods
Apart from the two methods used, there other method, which can be used for implementing the programs in IT industry and achieve the same results. These are such as Internet as well as software. The software itself can be able to give the codes for that software that in turn can produce a better and most useful result. These are just but a few methods that can be used for implementing the program in the software enterprises of an IT industry.
Criteria
There number of criteria to evaluate Internet, which are as follows;
I. Accuracy
This is primarily used to determine the dependability of the web resource and free from error of the informed contained in the web source. This also includes the attention of who is hosting the site like a university, professional association, or even a commercial host.
II. Authority
To determine the author of the website, study the page carefully for information about the author, and to see if ev ...
Running head PROJECT PLAN INCEPTION1PROJECT PLAN INCEPTION .docxjeanettehully
Running head: PROJECT PLAN INCEPTION 1
PROJECT PLAN INCEPTION 2
Information Technology and Business
Babatunde Ogunade
CIS499: Information System Capston
Professor Reddy Urimindi
October 13, 2019
Information Technology and Business
Project Introduction
The very core operation of this company involves the collection and analysis of data through a currently limited technological infrastructure. The basis of this business may focus on leadership structure, the type of industry, business culture, core vision and mission including objectives. The company has a Chief Executive Officer (CEO) as the highest rank, four Information Technology experts and other employees. Marketing can, therefore, categorize this company as a service industry company with a core vision of a 60 percent growth in the next eighteen months and mission of redesigning its information technology to fulfill its organizational needs.
Product features, new market product, differentiation techniques, and value addition defines the type of business which the company is operating. The assessment of its product features which involves data indicate that the opportunities focus on marketing. In the continued operations of the company, the management is not foreseeing any shift from its original product but is rather fixing a differentiation technique within six months. An addition in product value should be achieved by employing an exclusively new technology based on a hybrid model, hosted solution or on-site solution.
The idea of integrating technologies from other partners to realize cost-effective outcomes and best operations outlines the outsourcing policies as far as new technology is concerned. Consequently, future intentions to acquire services such as Software-as-a-Service (SaaS) and cloud computing technologies may involve the adoption of knowledge and skills from outside the country, therefore, describing offshoring activities. As asserted by Aithal, (2017), the success of fulfilling the effective company operation, these activities are important.
One of the skilled personnel in the company is the Chief Information Officer (CIO) whose basic role is to keep a charge on the computer systems and information technology (IT) necessary in ensuring a company’s goals and objectives. Additionally, the CEO has devolved the responsibility of security protocols to the CIO in the process of more digitized frameworks. Other personnel includes the company CEO tasked with communicating to partners, creating the company mission and vision, and generally heading the implementation of both long term and short term objectives. The other information technician is mandated in both the installation and configuration of computer hardware and software.
Based on the current collection and analysis method, data on the customer, marketing, lifecycle, website engagement, and funnel analytics. In broad-spectrum, funnel analytics provide customer information through registration, ...
Learn How to Maximize Your ServiceNow InvestmentStave
Understand how leading companies are adopting an aPaaS strategy
Learn the evolution of ServiceNow's platform capabilities
Assert IT's influence over shadow IT practices
1. Companies could use the System Development Life Cycle (SDLC) to.docxjackiewalcutt
1. Companies could use the System Development Life Cycle (SDLC) to get projects likes these started. The SDLC has four phases that a project will follow to be organized, developed, and executed. The phases are:
· Phase 1- System Planning and Selection
· Phase 2- Systems Analysis
· Phase 2- System Design
· Phase 3- Systems Implementation and Operation
The SDLC is a tool that helps improve organization and techniques. The SDLC also helps your company strive to success. Information system projects get started in many ways though it really would depend on the organization needs and or goals. The goals set within the organization will drive the selection process of implementing a new information system in multiple ways; this include modifying an existing Information Systems to improve its performance, it could be that the organization want to take advantage of some opportunities. The main purpose of Information Systems is to Collects data, processes it into information then converts information into knowledge for a specific purpose.
2. An organizational information system relates to a companies strategy because the SDLC is made to fit the company not the company fit to the SDLC. What I mean by this is you can have two companies using the SDLC, this does not mean both plans will be the same. The plan chosen will be the one that will suit the company and employees best. Strategy affects the information systems a company develops and uses because that will be the plan that fit the company’s goals and needs for success. An efficient organizational information system and must align with the company strategy in order for it to work efficiently and correctly, the more related it is the better it is, if these are not related the success would be a lot less and hence we need the success of the company if not there would be no purpose of having am information system established and set in place as it should be set up to help the company be more efficient and successful.
4. Jim’s next step is to benchmarking the company this would help him determine how the company is fairing comparing to its competitors. After that Jim will have to implement a new information system that you would attract new traffic/customer to the organizations. Then Jim could create the SDLC chart, decide who he wants to be a part of his team, have a JAD session with his team and execute his plan. Set weekly or monthly goals to meet. Create a survey for customers to provide feedback from customers. Make sure his project is known by the community when it is ready to be launched.
1. There are many reasons that cause the difference between information system plans and the reality. To begin with, lack of understanding the user needs leads to failure of the whole project. Success of any project is usually governed by the scope of the project and the main objective underlying formulation of the project. When the management fails to understand the scope then the project is always doomed t ...
A Phase 0 Approach for SharePoint 2010 - EPC GroupEPC Group
An approach for implementing SharePoint 2010 in organizations is to first complete a "Phase 0" project to develop a multi-year roadmap. Phase 0 involves assessing the organization's current technology, business needs, and how SharePoint can provide value. Key areas examined include applications, licensing, staff, business priorities, governance, training, records management, workflows, and security. The goal is to understand all aspects of the organization and develop a strategic plan for how SharePoint can best address current and future needs over 2-3 years.
MEMOTo ExecutivesFrom Cassandra MorrisonDATE August 2.docxbuffydtesurina
MEMO
To: Executives
From: Cassandra Morrison
DATE: August 26, 2019
Subject: Information Systems Implementation Strategies
Any information system is designed with a number of goals in mind. These include goals such as taking care of the routine process of an organization, for instance, documenting and storing the data relating to these processes such as sales and revenue, in a centralized location which can easily be accessed when needed. Another is that an information system makes communication easier between different departments of an organization and also between the organization and its clients. All communication is saved and can also be retrieved if required. An information’s system also has repositories of the organization’s sales and revenue statistics, its annual reports, employee-related data, data pertaining to clients and their annual purchases from the organization, and other related information. All this data and information stored in the information system can help an organization make better decisions and improve the effectiveness of its employees. Any information system can also take care of future happenings in an organization as it has features that help it manage with new events as and when they take place. If that were not to be the case then the subject information system would involve poor planning that would last for only a couple of years and would tender the information system practically obsolete after that. So that is not the case because information systems are designed with future events in mind.
My chosen organization would be a retail company and speaking of changes, there may be any kind of change that this organization makes such as introducing new products as part of its strategy of selling all under the same roof. This may involve the organization selling things such as motorbikes or even automobiles to the public in its retail stores. This may be keeping in view the trust that many of its loyal customers place in it. The organization may decide to offer some discount to these loyal customers when they purchase vehicles from its stores. The customers would then have some kind of benefit of buying them from the retail store instead of from the automobile market. The benefits of this change might be higher profits for the subject organization as well as diversification of its portfolio to include products such as bikes and vehicles. Other benefits might be the organization giving a tough time to its competitors and speeding ahead of them in terms of its customer base.
The idea is that a new information system can take care of a lot of things of an organization relating to many different activities. These would include sales, such as the process of selling bikes or automobiles, each of which may involve a certain strategy of positioning the product into the market. An information system is adaptive in nature which means that it would not only cater to the current product line-up that the company has to show.
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This document describes an online job recruitment system built using PHP. It allows job seekers to register, search for jobs, and manage their profiles. Employers can register, post jobs to the system, and manage job listings. The system has administrative, employer, and job seeker modules. It aims to make the job search and recruitment process easier and more accessible for all users. A feasibility study was conducted and the system was found to be technically, economically, and behaviorally feasible. The system will use PHP for the front end, MySQL for the database, and run on a Windows server environment.
Task Mode Task Name DurationStart Time Finish1Set .docxjosies1
Task Mode
Task Name
Duration
Start Time
Finish
1
Set up project organization
3 days
Mon. 1/7/2020
Thu 4/7/2020
2
Create project plan draft
1 day
Fri 5/7/2020
Sat 6/7/2020
Nominate in house relocation coordinator
4 days
Sun 7/7/2020
Thu 11/7/2020
3
Planning
8 days
Fri 12/7/2020
Sat 20/7/2020
4
Requirements
5 days
Sun 25/7/2020
Fri 30/7/2020
5
Design and Prototype
10 days
Sat 31/7/2020
Wed 10/8/2020
6
Information system Development
22 days
Thu 11/8/2020
Mon 2/8/2020
7
Testing
5 days
Tue 3/8/2020
Sun 8/8/2020
8
Deployment
6 days
Mon 9/8/2020
Sun 15/8/2020
9
Operation and Maintenance
20 days
Mon 16/8/2020
Sun 6/9/2020
10
Project Summary/ System Hanover
7 days
Tue 8/9/2020
Tue 15/9/2020
1
Running Head: Information System Project Plan
2
Information System Project Plan
Project Plan
With only two years of operation, LiniolMR company has experienced tremendous growth and a growing client base. The company is expected to grow by sixty percent in the eighteen months. With such growth, the company ought to increase the capacity of data collection and analysis. An advanced information system is to be developed in leveraging data collection. The anticipated information will support the business of the company.
The first task is to assess the current information technology in the company, i.e., the hardware and software that support the company’s operation. This will be done in the first two days of the project. The hardware and software are redesigned to meet the needs outlined by the organization. The team leader of the project will consult several companies to allow the team to integrate their technologies and IT solutions in connection with the development of a technological system.
The on-site solution shall be leveraged in the development of the information system. It is a great resource for the project as it helps in delivering efficient, measurable, and engaging on-site experiences without the limitation of complexity and size of the events (Cha & Maytorena-Sanchez 2019). Reporting and analytics will be done towards the end of the project. Cloud computing technologies and software as-a-Service is of interest in the project.
The cloud computing technology, i.e., the hardware, software, and infrastructure will be incorporated in the system to enable the delivery of cloud computing services like infrastructure as service (IaaS), platform as a service(PaaS), and software as a service(SaaS) through a chosen network like the internet. The project will be pursued in different phases according to the system development life cycle. These phases will mark the project timelines for each event.
System planning is the first phase of the information system development project. It is the most crucial stage in developing an effective system. It will entail defining the objectives, problem, and outlining the relevant resources, i.e., costs and personnel. A study is conducted to identify how the product can be developed better th.
The document discusses how enterprises need to embrace social collaboration to remain competitive. It argues that future workplaces should be "social by birth" and integrate social capabilities into business processes from the start. This will help break down silos, engage stakeholders, and allow for more agile work. However, enterprises still face challenges around silos, inclusion, and reliance on email. The next generation of employees will expect participatory environments, real-time feedback, and focus on personal reputation over job titles.
The organizations can bring beneficial information through data technologies like Y2k, Bubble etc. There are many other benefits of these technologies, like they can help in utilizing and analyzing the information more comfortably and generate accurate financial reports within the organization. With the application of modern technology and automated systems, employees, stakeholders and consumers can be protected, because these systems help in making genuine report design. Organizations can maintain information system such as record keeping system on any Oracle or SQL server program. In order to avoid misuse of the data and analysis recorded in the system, the U.S designed SOX law procedures in July 2002 that needed to be followed.
Using the TechSoup Digital Assessment Tool for Your Nonprofit PlanningTechSoup
The document discusses TechSoup's Digital Assessment Tool (DAT) which helps nonprofits assess their digital capabilities and develop a digital transformation plan. It provides an overview of the DAT, how it aligns with TechSoup's Digital Transformation Framework, and how nonprofits can use it to assess needs, understand digital maturity, and get customized recommendations. A live demo then shows key DAT features like the introductory assessment, inviting colleagues, printing assessments, the organization dashboard, and software comparisons. The document encourages attendees to create a free DAT account and use it to facilitate digital planning.
4.1 EXPLORING INCENTIVE PAY4-1 Explore the incentive pay a.docxlorainedeserre
4.1 EXPLORING INCENTIVE PAY
4-1 Explore the incentive pay approach.
Incentive pay
(http://content.thuzelearning.com/books/Martocchio.7916.16.1/sections/bm01#bm01goss212) or
variable pay
(http://content.thuzelearning.com/books/Martocchio.7916.16.1/sections/bm01#bm01goss462)
rewards employees for partially or completely attaining a predetermined work objective.
Incentive or variable pay is defined as compensation, other than base wages or salaries that
fluctuate according to employees’ attainment of some standard, such as a preestablished
formula, individual or group goals, or company earnings.
Effective incentive pay systems are based on three assumptions:
Individual employees and work teams differ in how much they contribute to the
company, both in what they do as well as in how well they do it.
The company’s overall performance depends to a large degree on the performance of
individuals and groups within the company.
To attract, retain, and motivate high performers and to be fair to all employees, a
company needs to reward employees on the basis of their relative performance.
Much like seniority and merit pay approaches, incentive pay augments employees’ base pay,
but incentive pay appears as a one-time payment. Employees usually receive a combination
of recurring base pay and incentive pay, with base pay representing the greater portion of
core compensation. More employees are presently eligible for incentive pay than ever before,
as companies seek to control costs and motivate personnel continually to strive for exemplary
performance. Companies increasingly recognize the importance of applying incentive pay
programs to various kinds of employees as well, including production workers, technical
employees, and service workers.
Some companies use incentive pay extensively. Lincoln Electric Company, a manufacturer of
welding machines and motors, is renowned for its use of incentive pay plans. At Lincoln
Electric, production employees receive recurring base pay as well as incentive pay. The
company determines incentive pay awards according to five performance criteria: quality,
output, dependability, cooperation, and ideas. The company has awarded incentive payments
every year since 1934, through prosperous and poor economic times. In 2014, the average
profit sharing payment per employee was $33,984.
Coupled with average base
pay, total core compensation for Lincoln employees was $82,903. Over the past 10 years,
Lincoln’s profit-sharing payments averaged approximately 40 percent of annual salary.
1
(http://content.thuzelearning.com/books/Martocchio.7916.16.1/sections/ch04lev1sec11#ch04end1)
2
(http://content.thuzelearning.com/books/Martocchio.7916.16.1/sections/ch04lev1sec11#ch04end2)
3
(http://content.thuzelearning.com/books/Martocchio.7916.16.1/sections/ch04lev1sec11#ch04end3)
4
(http://content.thuzelearning.com/books/Martocchio.7916.16.1/sections/ch04lev1sec11#ch04end4)
4.1 Exploring Incentive Pay
4/15/20, 8:49 PM
Page 1 ...
38 u December 2017 January 2018The authorities beli.docxlorainedeserre
38 u December 2017 / January 2018
T
he authorities believe he slipped across the United States-Mexico
border sometime during the summer of 2016, likely deep in the
night. He carried no papers. The crossing happened in the rugged
backcountry of southeastern Arizona, where the main deterrent to
trespassers is the challenging nature of the terrain—not the metal
walls, checkpoints, and aerial surveillance that dominate much of the border.
But the border crosser was des-
ert-hardy and something of an expert
at camouflage. No one knows for cer-
tain how long he’d been in the United
States before a motion-activated cam-
era caught him walking a trail in the
Dos Cabezas Mountains on the night
of November 16. When a government
agency retrieved the photo in late Feb-
ruary, the image was plastered across
Arizona newspapers, causing an imme-
diate sensation.
The border crosser was a jaguar.
Jaguars once roamed throughout
the southwestern United States, but
are now quite rare. A core population
resides in the mountains of northern
Mexico, and occasionally an adventur-
ous jaguar will venture north of the bor-
der. When one of these elusive, graceful
cats makes an appearance stateside,
Mrill Ingram is The Progressive’s online media editor.
‘The Border Is
a Beautiful Place’
For Many, Both Sides of the
Arizona-Mexico Border Are Home
B
O
R
D
ER
A
R
TS
C
O
R
R
ID
O
R
By Mrill Ingram
Artists Ana Teresa Fernández in Agua Prieta, Mexico, and Jenea Sanchez in Douglas, Arizona, worked with dozens of community members to paint sections
of the border fence sky blue, “erasing” it as a symbolic act of resistance against increasing violence and oppression of human rights along the border.
https://apnews.com/79c83219af724016b8cfa2c505018ac4/agency-reports-rare-jaguar-sighting-mountains-arizona
The Progressive u 39
usually via a motion-triggered camera,
it may get celebrity status.
“We’ve had positive identifications
of seven cats, alive and well, in the last
twenty years in the United States,” says
Diana Hadley of the Mexico-based
Northern Jaguar Project, which works
with people in both countries to pro-
tect the big cat. One of those cats be-
came known as El Jefe, after he took
up residence in 2011 in the Santa Rita
Mountains south of Tucson, Arizona.
His presence was proof that the United
States still had enough wild habitat to
support a jaguar.
The new cat was especially excit-
ing because, based on size and shape,
observers initially thought it might
be female. “A lot of people in Arizona
would be very happy to have jaguars
from Mexico breeding in Arizona,” re-
marks Hadley.
In September 2017, the Arizo-
na-based Center for Biological Di-
versity released new video of the cat,
apparently a male, caught on a mo-
tion-triggered camera ambling through
the oak scrub forest in the Chiricahua
Mountains. He’s been named Sombra,
or Shadow, by schoolkids in Tucson.
Such things will no longer ...
3Prototypes of Ethical ProblemsObjectivesThe reader shou.docxlorainedeserre
This document outlines key concepts related to recognizing and analyzing ethical problems. It discusses how to distinguish ethical questions from clinical or legal ones, and introduces the common features of ethical problems - a moral agent, a course of action, and an outcome. It uses the story of a veteran, Bill, missing therapy appointments as an example, with his therapist Kate feeling uncertain about what to do.
4-5 Annotations and Writing Plan - Thu Jan 30 2111Claire Knaus.docxlorainedeserre
4-5 Annotations and Writing Plan - Thu Jan 30 21:11
Claire Knaus
Annotations:
Bekalu, M. A., McCloud, R. F., & Viswanath, K. (2019). Association of Social Media Use With Social Well-Being, Positive Mental Health, and Self-Rated Health: Disentangling Routine Use From Emotional Connection to Use. Health Education & Behavior, 46(2_suppl), 69S-80S. https://doi.org/10.1177/1090198119863768
It seems that this source is arguing the effect of social media on mental health. This source uses this evidence to support the argument: Provided studies focusing on why individuals use social media, types of social network platforms, and the value of social capital. A counterargument for this source is: Studies that focus more on statistical usage rather than emotion connection. Personally, I believe the source is doing a good job of supporting its arguments because it provides an abundance of study references and clearly portrays the information and intent. I think this source will be very helpful in supporting my argument because of the focus on emotional connection to social media and its effects on mental health.
Matsakis, L. (2019). How Pro-Eating Disorder Posts Evade Filters on Social Media. In Gale Opposing Viewpoints Online Collection. Farmington Hills, MI: Gale. (Reprinted from How Pro-Eating Disorder Posts Evade Filters on Social Media, Wired, 2018, June 13) Retrieved from https://link-gale-com.ezproxy.snhu.edu/apps/doc/UAZKKH366290962/OVIC?u=nhc_main&sid=OVIC&xid=2c90b7b5
It seems that this source is arguing that social media platforms are not doing enough to eliminate harmful pro-ED posts. This source uses this evidence to support the argument: Information about specific platforms and what they have done to moderate content, links for more information, and what constitutes as harmful content. A counterargument for this source is that it is too difficult for platforms to remove the content and to even find it. In addition, it is believed there may be harmful effects on vulnerable people posting this type of content. Personally, I believe the source is doing a good job of supporting its arguments because it provides opposing viewpoints as well as raising awareness of some of the dangers of social media posts. I think this source will be very helpful in supporting my argument because it provides information on specifically what is being done to moderate this type of content on social media, and what some of the difficulties in moderating are.
Investigators at University of Leeds Describe Findings in Eating Disorders (Pro-ana versus Pro-recovery: A Content Analytic Comparison of Social Media Users' Communication about Eating Disorders on Twitter and Tumblr). (2017, September 4). Mental Health Weekly Digest, 38. Retrieved from https://link-gale-com.ezproxy.snhu.edu/apps/doc/A502914419/OVIC?u=nhc_main&sid=OVIC&xid=5e60152f
It seems that this source is arguing that there are more positive, anti-anorexia posts on social media than harmful, pro-ED content. ...
3Moral Identity Codes of Ethics and Institutional Ethics .docxlorainedeserre
This document discusses codes of ethics and institutional ethics structures in healthcare organizations. It begins by outlining the key learning objectives which focus on understanding the importance of codes of ethics and how they reflect an organization's values. It then discusses the role of codes of ethics in shaping an organization's moral identity and standards of conduct. The document provides examples of codes from the American Medical Association and Trinity Health. It emphasizes that codes of ethics should apply to all healthcare workers and cover areas like cultural competence, privacy, and nondiscrimination. Institutional ethics committees and review boards also help address ethical issues.
3NIMH Opinion or FactThe National Institute of Mental Healt.docxlorainedeserre
3
NIMH: Opinion or Fact
The National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) was formed in 1946 and is one of 27 institutes that form the National Institute of Health (NIH) (NIMH, 2019). The mission of the NIMH is “To transform the understanding and treatment of mental illnesses through basic and clinical research, paving the way for prevention, recovery, and cure.” (NIMH, 2019). There are many different mental illnesses discussed on the NIMH website to include Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). The NIMH website about ADHD is effective at providing the public general information and meets the criteria of authority, objectivity, and currency.
The NIMH website about ADHD provides an overview of ADHD, discusses signs and symptoms, and risk factors. The NIMH continues with information about treatment and therapies. Information provided by the NIMH is intended for both children and adults. The NIMH concludes on the page with studies the public can join and more resources for the public such as booklets, brochures, research and clinical trials.
As described by Jim Kapoun authority can be identified by who or what institution/organization published the document and if the information in the document is cited correctly (Cornell, 2020). The information on the website is published by the NIMH which is the lead research institute related to mental health for the last 70 plus years (NIMH, 2019). On the page related to ADHD the NIMH references the program of Children and Adults with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (CHADD) and provides a hyperlink to access the resources available with the agency (NIMH,2019). This link can be found under the support groups section in the treatment and therapies. On the website to the right of the area describing inattention the NIMH has a section on research. In this block there is a link to “PubMed: Journal Articles about Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)” which will take you to a search of the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) published by PubMed on ADHD (NIMH, 2019). Throughout the entire page the NIMH provides sources and hyperlinks to the sources as citations. Based on the reputation of the NIMH and the citations to the source material the website meets the criteria of authority.
According to Kapoun objectivity can be identified looking for areas where the author expresses his or her opinion (Cornell, 2020). Information provided on the NIMH page about ADHD does not express the opinion of the author. The author produces only factual information based on research. The NIMH makes it a point not to mention the names of medications when discussing treatments and only explains the medications fall in two categories stimulants and non-stimulants (NIMH, 2019). In this same area the NIMH provides hyperlinks to the NIMH Mental Health Medication and FDA website for information about medication. The extent at which the NIMH goes to not provide an opinion on the website meet ...
4.1
Updated April-09
Lecture Notes
Chapter 4
Enterprise Excellence
Implementation
ENTERPRISE EXCELLENCE
4.2
Updated April-09
Learning Objectives
• Management & Operations Plans
• Enterprise Excellence Projects
• Enterprise Excellence Project decision Process
• Planning the Enterprise Excellence Project
• Tollgate Reviews
• Project Notebook
4.3
Updated April-09
MANAGEMENT AND OPERATIONS PLANS
• The scope and complexity of the
implementation projects will vary from the
executive level, to the management level, to
the operational level
• Each plan, as it is developed and deployed,
will include projects to be accomplished
• Conflicts typically will occur amongst
requirements of quality, cost, and schedule
when executing a project
4.4
Updated April-09
ENTERPRISE EXCELLENCE PROJECTS
• An Enterprise Excellence project will be one of three
types:
1. Technology invention or innovation
2. New product, service, or process development
3. Product, service, or process improvement
• Enterprise Excellence uses the scientific method
• The scientific method is a process of organizing
empirical facts and their interrelationships in a
manner that allows a hypothesis to be developed and
tested
4.5
Updated April-09
ENTERPRISE EXCELLENCE PROJECTS
• The scientific method consists of the
following steps:
1. Observe and describe the situation
2. Formulate a hypothesis
3. Use the hypothesis to predict results
4. Perform controlled tests to confirm the hypothesis
4.6
Updated April-09
ENTERPRISE EXCELLENCE PROJECTS
• Figure 4.1 shows the project decision process
4.7
Updated April-09
ENTERPRISE EXCELLENCE PROJECT
DECISION PROCESS
• Inventing/Innovating Technology:
Technology development is accomplished using
system engineering
This system approach enables critical functional
parameters and responses to be quickly transferred
into now products, services, and processes
The process is a four-phase process (I2DOV):
Invention & Innovation – Develop – Optimize – Verify
4.8
Updated April-09
ENTERPRISE EXCELLENCE PROJECT
DECISION PROCESS
• Development of Products, Services, and
Processes
The Enterprise Excellence approach for developing
products, services, and processes is the Design for
Lean Six Sigma strategy.
This strategy helps to incorporate customer
requirements and expectations into the product
and/or service.
Concept – Design – Optimize - Verify (CDOV) is a
specific sequential design & development process
used to execute the design strategy.
4.9
Updated April-09
ENTERPRISE EXCELLENCE PROJECT
DECISION PROCESS
• Improving Products, Services, and Processes:
Improving products, services and processes usually
involves the effectiveness and efficiency of operations.
A product or service is said to be effective when it meets
all of its customer requirements.
Effectiveness can be simply expressed as "doing the
right things the first time ...
3Type your name hereType your three-letter and -number cours.docxlorainedeserre
3
Type your name here
Type your three-letter and -number course code here
The date goes here
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This is an electronic template for papers written in GCU style. The purpose of the template is to help you follow the basic writing expectations for beginning your coursework at GCU. Margins are set at 1 inch for top, bottom, left, and right. The first line of each paragraph is indented a half inch (0.5"). The line spacing is double throughout the paper, even on the reference page. One space after punctuation is used at the end of a sentence. The font style used in this template is Times New Roman. The font size is 12 point. When you are ready to write, and after having read these instructions completely, you can delete these directions and start typing. The formatting should stay the same. If you have any questions, please consult with your instructor.
Citations are used to reference material from another source. When paraphrasing material from another source (such as a book, journal, website), include the author’s last name and the publication year in parentheses.When directly quoting material word-for-word from another source, use quotation marks and include the page number after the author’s last name and year.
Using citations to give credit to others whose ideas or words you have used is an essential requirement to avoid issues of plagiarism. Just as you would never steal someone else’s car, you should not steal his or her words either. To avoid potential problems, always be sure to cite your sources. Cite by referring to the author’s last name, the year of publication in parentheses at the end of the sentence, such as (George & Mallery, 2016), and page numbers if you are using word-for-word materials. For example, “The developments of the World War II years firmly established the probability sample survey as a tool for describing population characteristics, beliefs, and attitudes” (Heeringa, West, & Berglund, 2017, p. 3).
The reference list should appear at the end of a paper (see the next page). It provides the information necessary for a reader to locate and retrieve any source you cite in the body of the paper. Each source you cite in the paper must appear in your reference list; likewise, each entry in the reference list must be cited in your text. A sample reference page is included below; this page includes examples (George & Mallery, 2016; Heeringa et al., 2017; Smith et al., 2018; “USA swimming,” 2018; Yu, Johnson, Deutsch, & Varga, 2018) of how to format different reference types (e.g., books, journal articles, and a website). For additional examples, see the GCU Style Guide.
References
George, D., & Mallery, P. (2016). IBM SPSS statistics 23 step by step: A simple guide and reference. New York, NY: Routledge.
Heeringa, S. G., West, B. T., & Berglund, P. A. (2017). Applied survey data analysis (2nd ed.). New York, NY: Chapman & Hall/CRC Press.
Smith, P. D., Martin, B., Chewning, B., ...
3Welcome to Writing at Work! After you have completed.docxlorainedeserre
3
Welcome to Writing at Work! After you have completed the reading for the week, write an email to introduce yourself to your peers. The name of your thread should be what you would include in the subject of the email.
As you compose your email, keep in mind the following:
· You are addressing a group you will work with in a professional capacity for at least 15 weeks. Let us know something about you, but don't share anything you wouldn't want repeated.
· You should include what you perceive to be your relative strengths with regard to writing at work. What types of tasks would you feel most comfortable taking on?
· You should also include what aspects of writing at work make you feel least comfortable. What types of tasks would you not be as suited for?
· What do you hope to learn in the next several months?
Next, in an attachment, choose one of the following two prompts and write a letter, taking into account the purpose, audience, and appropriate style for the task.
1. Your organization has been contracted to complete a project for an important client, and you were charged with managing the project. It has unfortunately become clear that your team will not meet the deadline. Your supervisor has told you to contact the client in writing to alert them to the situation and wants to be cc'd on the message. Write a letter, which you will send via email, addressing the above.
2. After a year-long working relationship, your organization will no longer be making use of a freelancer's services due to no fault of their own. Write a letter alerting them to this fact.
Name:
HRT 4760 Assignment 01
Timeliness
First, you will choose one particular organization where you will conduct each of your 15 different observational assignments. Stick with this same organization throughout your coursework. (Do not switch around assignment locations at different organizations or locations.) The reason for continuing your observational assignments at the same organization is to give you a deeper understanding of this particular organization across the 15 different assignments. As you read on, you will get a more complete understanding as to how these 15 assignments come together.
Tip: Many students choose the organization where they are currently working. This works particularly well. If you are working there, you have much opportunity to gain access to the areas that will give you a more complete understanding of the quality of entire service package (the 15 different elements) that the organization offers to its customers.
This is one of a package of 15 different assignments that comprise the Elements of Service, which you will study this term. For this assignment, you will observe elements of service in almost any particular service establishment. A few examples of service establishments would include, but not be limited to these: Hotel, resort, private club, restaurant, airline, cruise line, grocery store, doctor’s office, coffee house, and scores of oth ...
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Similar to 3152020 Plagiarism Checker Free Accurate with Percentage.docx
Justifications Report
Sharon Boone
Marla Cartwright
English 315 Professional Communications
February 21, 2016
Introduction
The implementation of a program can be designated as technical specification or program, software element or any 0ther systems over computer programming and the deployment. Frequently the implementations will be prevailing for a definite description or standards. The program application of a particular organization in the IT industry will give reimbursements and supports for high-level management(Ake & Kevin, 2009). It also deals with the participation of the customer. In addition, advance, the services in future, directing the audiences, the client awareness, and current programs would be understood.
The problem statement
The problem statement was a statement, which describes about, which recommendations should be done for implementing a program with high privacy as well as the security meanwhile unsecure program can source danger to an IT association and help third party to hack the information more with no trouble(Ake & Kevin, 2009). The programs that are unsecure will under no circumstances get to the clients because the programs will make them apprehension about concealed information. Furthermore, the programs must satisfy the need for the end users. Hence, it is necessary to have confidentiality (privacy), high protected, as well as user-friendly programs to circumvent many of the teething troubles.
Method used
The methods used to make an endorsement for implementing programs are two. The first method was formal method and the second one was an evaluation of R&D methods. The software companies in information technology industries helped the formal methods. The evaluation of the of R&D can be used for helping firms to improve the plan for a program and departments the surveys for identifying the usage for programs and awareness was created in an IT industry. In addition, the formal method was also used for the software development(Orthodox Presbyterian Church, 2014).
Alternative methods
Apart from the two methods used, there other method, which can be used for implementing the programs in IT industry and achieve the same results. These are such as Internet as well as software. The software itself can be able to give the codes for that software that in turn can produce a better and most useful result. These are just but a few methods that can be used for implementing the program in the software enterprises of an IT industry.
Criteria
There number of criteria to evaluate Internet, which are as follows;
I. Accuracy
This is primarily used to determine the dependability of the web resource and free from error of the informed contained in the web source. This also includes the attention of who is hosting the site like a university, professional association, or even a commercial host.
II. Authority
To determine the author of the website, study the page carefully for information about the author, and to see if ev ...
Running head PROJECT PLAN INCEPTION1PROJECT PLAN INCEPTION .docxjeanettehully
Running head: PROJECT PLAN INCEPTION 1
PROJECT PLAN INCEPTION 2
Information Technology and Business
Babatunde Ogunade
CIS499: Information System Capston
Professor Reddy Urimindi
October 13, 2019
Information Technology and Business
Project Introduction
The very core operation of this company involves the collection and analysis of data through a currently limited technological infrastructure. The basis of this business may focus on leadership structure, the type of industry, business culture, core vision and mission including objectives. The company has a Chief Executive Officer (CEO) as the highest rank, four Information Technology experts and other employees. Marketing can, therefore, categorize this company as a service industry company with a core vision of a 60 percent growth in the next eighteen months and mission of redesigning its information technology to fulfill its organizational needs.
Product features, new market product, differentiation techniques, and value addition defines the type of business which the company is operating. The assessment of its product features which involves data indicate that the opportunities focus on marketing. In the continued operations of the company, the management is not foreseeing any shift from its original product but is rather fixing a differentiation technique within six months. An addition in product value should be achieved by employing an exclusively new technology based on a hybrid model, hosted solution or on-site solution.
The idea of integrating technologies from other partners to realize cost-effective outcomes and best operations outlines the outsourcing policies as far as new technology is concerned. Consequently, future intentions to acquire services such as Software-as-a-Service (SaaS) and cloud computing technologies may involve the adoption of knowledge and skills from outside the country, therefore, describing offshoring activities. As asserted by Aithal, (2017), the success of fulfilling the effective company operation, these activities are important.
One of the skilled personnel in the company is the Chief Information Officer (CIO) whose basic role is to keep a charge on the computer systems and information technology (IT) necessary in ensuring a company’s goals and objectives. Additionally, the CEO has devolved the responsibility of security protocols to the CIO in the process of more digitized frameworks. Other personnel includes the company CEO tasked with communicating to partners, creating the company mission and vision, and generally heading the implementation of both long term and short term objectives. The other information technician is mandated in both the installation and configuration of computer hardware and software.
Based on the current collection and analysis method, data on the customer, marketing, lifecycle, website engagement, and funnel analytics. In broad-spectrum, funnel analytics provide customer information through registration, ...
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Understand how leading companies are adopting an aPaaS strategy
Learn the evolution of ServiceNow's platform capabilities
Assert IT's influence over shadow IT practices
1. Companies could use the System Development Life Cycle (SDLC) to.docxjackiewalcutt
1. Companies could use the System Development Life Cycle (SDLC) to get projects likes these started. The SDLC has four phases that a project will follow to be organized, developed, and executed. The phases are:
· Phase 1- System Planning and Selection
· Phase 2- Systems Analysis
· Phase 2- System Design
· Phase 3- Systems Implementation and Operation
The SDLC is a tool that helps improve organization and techniques. The SDLC also helps your company strive to success. Information system projects get started in many ways though it really would depend on the organization needs and or goals. The goals set within the organization will drive the selection process of implementing a new information system in multiple ways; this include modifying an existing Information Systems to improve its performance, it could be that the organization want to take advantage of some opportunities. The main purpose of Information Systems is to Collects data, processes it into information then converts information into knowledge for a specific purpose.
2. An organizational information system relates to a companies strategy because the SDLC is made to fit the company not the company fit to the SDLC. What I mean by this is you can have two companies using the SDLC, this does not mean both plans will be the same. The plan chosen will be the one that will suit the company and employees best. Strategy affects the information systems a company develops and uses because that will be the plan that fit the company’s goals and needs for success. An efficient organizational information system and must align with the company strategy in order for it to work efficiently and correctly, the more related it is the better it is, if these are not related the success would be a lot less and hence we need the success of the company if not there would be no purpose of having am information system established and set in place as it should be set up to help the company be more efficient and successful.
4. Jim’s next step is to benchmarking the company this would help him determine how the company is fairing comparing to its competitors. After that Jim will have to implement a new information system that you would attract new traffic/customer to the organizations. Then Jim could create the SDLC chart, decide who he wants to be a part of his team, have a JAD session with his team and execute his plan. Set weekly or monthly goals to meet. Create a survey for customers to provide feedback from customers. Make sure his project is known by the community when it is ready to be launched.
1. There are many reasons that cause the difference between information system plans and the reality. To begin with, lack of understanding the user needs leads to failure of the whole project. Success of any project is usually governed by the scope of the project and the main objective underlying formulation of the project. When the management fails to understand the scope then the project is always doomed t ...
A Phase 0 Approach for SharePoint 2010 - EPC GroupEPC Group
An approach for implementing SharePoint 2010 in organizations is to first complete a "Phase 0" project to develop a multi-year roadmap. Phase 0 involves assessing the organization's current technology, business needs, and how SharePoint can provide value. Key areas examined include applications, licensing, staff, business priorities, governance, training, records management, workflows, and security. The goal is to understand all aspects of the organization and develop a strategic plan for how SharePoint can best address current and future needs over 2-3 years.
MEMOTo ExecutivesFrom Cassandra MorrisonDATE August 2.docxbuffydtesurina
MEMO
To: Executives
From: Cassandra Morrison
DATE: August 26, 2019
Subject: Information Systems Implementation Strategies
Any information system is designed with a number of goals in mind. These include goals such as taking care of the routine process of an organization, for instance, documenting and storing the data relating to these processes such as sales and revenue, in a centralized location which can easily be accessed when needed. Another is that an information system makes communication easier between different departments of an organization and also between the organization and its clients. All communication is saved and can also be retrieved if required. An information’s system also has repositories of the organization’s sales and revenue statistics, its annual reports, employee-related data, data pertaining to clients and their annual purchases from the organization, and other related information. All this data and information stored in the information system can help an organization make better decisions and improve the effectiveness of its employees. Any information system can also take care of future happenings in an organization as it has features that help it manage with new events as and when they take place. If that were not to be the case then the subject information system would involve poor planning that would last for only a couple of years and would tender the information system practically obsolete after that. So that is not the case because information systems are designed with future events in mind.
My chosen organization would be a retail company and speaking of changes, there may be any kind of change that this organization makes such as introducing new products as part of its strategy of selling all under the same roof. This may involve the organization selling things such as motorbikes or even automobiles to the public in its retail stores. This may be keeping in view the trust that many of its loyal customers place in it. The organization may decide to offer some discount to these loyal customers when they purchase vehicles from its stores. The customers would then have some kind of benefit of buying them from the retail store instead of from the automobile market. The benefits of this change might be higher profits for the subject organization as well as diversification of its portfolio to include products such as bikes and vehicles. Other benefits might be the organization giving a tough time to its competitors and speeding ahead of them in terms of its customer base.
The idea is that a new information system can take care of a lot of things of an organization relating to many different activities. These would include sales, such as the process of selling bikes or automobiles, each of which may involve a certain strategy of positioning the product into the market. An information system is adaptive in nature which means that it would not only cater to the current product line-up that the company has to show.
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This document describes an online job recruitment system built using PHP. It allows job seekers to register, search for jobs, and manage their profiles. Employers can register, post jobs to the system, and manage job listings. The system has administrative, employer, and job seeker modules. It aims to make the job search and recruitment process easier and more accessible for all users. A feasibility study was conducted and the system was found to be technically, economically, and behaviorally feasible. The system will use PHP for the front end, MySQL for the database, and run on a Windows server environment.
Task Mode Task Name DurationStart Time Finish1Set .docxjosies1
Task Mode
Task Name
Duration
Start Time
Finish
1
Set up project organization
3 days
Mon. 1/7/2020
Thu 4/7/2020
2
Create project plan draft
1 day
Fri 5/7/2020
Sat 6/7/2020
Nominate in house relocation coordinator
4 days
Sun 7/7/2020
Thu 11/7/2020
3
Planning
8 days
Fri 12/7/2020
Sat 20/7/2020
4
Requirements
5 days
Sun 25/7/2020
Fri 30/7/2020
5
Design and Prototype
10 days
Sat 31/7/2020
Wed 10/8/2020
6
Information system Development
22 days
Thu 11/8/2020
Mon 2/8/2020
7
Testing
5 days
Tue 3/8/2020
Sun 8/8/2020
8
Deployment
6 days
Mon 9/8/2020
Sun 15/8/2020
9
Operation and Maintenance
20 days
Mon 16/8/2020
Sun 6/9/2020
10
Project Summary/ System Hanover
7 days
Tue 8/9/2020
Tue 15/9/2020
1
Running Head: Information System Project Plan
2
Information System Project Plan
Project Plan
With only two years of operation, LiniolMR company has experienced tremendous growth and a growing client base. The company is expected to grow by sixty percent in the eighteen months. With such growth, the company ought to increase the capacity of data collection and analysis. An advanced information system is to be developed in leveraging data collection. The anticipated information will support the business of the company.
The first task is to assess the current information technology in the company, i.e., the hardware and software that support the company’s operation. This will be done in the first two days of the project. The hardware and software are redesigned to meet the needs outlined by the organization. The team leader of the project will consult several companies to allow the team to integrate their technologies and IT solutions in connection with the development of a technological system.
The on-site solution shall be leveraged in the development of the information system. It is a great resource for the project as it helps in delivering efficient, measurable, and engaging on-site experiences without the limitation of complexity and size of the events (Cha & Maytorena-Sanchez 2019). Reporting and analytics will be done towards the end of the project. Cloud computing technologies and software as-a-Service is of interest in the project.
The cloud computing technology, i.e., the hardware, software, and infrastructure will be incorporated in the system to enable the delivery of cloud computing services like infrastructure as service (IaaS), platform as a service(PaaS), and software as a service(SaaS) through a chosen network like the internet. The project will be pursued in different phases according to the system development life cycle. These phases will mark the project timelines for each event.
System planning is the first phase of the information system development project. It is the most crucial stage in developing an effective system. It will entail defining the objectives, problem, and outlining the relevant resources, i.e., costs and personnel. A study is conducted to identify how the product can be developed better th.
The document discusses how enterprises need to embrace social collaboration to remain competitive. It argues that future workplaces should be "social by birth" and integrate social capabilities into business processes from the start. This will help break down silos, engage stakeholders, and allow for more agile work. However, enterprises still face challenges around silos, inclusion, and reliance on email. The next generation of employees will expect participatory environments, real-time feedback, and focus on personal reputation over job titles.
The organizations can bring beneficial information through data technologies like Y2k, Bubble etc. There are many other benefits of these technologies, like they can help in utilizing and analyzing the information more comfortably and generate accurate financial reports within the organization. With the application of modern technology and automated systems, employees, stakeholders and consumers can be protected, because these systems help in making genuine report design. Organizations can maintain information system such as record keeping system on any Oracle or SQL server program. In order to avoid misuse of the data and analysis recorded in the system, the U.S designed SOX law procedures in July 2002 that needed to be followed.
Using the TechSoup Digital Assessment Tool for Your Nonprofit PlanningTechSoup
The document discusses TechSoup's Digital Assessment Tool (DAT) which helps nonprofits assess their digital capabilities and develop a digital transformation plan. It provides an overview of the DAT, how it aligns with TechSoup's Digital Transformation Framework, and how nonprofits can use it to assess needs, understand digital maturity, and get customized recommendations. A live demo then shows key DAT features like the introductory assessment, inviting colleagues, printing assessments, the organization dashboard, and software comparisons. The document encourages attendees to create a free DAT account and use it to facilitate digital planning.
Similar to 3152020 Plagiarism Checker Free Accurate with Percentage.docx (12)
4.1 EXPLORING INCENTIVE PAY4-1 Explore the incentive pay a.docxlorainedeserre
4.1 EXPLORING INCENTIVE PAY
4-1 Explore the incentive pay approach.
Incentive pay
(http://content.thuzelearning.com/books/Martocchio.7916.16.1/sections/bm01#bm01goss212) or
variable pay
(http://content.thuzelearning.com/books/Martocchio.7916.16.1/sections/bm01#bm01goss462)
rewards employees for partially or completely attaining a predetermined work objective.
Incentive or variable pay is defined as compensation, other than base wages or salaries that
fluctuate according to employees’ attainment of some standard, such as a preestablished
formula, individual or group goals, or company earnings.
Effective incentive pay systems are based on three assumptions:
Individual employees and work teams differ in how much they contribute to the
company, both in what they do as well as in how well they do it.
The company’s overall performance depends to a large degree on the performance of
individuals and groups within the company.
To attract, retain, and motivate high performers and to be fair to all employees, a
company needs to reward employees on the basis of their relative performance.
Much like seniority and merit pay approaches, incentive pay augments employees’ base pay,
but incentive pay appears as a one-time payment. Employees usually receive a combination
of recurring base pay and incentive pay, with base pay representing the greater portion of
core compensation. More employees are presently eligible for incentive pay than ever before,
as companies seek to control costs and motivate personnel continually to strive for exemplary
performance. Companies increasingly recognize the importance of applying incentive pay
programs to various kinds of employees as well, including production workers, technical
employees, and service workers.
Some companies use incentive pay extensively. Lincoln Electric Company, a manufacturer of
welding machines and motors, is renowned for its use of incentive pay plans. At Lincoln
Electric, production employees receive recurring base pay as well as incentive pay. The
company determines incentive pay awards according to five performance criteria: quality,
output, dependability, cooperation, and ideas. The company has awarded incentive payments
every year since 1934, through prosperous and poor economic times. In 2014, the average
profit sharing payment per employee was $33,984.
Coupled with average base
pay, total core compensation for Lincoln employees was $82,903. Over the past 10 years,
Lincoln’s profit-sharing payments averaged approximately 40 percent of annual salary.
1
(http://content.thuzelearning.com/books/Martocchio.7916.16.1/sections/ch04lev1sec11#ch04end1)
2
(http://content.thuzelearning.com/books/Martocchio.7916.16.1/sections/ch04lev1sec11#ch04end2)
3
(http://content.thuzelearning.com/books/Martocchio.7916.16.1/sections/ch04lev1sec11#ch04end3)
4
(http://content.thuzelearning.com/books/Martocchio.7916.16.1/sections/ch04lev1sec11#ch04end4)
4.1 Exploring Incentive Pay
4/15/20, 8:49 PM
Page 1 ...
38 u December 2017 January 2018The authorities beli.docxlorainedeserre
38 u December 2017 / January 2018
T
he authorities believe he slipped across the United States-Mexico
border sometime during the summer of 2016, likely deep in the
night. He carried no papers. The crossing happened in the rugged
backcountry of southeastern Arizona, where the main deterrent to
trespassers is the challenging nature of the terrain—not the metal
walls, checkpoints, and aerial surveillance that dominate much of the border.
But the border crosser was des-
ert-hardy and something of an expert
at camouflage. No one knows for cer-
tain how long he’d been in the United
States before a motion-activated cam-
era caught him walking a trail in the
Dos Cabezas Mountains on the night
of November 16. When a government
agency retrieved the photo in late Feb-
ruary, the image was plastered across
Arizona newspapers, causing an imme-
diate sensation.
The border crosser was a jaguar.
Jaguars once roamed throughout
the southwestern United States, but
are now quite rare. A core population
resides in the mountains of northern
Mexico, and occasionally an adventur-
ous jaguar will venture north of the bor-
der. When one of these elusive, graceful
cats makes an appearance stateside,
Mrill Ingram is The Progressive’s online media editor.
‘The Border Is
a Beautiful Place’
For Many, Both Sides of the
Arizona-Mexico Border Are Home
B
O
R
D
ER
A
R
TS
C
O
R
R
ID
O
R
By Mrill Ingram
Artists Ana Teresa Fernández in Agua Prieta, Mexico, and Jenea Sanchez in Douglas, Arizona, worked with dozens of community members to paint sections
of the border fence sky blue, “erasing” it as a symbolic act of resistance against increasing violence and oppression of human rights along the border.
https://apnews.com/79c83219af724016b8cfa2c505018ac4/agency-reports-rare-jaguar-sighting-mountains-arizona
The Progressive u 39
usually via a motion-triggered camera,
it may get celebrity status.
“We’ve had positive identifications
of seven cats, alive and well, in the last
twenty years in the United States,” says
Diana Hadley of the Mexico-based
Northern Jaguar Project, which works
with people in both countries to pro-
tect the big cat. One of those cats be-
came known as El Jefe, after he took
up residence in 2011 in the Santa Rita
Mountains south of Tucson, Arizona.
His presence was proof that the United
States still had enough wild habitat to
support a jaguar.
The new cat was especially excit-
ing because, based on size and shape,
observers initially thought it might
be female. “A lot of people in Arizona
would be very happy to have jaguars
from Mexico breeding in Arizona,” re-
marks Hadley.
In September 2017, the Arizo-
na-based Center for Biological Di-
versity released new video of the cat,
apparently a male, caught on a mo-
tion-triggered camera ambling through
the oak scrub forest in the Chiricahua
Mountains. He’s been named Sombra,
or Shadow, by schoolkids in Tucson.
Such things will no longer ...
3Prototypes of Ethical ProblemsObjectivesThe reader shou.docxlorainedeserre
This document outlines key concepts related to recognizing and analyzing ethical problems. It discusses how to distinguish ethical questions from clinical or legal ones, and introduces the common features of ethical problems - a moral agent, a course of action, and an outcome. It uses the story of a veteran, Bill, missing therapy appointments as an example, with his therapist Kate feeling uncertain about what to do.
4-5 Annotations and Writing Plan - Thu Jan 30 2111Claire Knaus.docxlorainedeserre
4-5 Annotations and Writing Plan - Thu Jan 30 21:11
Claire Knaus
Annotations:
Bekalu, M. A., McCloud, R. F., & Viswanath, K. (2019). Association of Social Media Use With Social Well-Being, Positive Mental Health, and Self-Rated Health: Disentangling Routine Use From Emotional Connection to Use. Health Education & Behavior, 46(2_suppl), 69S-80S. https://doi.org/10.1177/1090198119863768
It seems that this source is arguing the effect of social media on mental health. This source uses this evidence to support the argument: Provided studies focusing on why individuals use social media, types of social network platforms, and the value of social capital. A counterargument for this source is: Studies that focus more on statistical usage rather than emotion connection. Personally, I believe the source is doing a good job of supporting its arguments because it provides an abundance of study references and clearly portrays the information and intent. I think this source will be very helpful in supporting my argument because of the focus on emotional connection to social media and its effects on mental health.
Matsakis, L. (2019). How Pro-Eating Disorder Posts Evade Filters on Social Media. In Gale Opposing Viewpoints Online Collection. Farmington Hills, MI: Gale. (Reprinted from How Pro-Eating Disorder Posts Evade Filters on Social Media, Wired, 2018, June 13) Retrieved from https://link-gale-com.ezproxy.snhu.edu/apps/doc/UAZKKH366290962/OVIC?u=nhc_main&sid=OVIC&xid=2c90b7b5
It seems that this source is arguing that social media platforms are not doing enough to eliminate harmful pro-ED posts. This source uses this evidence to support the argument: Information about specific platforms and what they have done to moderate content, links for more information, and what constitutes as harmful content. A counterargument for this source is that it is too difficult for platforms to remove the content and to even find it. In addition, it is believed there may be harmful effects on vulnerable people posting this type of content. Personally, I believe the source is doing a good job of supporting its arguments because it provides opposing viewpoints as well as raising awareness of some of the dangers of social media posts. I think this source will be very helpful in supporting my argument because it provides information on specifically what is being done to moderate this type of content on social media, and what some of the difficulties in moderating are.
Investigators at University of Leeds Describe Findings in Eating Disorders (Pro-ana versus Pro-recovery: A Content Analytic Comparison of Social Media Users' Communication about Eating Disorders on Twitter and Tumblr). (2017, September 4). Mental Health Weekly Digest, 38. Retrieved from https://link-gale-com.ezproxy.snhu.edu/apps/doc/A502914419/OVIC?u=nhc_main&sid=OVIC&xid=5e60152f
It seems that this source is arguing that there are more positive, anti-anorexia posts on social media than harmful, pro-ED content. ...
3Moral Identity Codes of Ethics and Institutional Ethics .docxlorainedeserre
This document discusses codes of ethics and institutional ethics structures in healthcare organizations. It begins by outlining the key learning objectives which focus on understanding the importance of codes of ethics and how they reflect an organization's values. It then discusses the role of codes of ethics in shaping an organization's moral identity and standards of conduct. The document provides examples of codes from the American Medical Association and Trinity Health. It emphasizes that codes of ethics should apply to all healthcare workers and cover areas like cultural competence, privacy, and nondiscrimination. Institutional ethics committees and review boards also help address ethical issues.
3NIMH Opinion or FactThe National Institute of Mental Healt.docxlorainedeserre
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NIMH: Opinion or Fact
The National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) was formed in 1946 and is one of 27 institutes that form the National Institute of Health (NIH) (NIMH, 2019). The mission of the NIMH is “To transform the understanding and treatment of mental illnesses through basic and clinical research, paving the way for prevention, recovery, and cure.” (NIMH, 2019). There are many different mental illnesses discussed on the NIMH website to include Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). The NIMH website about ADHD is effective at providing the public general information and meets the criteria of authority, objectivity, and currency.
The NIMH website about ADHD provides an overview of ADHD, discusses signs and symptoms, and risk factors. The NIMH continues with information about treatment and therapies. Information provided by the NIMH is intended for both children and adults. The NIMH concludes on the page with studies the public can join and more resources for the public such as booklets, brochures, research and clinical trials.
As described by Jim Kapoun authority can be identified by who or what institution/organization published the document and if the information in the document is cited correctly (Cornell, 2020). The information on the website is published by the NIMH which is the lead research institute related to mental health for the last 70 plus years (NIMH, 2019). On the page related to ADHD the NIMH references the program of Children and Adults with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (CHADD) and provides a hyperlink to access the resources available with the agency (NIMH,2019). This link can be found under the support groups section in the treatment and therapies. On the website to the right of the area describing inattention the NIMH has a section on research. In this block there is a link to “PubMed: Journal Articles about Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)” which will take you to a search of the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) published by PubMed on ADHD (NIMH, 2019). Throughout the entire page the NIMH provides sources and hyperlinks to the sources as citations. Based on the reputation of the NIMH and the citations to the source material the website meets the criteria of authority.
According to Kapoun objectivity can be identified looking for areas where the author expresses his or her opinion (Cornell, 2020). Information provided on the NIMH page about ADHD does not express the opinion of the author. The author produces only factual information based on research. The NIMH makes it a point not to mention the names of medications when discussing treatments and only explains the medications fall in two categories stimulants and non-stimulants (NIMH, 2019). In this same area the NIMH provides hyperlinks to the NIMH Mental Health Medication and FDA website for information about medication. The extent at which the NIMH goes to not provide an opinion on the website meet ...
4.1
Updated April-09
Lecture Notes
Chapter 4
Enterprise Excellence
Implementation
ENTERPRISE EXCELLENCE
4.2
Updated April-09
Learning Objectives
• Management & Operations Plans
• Enterprise Excellence Projects
• Enterprise Excellence Project decision Process
• Planning the Enterprise Excellence Project
• Tollgate Reviews
• Project Notebook
4.3
Updated April-09
MANAGEMENT AND OPERATIONS PLANS
• The scope and complexity of the
implementation projects will vary from the
executive level, to the management level, to
the operational level
• Each plan, as it is developed and deployed,
will include projects to be accomplished
• Conflicts typically will occur amongst
requirements of quality, cost, and schedule
when executing a project
4.4
Updated April-09
ENTERPRISE EXCELLENCE PROJECTS
• An Enterprise Excellence project will be one of three
types:
1. Technology invention or innovation
2. New product, service, or process development
3. Product, service, or process improvement
• Enterprise Excellence uses the scientific method
• The scientific method is a process of organizing
empirical facts and their interrelationships in a
manner that allows a hypothesis to be developed and
tested
4.5
Updated April-09
ENTERPRISE EXCELLENCE PROJECTS
• The scientific method consists of the
following steps:
1. Observe and describe the situation
2. Formulate a hypothesis
3. Use the hypothesis to predict results
4. Perform controlled tests to confirm the hypothesis
4.6
Updated April-09
ENTERPRISE EXCELLENCE PROJECTS
• Figure 4.1 shows the project decision process
4.7
Updated April-09
ENTERPRISE EXCELLENCE PROJECT
DECISION PROCESS
• Inventing/Innovating Technology:
Technology development is accomplished using
system engineering
This system approach enables critical functional
parameters and responses to be quickly transferred
into now products, services, and processes
The process is a four-phase process (I2DOV):
Invention & Innovation – Develop – Optimize – Verify
4.8
Updated April-09
ENTERPRISE EXCELLENCE PROJECT
DECISION PROCESS
• Development of Products, Services, and
Processes
The Enterprise Excellence approach for developing
products, services, and processes is the Design for
Lean Six Sigma strategy.
This strategy helps to incorporate customer
requirements and expectations into the product
and/or service.
Concept – Design – Optimize - Verify (CDOV) is a
specific sequential design & development process
used to execute the design strategy.
4.9
Updated April-09
ENTERPRISE EXCELLENCE PROJECT
DECISION PROCESS
• Improving Products, Services, and Processes:
Improving products, services and processes usually
involves the effectiveness and efficiency of operations.
A product or service is said to be effective when it meets
all of its customer requirements.
Effectiveness can be simply expressed as "doing the
right things the first time ...
3Type your name hereType your three-letter and -number cours.docxlorainedeserre
3
Type your name here
Type your three-letter and -number course code here
The date goes here
Type instructor’s name here
Your Title Goes Here
This is an electronic template for papers written in GCU style. The purpose of the template is to help you follow the basic writing expectations for beginning your coursework at GCU. Margins are set at 1 inch for top, bottom, left, and right. The first line of each paragraph is indented a half inch (0.5"). The line spacing is double throughout the paper, even on the reference page. One space after punctuation is used at the end of a sentence. The font style used in this template is Times New Roman. The font size is 12 point. When you are ready to write, and after having read these instructions completely, you can delete these directions and start typing. The formatting should stay the same. If you have any questions, please consult with your instructor.
Citations are used to reference material from another source. When paraphrasing material from another source (such as a book, journal, website), include the author’s last name and the publication year in parentheses.When directly quoting material word-for-word from another source, use quotation marks and include the page number after the author’s last name and year.
Using citations to give credit to others whose ideas or words you have used is an essential requirement to avoid issues of plagiarism. Just as you would never steal someone else’s car, you should not steal his or her words either. To avoid potential problems, always be sure to cite your sources. Cite by referring to the author’s last name, the year of publication in parentheses at the end of the sentence, such as (George & Mallery, 2016), and page numbers if you are using word-for-word materials. For example, “The developments of the World War II years firmly established the probability sample survey as a tool for describing population characteristics, beliefs, and attitudes” (Heeringa, West, & Berglund, 2017, p. 3).
The reference list should appear at the end of a paper (see the next page). It provides the information necessary for a reader to locate and retrieve any source you cite in the body of the paper. Each source you cite in the paper must appear in your reference list; likewise, each entry in the reference list must be cited in your text. A sample reference page is included below; this page includes examples (George & Mallery, 2016; Heeringa et al., 2017; Smith et al., 2018; “USA swimming,” 2018; Yu, Johnson, Deutsch, & Varga, 2018) of how to format different reference types (e.g., books, journal articles, and a website). For additional examples, see the GCU Style Guide.
References
George, D., & Mallery, P. (2016). IBM SPSS statistics 23 step by step: A simple guide and reference. New York, NY: Routledge.
Heeringa, S. G., West, B. T., & Berglund, P. A. (2017). Applied survey data analysis (2nd ed.). New York, NY: Chapman & Hall/CRC Press.
Smith, P. D., Martin, B., Chewning, B., ...
3Welcome to Writing at Work! After you have completed.docxlorainedeserre
3
Welcome to Writing at Work! After you have completed the reading for the week, write an email to introduce yourself to your peers. The name of your thread should be what you would include in the subject of the email.
As you compose your email, keep in mind the following:
· You are addressing a group you will work with in a professional capacity for at least 15 weeks. Let us know something about you, but don't share anything you wouldn't want repeated.
· You should include what you perceive to be your relative strengths with regard to writing at work. What types of tasks would you feel most comfortable taking on?
· You should also include what aspects of writing at work make you feel least comfortable. What types of tasks would you not be as suited for?
· What do you hope to learn in the next several months?
Next, in an attachment, choose one of the following two prompts and write a letter, taking into account the purpose, audience, and appropriate style for the task.
1. Your organization has been contracted to complete a project for an important client, and you were charged with managing the project. It has unfortunately become clear that your team will not meet the deadline. Your supervisor has told you to contact the client in writing to alert them to the situation and wants to be cc'd on the message. Write a letter, which you will send via email, addressing the above.
2. After a year-long working relationship, your organization will no longer be making use of a freelancer's services due to no fault of their own. Write a letter alerting them to this fact.
Name:
HRT 4760 Assignment 01
Timeliness
First, you will choose one particular organization where you will conduct each of your 15 different observational assignments. Stick with this same organization throughout your coursework. (Do not switch around assignment locations at different organizations or locations.) The reason for continuing your observational assignments at the same organization is to give you a deeper understanding of this particular organization across the 15 different assignments. As you read on, you will get a more complete understanding as to how these 15 assignments come together.
Tip: Many students choose the organization where they are currently working. This works particularly well. If you are working there, you have much opportunity to gain access to the areas that will give you a more complete understanding of the quality of entire service package (the 15 different elements) that the organization offers to its customers.
This is one of a package of 15 different assignments that comprise the Elements of Service, which you will study this term. For this assignment, you will observe elements of service in almost any particular service establishment. A few examples of service establishments would include, but not be limited to these: Hotel, resort, private club, restaurant, airline, cruise line, grocery store, doctor’s office, coffee house, and scores of oth ...
3JWI 531 Finance II Assignment 1TemplateHOW TO USE THIS TEMP.docxlorainedeserre
3
JWI 531 Finance II Assignment 1Template
HOW TO USE THIS TEMPLATE:
This is a template and checklist corresponding to your Assignment 1 paper: Enterprise Risk Management and Moat Strength. See below for an explanation of the color-coding in this template:
· All green text includes instructions to support your writing. You should delete all green text before submitting your final paper.
· All blue text indicates areas where you need to replace text with your own information. Replace the blue text with your own words in black.
· Headings and subheadings are written in black, bold type. Keep these in your paper.
TIPS:
· Write in the third person, using “he” or “she” or “they”, or using specific names. Do not use the second person “you”.
· The body of this paper has one-inch margins and uses a professional font (size 10-12); we recommend Arial or Times New Roman fonts.
· The Assignment template is already formatted with all needed specifications like margins, appropriate font, and double spacing.
· Before submitting your paper, use Grammarly to check for punctuation and usage errors and make the required corrections. Then read aloud to edit for tone and flow.
· You should also run your paper through SafeAssign to ensure that it meets the required standards for originality.
FINALIZING YOUR PAPER
Your submission should be a maximum of 4 pages in length. The page count doesnotinclude the Cover Page at the beginning and the References page at the end. The final paper that you submit for grading should be in black text only with all remaining green text and blue text removed. Assignment 1: Enterprise Risk Analysis and Moat Strength
Author’s Name
Jack Welch Management Institute
Professor’s Name
JWI 531
Date
Introduction
An Introduction should be succinct and to the point. Start your Introduction with a general and brief observation about the paper’s topic. Write a thesis statement, which is the “road map” for your paper - it helps your reader to navigate your work. In your thesis statement, be specific about the major areas you plan to address in your paper.
The headings below should guide your introduction, since they identify the topics to be addressed in your paper. The introduction is not a graded part of your rubric but it helps your reader to understand what your assignment will be about. We recommend that you write this part of your Introduction after you complete the other sections of your paper. It only needs to be one paragraph in length.
Analysis and Recommendations
You must answer each of the following questions in your paper. Keep your responses focused on the topic. Straying off into additional areas, even if they are interesting, will not earn additional marks, and may actually detract from the clarity of your responses.
I. Where is each company in its corporate lifecycle (startup, growth, maturity or decline)? Explain.
Before writing your response to this question, make sure you understand what characterizes ea ...
3Big Data Analyst QuestionnaireWithin this document are fo.docxlorainedeserre
3
Big Data Analyst Questionnaire
Within this document are four different questions. Each question is structured in the following manner:
1) Premise
- Contains any needed background information
2) Request
- The actual question, what you are to solve
3) Notes
- A space if you feel like including notes of any kind for the given question
Please place your answer for each question in a separate file, following this naming convention:
Name_Qn.docx, where n = the question number (i.e., 1, 2 ...). So the file for the first question should be named ‘Name_Q1.docx’.
When complete, please package everything together and send email responses to the designated POCs.
Page | 1
Premise:
You have a table named “TRADES” with the following six columns:
Column Name
Data Type
Description
Date
DATE
The calendar date on which the trade took place.
Firm
VARCHAR(255)
A symbol representing the Broker/Dealer who conducted the trade.
Symbol
VARCHAR(10)
The security traded.
Side
VARCHAR(1)
Denotes whether the trade was a buy (purchase) or a sell (sale) of a security.
Quantity
BIGINT
The number of shares involved in the trade.
Price
DECIMAL(18,8)
The dollar price per share traded.
You write a query looking for all trades in the month of August 2019. The query returns the following:
DATE
FIRM
SYMBOL
SIDE
QUANTITY
PRICE
8/5/2019
ABC
123
B
200
41
8/5/2019
CDE
456
B
601
60
8/5/2019
ABC
789
S
600
70
8/5/2019
CDE
789
S
600
70
8/5/2019
FGH
456
B
200
62
8/6/2019
3CDE
456
X
300
61
8/8/2019
ABC
123
B
300
40
8/9/2019
ABC
123
S
300
30
8/9/2019
FGH
789
B
2100
71
8/10/2019
CDE
456
S
1100
63
Questions:
1) Conduct an analysis of the data set returned by your query. Write a paragraph describing your analysis. Please also note any questions or assumptions made about this data.
2) Your business user asks you to show them a table output that includes an additional column categorizing the TRADES data into volume based Tiers, with a column named ‘Tier’. Quantities between 0-250 will be considered ‘Small’, quantities greater than ‘Small’ but less than or equal to 500 will be considered ‘Medium’, quantities greater than ‘Medium’ but less than or equal to 500 will be considered ‘Large’, and quantities greater than ‘Tier 3’ will be considered ‘Very Large’ .
a. Please write the SQL query you would use to add the column to the table output.
b. Please show the exact results you expect based on your SQL query.
3) Your business user asks you to show them a table output summarizing the TRADES data (Buy and Sell) on week-by-week basis.
a. Please write the SQL query you would use to query this table.
b. Please show the exact results you expect based on your SQL query.
Notes:
1
Premise:
You need to describe in writing how to accomplish a task. Your audience has never completed this task before.
Question:
In a few paragraphs, please describe how to complete a task of your choice. You may choose a task of your own liking or one of the sample tasks below:
1) How to make a p ...
3HR StrategiesKey concepts and termsHigh commitment .docxlorainedeserre
3
HR Strategies
Key concepts and terms
High commitment management •
High performance management •
HR strategy •
High involvement management •
Horizontal fi t •
Vertical fi t •
On completing this chapter you should be able to defi ne these key concepts.
You should also understand:
Learning outcomes
T • he purpose of HR strategy
Specifi c HR strategy areas •
How HR strategy is formulated •
How the vertical integration of •
business and HR strategies is
achieved
How HR strategies can be set out •
General HR strategy areas •
The criteria for a successful HR •
strategy
The fundamental questions on •
the development of HR strategy
How horizontal fi t (bundling) is •
achieved
How HR strategies can be •
implemented
47
48 Human Resource Management
Introduction
As described in Chapter 2, strategic HRM is a mindset that leads to strategic actions and reac-
tions, either in the form of overall or specifi c HR strategies or strategic behaviour on the part
of HR professionals. This chapter focuses on HR strategies and answers the following ques-
tions: What are HR strategies? What are the main types of overall HR strategies? What are the
main areas in which specifi c HR strategies are developed? What are the criteria for an effective
HR strategy? How should HR strategies be developed? How should HR strategies be
implemented?
What are HR strategies?
HR strategies set out what the organization intends to do about its human resource manage-
ment policies and practices and how they should be integrated with the business strategy and
each other. They are described by Dyer and Reeves (1995) as ‘internally consistent bundles of
human resource practices’. Richardson and Thompson (1999) suggest that:
A strategy, whether it is an HR strategy or any other kind of management strategy must
have two key elements: there must be strategic objectives (ie things the strategy is sup-
posed to achieve), and there must be a plan of action (ie the means by which it is pro-
posed that the objectives will be met).
The purpose of HR strategies is to articulate what an organization intends to do about its
human resource management policies and practices now and in the longer term, bearing in
mind the dictum of Fombrun et al (1984) that business and managers should perform well in
the present to succeed in the future. HR strategies aim to meet both business and human needs
in the organization.
HR strategies may set out intentions and provide a sense of purpose and direction, but they are
not just long-term plans. As Gratton (2000) commented: ‘There is no great strategy, only great
execution.’
Because all organizations are different, all HR strategies are different. There is no such thing as
a standard strategy and research into HR strategy conducted by Armstrong and Long (1994)
and Armstrong and Baron (2002) revealed many variations. Some strategies are simply very
general declarations of intent. Others go into much more detail. ...
3Implementing ChangeConstruction workers on scaffolding..docxlorainedeserre
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Implementing Change
Construction workers on scaffolding.
hxdbzxy/iStock/Thinkstock
Learning Objectives
After reading this chapter, you should be able to do the following:
Summarize the nine steps in Ackerman and Anderson’s road map for change.
Analyze Cummings and Worley’s five dimensions of leading and managing change.
Describe how to align an organization with its new vision and future state.
Explain how roles/relationships and interventions are used to implement change.
Examine ways to interact with and influence stakeholders.
Change is the law of life and those who look only to the past or present are certain to miss the future.
—John F. Kennedy
Alan Mulally was selected to lead Ford in 2006 after he was bypassed as CEO at Boeing, where he had worked and was expected to become CEO. Insiders and top-level managers at Ford, some of whom had expected to become CEO, were initially suspicious and then outraged when Mulally was hired. They questioned what someone from the airplane industry would know about the car business (Kiley, 2009).
Chair William (Bill) Clay Ford, Jr.—who selected Mulally as CEO—told Ford’s officers that the company needed a fresh perspective and a shake-up, especially since it had lost $14.8 billion in 2008—the most in its 105-year history—and had burned through $21.2 billion, or 61%, of its cash (Kiley, 2009). Because Ford knew that the company’s upper echelon culture was closed, bureaucratic, and rejected outsiders and new ways of thinking, he was not surprised by his officers’ reactions. However, Ford’s managers had no idea that the company was fighting for its life. To succeed, Mulally would need Chair Ford’s full endorsement and support, and he got it.
The company’s biggest cultural challenge was to break down the silos that various executives had built. As we will discuss more in Chapter 4, silos are specific processes or departments in an organization that work independently of each other without strong communication between or among them. A lack of communication can often stifle productivity and innovation, and this was exactly what was happening at Ford.
Mulally devised a turnaround strategy and developed it into the Way Forward Plan. The plan centralized and modernized plants to handle several models at once, to be sold in several markets. The plan was designed to break up the fiefdoms of isolated cultures, in which leaders independently developed and decided where to sell cars. Mulally’s plan also kept managers in positions for longer periods of time to deepen their expertise and improve consistency of operations. The manager who ran the Mazda Motor affiliate commented, “I’m going into my fourth year in the same job. I’ve never had such consistency of purpose before” (as cited in Kiley, 2009, “Meetings About Meetings,” para. 2).
Mulally’s leadership style involved evaluating and analyzing a situation using data and facts and then earning individuals’ support with his determinatio ...
3Assignment Three Purpose of the study and Research Questions.docxlorainedeserre
3
Assignment Three: Purpose of the study and Research Questions
RES 9300
Recently, Autism has become a serious health concern to parents. According to Center for Disease Control and Prevention (2018), about one in fifty nine United States children has been identified with autism spectrum disorder with one in six children developing developmental disability ranging from mild disabilities such as speech and language impairments to serious developmental disabilities, such as intellectual disabilities, cerebral palsy, and autism (CDC,2018). World Health Organization (2019) estimates that 1 in 160 children globally has autism making it one of the most prevalent diseases. Despite the disease prevalence, most population has little knowledge about the disease. Many health practitioners have proposed early care as a means to control the disease effects.
Purpose Statement
The purpose of this study is to determine whether early intervention services can help improve the development of children suffering from autism. This study also aims to explore the general public awareness and perception about autism disorder.
Research Questions
(1) How should service delivery for autistic patients be improved to promote their health? (2) What impact does early intervention services have on development of children suffering from autism? (3) How can public knowledge on autism improve support and care for autistic patients? (4) What effect will early intervention have on patient’s social skills?
References
Center for Disease Control and Prevention. (2018). Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD). Data & Statistics. Retrieved From https://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/autism/data.html
World Health Organization. (2019). Autism Spectrum Disorders. Fact Sheet. Retrieved From https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/autism-spectrum-disorders
3
Assignment Two: Theoretical Perspective and Literature Review
RES 9300
Literature Map
Parenting an Autism Child
(Dependent Variable)
9
Mothers/Father Role
Education
Religious Beliefs
Gender/Age
Financial Resources
Maternal Relationship
Region
Public Awareness
Support
Ethnicity
Independent Variables
Secondary Source I Will Be Using In My Literature Review
Mother/Father Roles
Glynn, K. A. (2015). Predictors of parenting practices in parents of children with autism spectrum disorder.
Religious Beliefs
Huang, C. Y., Yen, H. C., Tseng, M. H., Tung, L. C., Chen, Y. D., & Chen, K. L. (2014). Impacts of autistic behaviors, emotional and behavioral problems on parenting stress in caregivers of children with autism. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 44(6), 1383-1390.
Education
Brezis, R. S., Weisner, T. S., Daley, T. C., Singhal, N., Barua, M., & Chollera, S. P. (2015). Parenting a child with autism in India: Narratives before and after a parent–child intervention program. Culture, Medicine, and Psychiatry, 39(2), 277-298.
Financial Resources
Zaidm ...
380067.docxby Jamie FeryllFILET IME SUBMIT T ED 22- .docxlorainedeserre
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by Jamie Feryll
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Interpretations of Iron Age Architecture Brochs in Society/Social Identity
Archaeology is a historical field which has advanced over the years based on more discoveries still being experienced by the archaeologists who seek them. According to Kelly and Thomas (2010; p.5), the concession that life existed in more ancient times than stipulated by biblical scholars and human culture allowed the archaeologists to dig deeper into genealogical data. Iron Age architecture and social/society identity relate to one another. For instance, the population, based on their identity and perception will construct buildings that directly reflect their beliefs. This essay will discuss these archaeological concepts of Iron Age architecture and society/social identity. Need a paragraph on brochs and how many and where they are across Scotland with patcialur focus on the atlantc region, this is not relevant for masters essay. Must define broch from its architecture and how long it would take to build and note famous ones and note the ones that will be referred to in this essay – this could be Perhaps incorpated into the next paragraph.
Iron Age architecture has over the years been dominated by differing archaeological concepts and debates. It was defined by settlements and settlement structures such as duns, brochs, wheelhouses, hillforts, stone-built round houses and timber. The social and societal identity which is identified through material remains indicates aspects of differentiation, regional patterns and segregation. According to Kelly and Thomas (2010; p.28), people who existed in Iron Age Scotland were isolated. This is demonstrated by the presence of a burial followed by an assembled chariot at Newbridge. Northern and western Scotland have been the source of the well-structured developments that have provided cultural, architectural and social data over time. Maes Howe, which is the largest Orkney burial cairn, located between Stromne ...
39Chapter 7Theories of TeachingIntroductionTheories of l.docxlorainedeserre
This document summarizes theories of teaching from several influential learning theorists. It discusses how theorists like Thorndike, Guthrie, Skinner, Hull, Tolman, and Gagné viewed the role of the teacher based on their behavioral and cognitive learning theories derived from animal and child studies. They generally saw teaching as managing external conditions to ensure specified behavioral changes in learners. The document then contrasts this with theories of teaching from adult learning theorists like Rogers, who rejected the notion that teaching is controlling learning and saw the teacher's role differently.
38 Monthly Labor Review • June 2012TelecommutingThe.docxlorainedeserre
38 Monthly Labor Review • June 2012
Telecommuting
The hard truth about telecommuting
Telecommuting has not permeated the American workplace, and
where it has become commonly used, it is not helpful in reducing
work-family conflicts; telecommuting appears, instead, to have
become instrumental in the general expansion of work hours,
facilitating workers’ needs for additional worktime beyond the
standard workweek and/or the ability of employers to increase or
intensify work demands among their salaried employees
Mary C. Noonan
and
Jennifer L. Glass
Mary C. Noonan is an Associate
Professor at the Department of
Sociology, The University of Iowa;
Jennifer L. Glass is the Barbara
Bush Regents Professor of Liberal
Arts at the Department of Sociol-
ogy and Population Research
Center, University of Texas at
Austin. Email: [email protected]
uiowa.edu or [email protected]
austin.utexas.edu.
Telecommuting, defined here as work tasks regularly performed at home, has achieved enough
traction in the American workplace to
merit intensive scrutiny, with 24 percent
of employed Americans reporting in recent
surveys that they work at least some hours
at home each week.1 The definitions of
telecommuting are quite diverse. In this ar-
ticle, we define telecommuters as employ-
ees who work regularly, but not exclusively,
at home. In our definition, at-home work
activities do not need to be technologically
mediated nor do telecommuters need a
formal arrangement with their employer to
work at home.
Telecommuting is popular with policy
makers and activists, with proponents
pointing out the multiple ways in which
telecommuting can cut commuting time
and costs,2 reduce energy consumption
and traffic congestion, and contribute to
worklife balance for those with caregiving
responsibilities.3 Changes in the structure
of jobs that enable mothers to more effec-
tively compete in the workplace, such as
telecommuting, may be needed to finally
eliminate the gender gap in earnings and
direct more earned income to children,
both important public policy goals.4
Evidence also reveals that an increasing num-
ber of jobs in the American economy could be
performed at home if employers were willing
to allow employees to do so.5 Often, employees
can perform jobs at home without supervision
in the “high-tech” sector, in the financial sector,
and many in the communication sector that are
technology dependent. The obstacles or barriers
to telecommuting seem to be more organiza-
tional, stemming from the managers’ reluctance
to give up direct supervisory control of workers
and from their fears of shirking among workers
who telecommute.6
Where the impact of telecommuting has
been empirically evaluated, it seems to boost
productivity, decrease absenteeism, and increase
retention.7 But can telecommuting live up to its
promise as an effective work-family policy that
helps employees meet their nonwork responsi-
bilities? To do so, tel ...
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𝐃𝐢𝐬𝐜𝐮𝐬𝐬 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐄𝐏𝐏 𝐂𝐮𝐫𝐫𝐢𝐜𝐮𝐥𝐮𝐦 𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐏𝐡𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐩𝐩𝐢𝐧𝐞𝐬:
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𝐄𝐱𝐩𝐥𝐚𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐍𝐚𝐭𝐮𝐫𝐞 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐒𝐜𝐨𝐩𝐞 𝐨𝐟 𝐚𝐧 𝐄𝐧𝐭𝐫𝐞𝐩𝐫𝐞𝐧𝐞𝐮𝐫:
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The recent surge in pro-Palestine student activism has prompted significant responses from universities, ranging from negotiations and divestment commitments to increased transparency about investments in companies supporting the war on Gaza. This activism has led to the cessation of student encampments but also highlighted the substantial sacrifices made by students, including academic disruptions and personal risks. The primary drivers of these protests are poor university administration, lack of transparency, and inadequate communication between officials and students. This study examines the profound emotional, psychological, and professional impacts on students engaged in pro-Palestine protests, focusing on Generation Z's (Gen-Z) activism dynamics. This paper explores the significant sacrifices made by these students and even the professors supporting the pro-Palestine movement, with a focus on recent global movements. Through an in-depth analysis of printed and electronic media, the study examines the impacts of these sacrifices on the academic and personal lives of those involved. The paper highlights examples from various universities, demonstrating student activism's long-term and short-term effects, including disciplinary actions, social backlash, and career implications. The researchers also explore the broader implications of student sacrifices. The findings reveal that these sacrifices are driven by a profound commitment to justice and human rights, and are influenced by the increasing availability of information, peer interactions, and personal convictions. The study also discusses the broader implications of this activism, comparing it to historical precedents and assessing its potential to influence policy and public opinion. The emotional and psychological toll on student activists is significant, but their sense of purpose and community support mitigates some of these challenges. However, the researchers call for acknowledging the broader Impact of these sacrifices on the future global movement of FreePalestine.
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Therefore, the steering team will have to identify the people
who will be involved in tracking the progress of IT
implementation and intervals of assessments so that the final
product may be effective. In the sixth step, the
essential activity that will be undertaken will be finalizing the
plan. The team will examine whether or not
everything is in a place like resources for the IT and that
everything has been put in its right place before the
activity starts. After finalizing the plan, the seventh and last
step will be distributed every person and resources to
the area that each has been located and the activity of
implementing the IT starts. Therefore, the planning
process will involve those key steps and if followed
systematically, the existing IT systems will be reengineered
effectively.
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The plan by the management of ModMeters to move from the
North
American operation so that it may operate globally is an
important
undertaking and is also a logical and the next step for this
company. The
reason is that its commodities will be highly specialized and
4. will have a lot of
demand from the diverse consumers like the manufacturers,
utility
companies and even several other industries as well as enjoying
other
benefits that are associated with the company operating
globally, (McKeen,
2013). However, for the above benefits to be realized, the firm
will have an
effective Information Technology to facilitate the above
undertaking and the
realization of these benefits that have been mentioned above. As
a way of
having this effective reengineering of the existing IT systems, a
process for
planning and budgeting for IT will be required as IT is intended
to serve the
organization for the next few years. The process is also intended
to
accomplish several things like taking the perspective of an
enterprise on IT
and incorporate all kinds of IT initiatives as well as improving
the prevailing
business. The process must also provide some way to allocate
budget to fix
the current mess in IT and offer an appropriate way of
connecting the new IT
works with the company’s corporate objectives, (McKeen,
2013) The other
intention of the process is that it must help in prioritizing the
projects with
different kinds of value and ensure that the business and IT
resources are in
place so that the above value might be delivered. As far as the
process of
planning for IT for ModMeters to attain the above set out
5. demands is
concerned, the process will involve seven key steps and in the
first step, the
firm will be involved in developing the objectives for IT. The
above step may
be said to have been completed since the organization has
already
stipulated the needs that are to be accomplished by this
Information
Technology Infrastructure as discussed above. Therefore, in
this step, the
firm will only be reviewing them. The next step will entail
developing tasks
that are meant for meeting the above objectives. In this step, the
organization will create a team and a group leader for the team
that will be
entrusted with making sure that IT becomes effective. In the
third step, the
undertaking will be determining all the resources that will be
needed to
implement the task. The step is highly important as the firm will
review the
prevailing resources in the firm that will be used for
implementing the tasks.
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In case the resources are inadequate in this firm, the team will
have to look
for the potential sources for the resources like borrowing from
the
government and other financial institutions. After identifying
the available
resources and the potential sources of resources in case of
inadequacy, the
fourth step will involve creating the timeline for the
accomplishment. The
team has to set a certain duration during which the IT should
have been
implemented, (Lientz, 2010). In the fifth step, the team will be
involved in
determining the tracking and method of assessment. During the
implementation of IT in the firm, the undertaking will have to
be tracked and
assessed so that the overall thing created may be highly
effective.
Therefore, the steering team will have to identify the people
who will be
involved in tracking the progress of IT implementation and
intervals of
assessments so that the final product may be effective. In the
sixth step, the
essential activity that will be undertaken will be finalizing the
7. plan. The team
will examine whether or not everything is in a place like
resources for the IT
and that everything has been put in its right place before the
activity starts.
After finalizing the plan, the seventh and last step will be
distributed every
person and resources to the area that each has been located and
the
activity of implementing the IT starts. Therefore, the planning
process will
involve those key steps and if followed systematically, the
existing IT systems
will be reengineered effectively.
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Information Systems for Business and Beyond
David T. Bourgeois, Ph.D.
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Contents
1Introduction
Part 1: What Is an Information System?
Chapter 1: What Is an Information System?
5David T. Bourgeois
Chapter 2: Hardware
14David T. Bourgeois
Chapter 3: Software
26David T. Bourgeois
Chapter 4: Data and Databases
39David T. Bourgeois
Chapter 5: Networking and Communication
52David T. Bourgeois
Chapter 6: Information Systems Security
64David T. Bourgeois
Part 2: Information Systems for Strategic Advantage
Chapter 7: Does IT Matter?
76David T. Bourgeois
Chapter 8: Business Processes
85David T. Bourgeois
Chapter 9: The People in Information Systems
12. 94David T. Bourgeois
Chapter 10: Information Systems Development
104David T. Bourgeois
Part 3: Information Systems Beyond the Organization
Chapter 11: Globalization and the Digital Divide
120David T. Bourgeois
Chapter 12: The Ethical and Legal Implications of Information
Systems
129David T. Bourgeois
Chapter 13: Future Trends in Information Systems
144David T. Bourgeois
150Answers to Study Questions
162Bibliography
iv Saylor URL: http://www.saylor.org/courses/bus206
Attributed to: David T. Bourgeois, Ph.D.
saylor.org
Saylor URL: http://www.saylor.org/courses/bus206
Attributed to: David T. Bourgeois, Ph.D.
Introduction
Welcome to Information Systems for Business and Beyond. In
this book, you will be introduced to the
concept of information systems, their use in business, and the
13. larger impact they are having on our world.
Audience
This book is written as an introductory text, meant for those
with little or no experience with computers
or information systems. While sometimes the descriptions can
get a little bit technical, every effort has
been made to convey the information essential to understanding
a topic while not getting bogged down in
detailed terminology or esoteric discussions.
Chapter Outline
The text is organized around thirteen chapters divided into three
major parts, as follows:
• Part 1: What Is an Information System?
Chapter 1: What Is an Information System? – This chapter
provides an overview of
information systems, including the history of how we got where
we are today.
Chapter 2: Hardware – We discuss information systems
hardware and how it works. You
will look at different computer parts and learn how they
interact.
Chapter 3: Software – Without software, hardware is useless. In
this chapter, we discuss
software and the role it plays in an organization.
Chapter 4: Data and Databases – This chapter explores how
organizations use
information systems to turn data into information that can then
be used for competitive
advantage. Special attention is paid to the role of databases.
Chapter 5: Networking and Communication – Today’s
computers are expected to also be
14. communication devices. In this chapter we review the history of
networking, how the
Internet works, and the use of networks in organizations today.
Chapter 6: Information Systems Security – We discuss the
information security triad of
confidentiality, integrity, and availability. We will review
different security technologies,
and the chapter concludes with a primer on personal information
security.
• Part 2: Information Systems for Strategic Advantage
Chapter 7: Does IT Matter? – This chapter examines the impact
that information systems
have on an organization. Can IT give a company a competitive
advantage? We will
1Saylor URL: http://www.saylor.org/courses/bus206
Attributed to: David T. Bourgeois, Ph.D.
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Attributed to: David T. Bourgeois, Ph.D.
discuss seminal works by Brynjolfsson, Carr, and Porter as they
relate to IT and
competitive advantage.
Chapter 8: Business Processes – Business processes are the
essence of what a business
does, and information systems play an important role in making
them work. This chapter
will discuss business process management, business process
reengineering, and ERP
15. systems.
Chapter 9: The People in Information Systems – This chapter
will provide an overview of
the different types of people involved in information systems.
This includes people who
create information systems, those who operate and administer
information systems, those
who manage information systems, and those who use
information systems.
Chapter 10: Information Systems Development – How are
information systems created?
This chapter will review the concept of programming, look at
different methods of
software development, review website and mobile application
development, discuss end-
user computing, and look at the “build vs. buy” decision that
many companies face.
• Part 3: Information Systems beyond the Organization
Chapter 11: Globalization and the Digital Divide – The rapid
rise of the Internet has
made it easier than ever to do business worldwide. This chapter
will look at the impact
that the Internet is having on the globalization of business and
the issues that firms must
face because of it. It will also cover the concept of the digital
divide and some of the steps
being taken to alleviate it.
Chapter 12: The Ethical and Legal Implications of Information
Systems – The rapid
changes in information and communication technology in the
past few decades have
brought a broad array of new capabilities and powers to
governments, organizations, and
individuals alike. This chapter will discuss the effects that these
new capabilities have had
16. and the legal and regulatory changes that have been put in place
in response.
Chapter 13: Future Trends in Information Systems – This final
chapter will present an
overview of some of the new technologies that are on the
horizon. From wearable
technology to 3-D printing, this chapter will provide a look
forward to what the next few
years will bring.
For the Student
Each chapter in this text begins with a list of the relevant
learning objectives and ends with a chapter
summary. Following the summary is a list of study questions
that highlight key topics in the chapter. In
order to get the best learning experience, you would be wise to
begin by reading both the learning objectives
and the summary and then reviewing the questions at the end of
the chapter.
2 Information Systems for Business and Beyond
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Attributed to: David T. Bourgeois, Ph.D.
For the Instructor
Learning objectives can be found at the beginning of each
chapter. Of course, all chapters are recommended
for use in an introductory information systems course. However,
17. for courses on a shorter calendar or
courses using additional textbooks, a review of the learning
objectives will help determine which chapters
can be omitted.
At the end of each chapter, there is a set of study questions and
exercises (except for chapter 1, which
only offers study questions). The study questions can be
assigned to help focus students’ reading on the
learning objectives. The exercises are meant to be a more in-
depth, experiential way for students to learn
chapter topics. It is recommended that you review any exercise
before assigning it, adding any detail needed
(such as length, due date) to complete the assignment.
Introduction 3
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Part 1: What Is an Information System?
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Attributed to: David T. Bourgeois, Ph.D.
Chapter 1: What Is an Information System?
18. David T. Bourgeois
Learning Objectives
Upon successful completion of this chapter, you will be able to:
• define what an information system is by identifying its major
components;
• describe the basic history of information systems; and
• describe the basic argument behind the article “Does IT
Matter?” by Nicholas Carr.
Introduction
If you are reading this, you are most likely taking a course in
information systems, but do you even know
what the course is going to cover? When you tell your friends or
your family that you are taking a course
in information systems, can you explain what it is about? For
the past several years, I have taught an
Introduction to Information Systems course. The first day of
class I ask my students to tell me what they
think an information system is. I generally get answers such as
“computers,” “databases,” or “Excel.”
These are good answers, but definitely incomplete ones. The
study of information systems goes far beyond
understanding some technologies. Let’s begin our study by
defining information systems.
Defining Information Systems
Almost all programs in business require students to take a
course in something called information systems.
But what exactly does that term mean? Let’s take a look at some
of the more popular definitions, first from
19. Wikipedia and then from a couple of textbooks:
• “Information systems (IS) is the study of complementary
networks of hardware and software that
people and organizations use to collect, filter, process, create,
and distribute data.”1
• “Information systems are combinations of hardware, software,
and telecommunications networks
that people build and use to collect, create, and distribute useful
data, typically in organizational
settings.”2
• “Information systems are interrelated components working
together to collect, process, store, and
disseminate information to support decision making,
coordination, control, analysis, and
viualization in an organization.”3
1. Wikipedia entry on "Information Systems," as displayed on
August 19, 2012. Wikipedia: The Free Encyclopedia. San
Francisco:
Wikimedia Foundation.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_systems_(discipline).
2. Excerpted from Information Systems Today - Managing in
the Digital World, fourth edition. Prentice-Hall, 2010.
3. Excerpted from Management Information Systems, twelfth
edition, Prentice-Hall, 2012.
5
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Attributed to: David T. Bourgeois, Ph.D.
20. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_systems_(discipline)
As you can see, these definitions focus on two different ways of
describing information systems:
the components that make up an information system and the role
that those components play in an
organization. Let’s take a look at each of these.
The Components of Information Systems
As I stated earlier, I spend the first day of my information
systems class discussing exactly what the
term means. Many students understand that an information
system has something to do with databases
or spreadsheets. Others mention computers and e-commerce.
And they are all right, at least in part:
information systems are made up of different components that
work together to provide value to an
organization.
The first way I describe information systems to students is to
tell them that they are made up of five components: hardware,
software, data, people, and process. The first three, fitting under
the category technology, are generally what most students think
of
when asked to define information systems. But the last two,
people and process, are really what separate the idea of
information
systems from more technical fields, such as computer science.
In order to fully understand information systems, students must
understand how all of these components work together to bring
value to an organization.
Technology
21. Technology can be thought of as the application of scientific
knowledge for practical purposes. From the
invention of the wheel to the harnessing of electricity for
artificial lighting, technology is a part of our lives
in so many ways that we tend to take it for granted. As
discussed before, the first three components of
information systems – hardware, software, and data – all fall
under the category of technology. Each of
these will get its own chapter and a much lengthier discussion,
but we will take a moment here to introduce
them so we can get a full understanding of what an information
system is.
Hardware
Information systems hardware is the part of an information
system you can touch – the physical components
of the technology. Computers, keyboards, disk drives, iPads,
and flash drives are all examples of
information systems hardware. We will spend some time going
over these components and how they all
work together in chapter 2.
Software
Software is a set of instructions that tells the hardware what to
do. Software is not
tangible – it cannot be touched. When programmers create
software programs,
what they are really doing is simply typing out lists of
instructions that tell the
hardware what to do. There are several categories of software,
with the two main
categories being operating-system software, which makes the
hardware usable, and
application software, which does something useful. Examples of
22. operating systems
include Microsoft Windows on a personal computer and
Google’s Android on a
mobile phone. Examples of application software are Microsoft
Excel and Angry Birds. Software will be
explored more thoroughly in chapter 3.
6 Information Systems for Business and Beyond
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Data
The third component is data. You can think of data as a
collection of facts. For example, your street address,
the city you live in, and your phone number are all pieces of
data. Like software, data is also intangible. By
themselves, pieces of data are not really very useful. But
aggregated, indexed, and organized together into
a database, data can become a powerful tool for businesses. In
fact, all of the definitions presented at the
beginning of this chapter focused on how information systems
manage data. Organizations collect all kinds
of data and use it to make decisions. These decisions can then
be analyzed as to their effectiveness and the
organization can be improved. Chapter 4 will focus on data and
databases, and their uses in organizations.
23. Networking Communication: A Fourth Technology Piece?
Besides the components of hardware, software, and data, which
have long been considered the core
technology of information systems, it has been suggested that
one other component should be added:
communication. An information system can exist without the
ability to communicate – the first personal
computers were stand-alone machines that did not access the
Internet. However, in today’s hyper-connected
world, it is an extremely rare computer that does not connect to
another device or to a network. Technically,
the networking communication component is made up of
hardware and software, but it is such a core
feature of today’s information systems that it has become its
own category. We will be covering networking
in chapter 5.
People
When thinking about information systems, it is easy to get
focused
on the technology components and forget that we must look
beyond these tools to fully understand how they integrate into
an
organization. A focus on the people involved in information
systems is the next step. From the front-line help-desk workers,
to
systems analysts, to programmers, all the way up to the chief
information officer (CIO), the people involved with information
systems are an essential element that must not be overlooked.
The
people component will be covered in chapter 9.
Process
24. The last component of information systems is process. A
process is a series of steps undertaken to
achieve a desired outcome or goal. Information systems are
becoming more and more integrated with
organizational processes, bringing more productivity and better
control to those processes. But simply
automating activities using technology is not enough –
businesses looking to effectively utilize information
systems do more. Using technology to manage and improve
processes, both within a company and externally with suppliers
and
customers, is the ultimate goal. Technology buzzwords such as
“business process reengineering,” “business process
management,”
and “enterprise resource planning” all have to do with the
continued improvement of these business procedures and the
integration
of technology with them. Businesses hoping to gain an
advantage over their competitors are highly focused on this
component of
information systems. We will discuss processes in chapter 8.
Ch.1:What Is an Information System? 7
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ll_Gates_(522695099).jpg
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ll_Gates_(522695099).jpg
25. IBM 704 Mainframe (Copyright: Lawrence Livermore
National Laboratory)
Registered trademark of
International Business Machines
The Role of Information Systems
Now that we have explored the different components of
information systems, we need to turn our attention
to the role that information systems play in an organization. So
far we have looked at what the components
of an information system are, but what do these components
actually do for an organization? From our
definitions above, we see that these components collect, store,
organize, and distribute data throughout the
organization. In fact, we might say that one of the roles of
information systems is to take data and turn it
into information, and then transform that into organizational
knowledge. As technology has developed, this
role has evolved into the backbone of the organization. To get a
full appreciation of the role information
systems play, we will review how they have changed over the
years.
The Mainframe Era
From the late 1950s through the 1960s, computers were
seen as a way to more efficiently do calculations. These
first business computers were room-sized monsters, with
several refrigerator-sized machines linked together. The
primary work of these devices was to organize and store
large volumes of information that were tedious to manage
by hand. Only large businesses, universities, and
government agencies could afford them, and they took a
crew of specialized personnel and specialized facilities to
26. maintain. These devices served dozens to hundreds of
users at a time through a process called time-sharing.
Typical functions included scientific calculations and
accounting, under the broader umbrella of “data processing.”
In the late 1960s, the Manufacturing Resources Planning (MRP)
systems
were introduced. This software, running on a mainframe
computer, gave
companies the ability to manage the manufacturing process,
making it
more efficient. From tracking inventory to creating bills of
materials to
scheduling production, the MRP systems (and later the MRP II
systems)
gave more businesses a reason to want to integrate computing
into their
processes. IBM became the dominant mainframe company.
Nicknamed
“Big Blue,” the company became synonymous with business
computing. Continued improvement in
software and the availability of cheaper hardware eventually
brought mainframe computers (and their little
sibling, the minicomputer) into most large businesses.
The PC Revolution
In 1975, the first microcomputer was announced on the cover of
Popular Mechanics: the Altair 8800.
Its immediate popularity sparked the imagination of
entrepreneurs everywhere, and there were quickly
dozens of companies making these “personal computers.”
Though at first just a niche product for computer
hobbyists, improvements in usability and the availability of
practical software led to growing sales. The
27. most prominent of these early personal computer makers was a
little company known as Apple Computer,
headed by Steve Jobs and Steve Wozniak, with the hugely
successful “Apple II.” Not wanting to be left
out of the revolution, in 1981 IBM (teaming with a little
company called Microsoft for their operating-
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Registered trademark of
SAP
system software) hurriedly released their own version of the
personal computer, simply called the “PC.”
Businesses, who had used IBM mainframes for years to run
their businesses, finally had the permission
they needed to bring personal computers into their companies,
and the IBM PC took off. The IBM PC was
named Time magazine’s “Man of the Year” for 1982.
Because of the IBM PC’s open architecture, it was easy for
other companies to copy, or “clone” it.
During the 1980s, many new computer companies sprang up,
offering less expensive versions of the PC.
This drove prices down and spurred innovation. Microsoft
developed its Windows operating system and
28. made the PC even easier to use. Common uses for the PC during
this period included word processing,
spreadsheets, and databases. These early PCs were not
connected to any sort of network; for the most part
they stood alone as islands of innovation within the larger
organization.
Client-Server
In the mid-1980s, businesses began to see the need to connect
their computers together as a way to
collaborate and share resources. This networking architecture
was referred to as “client-server” because
users would log in to the local area network (LAN) from their
PC (the “client”) by connecting to a powerful
computer called a “server,” which would then grant them rights
to different resources on the network (such
as shared file areas and a printer). Software companies began
developing applications that allowed multiple
users to access the same data at the same time. This evolved
into software applications for communicating,
with the first real popular use of electronic mail appearing at
this time.
This networking and data sharing all stayed within the confines
of each business,
for the most part. While there was sharing of electronic data
between companies,
this was a very specialized function. Computers were now seen
as tools to
collaborate internally, within an organization. In fact, these
networks of computers
were becoming so powerful that they were replacing many of
the functions
previously performed by the larger mainframe computers at a
fraction of the cost.
29. It was during this era that the first Enterprise Resource Planning
(ERP) systems were developed and run on
the client-server architecture. An ERP system is a software
application with a centralized database that can
be used to run a company’s entire business. With separate
modules for accounting, finance, inventory,
human resources, and many, many more, ERP systems, with
Germany’s SAP leading the way, represented
the state of the art in information systems integration. We will
discuss ERP systems as part of the chapter on
process (chapter 9).
The World Wide Web and E-Commerce
First invented in 1969, the Internet was confined to use by
universities, government agencies, and
researchers for many years. Its rather arcane commands and user
applications made it unsuitable for
mainstream use in business. One exception to this was the
ability to expand electronic mail outside the
confines of a single organization. While the first e-mail
messages on the Internet were sent in the early
1970s, companies who wanted to expand their LAN-based e-
mail started hooking up to the Internet in the
1980s. Companies began connecting their internal networks to
the Internet in order to allow communication
between their employees and employees at other companies. It
was with these early Internet connections
that the computer truly began to evolve from a computational
device to a communications device.
In 1989, Tim Berners-Lee developed a simpler way for
researchers to share information over the
network at CERN laboratories, a concept he called the World
Wide Web.4 This invention became the
30. launching point of the growth of the Internet as a way for
businesses to share information about themselves.
Ch.1:What Is an Information System? 9
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Registered trademark of Amazon
Technologies, Inc.
As web browsers and Internet connections became the norm,
companies rushed to grab domain names and
create websites.
In 1991, the National Science Foundation, which governed how
the
Internet was used, lifted restrictions on its commercial use. The
year 1994
saw the establishment of both eBay and Amazon.com, two true
pioneers in
the use of the new digital marketplace. A mad rush of
investment in
Internet-based businesses led to the dot-com boom through the
late 1990s,
and then the dot-com bust in 2000. While much can be learned
from the speculation and crazy economic
theories espoused during that bubble, one important outcome for
31. businesses was that thousands of miles of
Internet connections were laid around the world during that
time. The world became truly “wired” heading
into the new millenium, ushering in the era of globalization,
which we will discuss in chapter 11.
As it became more expected for companies to be connected to
the Internet, the digital world also
became a more dangerous place. Computer viruses and worms,
once slowly propagated through the sharing
of computer disks, could now grow with tremendous speed via
the Internet. Software written for a
disconnected world found it very difficult to defend against
these sorts of threats. A whole new industry of
computer and Internet security arose. We will study information
security in chapter 6.
Web 2.0
As the world recovered from the dot-com bust, the use of
technology in business continued to evolve at
a frantic pace. Websites became interactive; instead of just
visiting a site to find out about a business and
purchase its products, customers wanted to be able to customize
their experience and interact with the
business. This new type of interactive website, where you did
not have to know how to create a web page or
do any programming in order to put information online, became
known as web 2.0. Web 2.0 is exemplified
by blogging, social networking, and interactive comments being
available on many websites. This new
web-2.0 world, in which online interaction became expected,
had a big impact on many businesses and
even whole industries. Some industries, such as bookstores,
found themselves relegated to a niche status.
Others, such as video rental chains and travel agencies, simply
32. began going out of business as they were
replaced by online technologies. This process of technology
replacing a middleman in a transaction is called
disintermediation.
As the world became more connected, new questions arose.
Should access to the Internet be
considered a right? Can I copy a song that I downloaded from
the Internet? How can I keep information
that I have put on a website private? What information is
acceptable to collect from children? Technology
moved so fast that policymakers did not have enough time to
enact appropriate laws, making for a Wild
West–type atmosphere. Ethical issues surrounding information
systems will be covered in chapter 12.
The Post-PC World
After thirty years as the primary computing device used in most
businesses, sales of the PC are now
beginning to decline as sales of tablets and smartphones are
taking off. Just as the mainframe before it, the
PC will continue to play a key role in business, but will no
longer be the primary way that people interact
and do business. The limited storage and processing power of
these devices is being offset by a move to
“cloud” computing, which allows for storage, sharing, and
backup of information on a massive scale. This
4. CERN's "The Birth of the Web."
http://public.web.cern.ch/public/en/about/web-en.html
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will require new rounds of thinking and innovation on the part
of businesses as technology continues to
advance.
The
Eras of Business Computing
Era Hardware Operating System Applications
Mainframe
(1970s)
Terminals connected to
mainframe computer.
Time-sharing
(TSO) on MVS
Custom-written
MRP software
PC
(mid-1980s)
IBM PC or compatible.
Sometimes connected to
34. mainframe computer via
expansion card.
MS-DOS
WordPerfect,
Lotus 1-2-3
Client-Server
(late 80s to early
90s)
IBM PC “clone” on a Novell
Network.
Windows for Workgroups
Microsoft
Word, Microsoft Excel
World
Wide Web (mid-90s
to early 2000s)
IBM PC “clone” connected to
company intranet.
Windows XP
Microsoft
Office, Internet Explorer
Web 2.0 (mid-2000s
to present)
Laptop connected to company
Wi-Fi.
Windows 7
35. Microsoft
Office, Firefox
Post-PC
(today and beyond)
Apple iPad iOS
Mobile-friendly
websites, mobile apps
Can Information Systems Bring Competitive Advantage?
It has always been the assumption that the implementation of
information systems will, in and of itself,
bring a business competitive advantage. After all, if installing
one computer to manage inventory can make
a company more efficient, won’t installing several computers to
handle even more of the business continue
to improve it?
In 2003, Nicholas Carr wrote an article in the Harvard Business
Review that questioned this
assumption. The article, entitled “IT Doesn’t Matter,” raised the
idea that information technology has
become just a commodity. Instead of viewing technology as an
investment that will make a company stand
out, it should be seen as something like electricity: It should be
managed to reduce costs, ensure that it is
always running, and be as risk-free as possible.
As you might imagine, this article was both hailed and scorned.
Can IT bring a competitive advantage?
It sure did for Walmart (see sidebar). We will discuss this topic
further in chapter 7.
Ch.1:What Is an Information System? 11
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Registered trademark of Wal-Mart Stores, Inc.
Sidebar: Walmart Uses Information Systems to Become the
World’s Leading
Retailer
Walmart is the world’s largest retailer, earning $15.2
billion on sales of $443.9 billion in the fiscal year that
ended on January 31, 2012. Walmart currently serves over
200 million customers every week, worldwide.5 Walmart’s
rise to prominence is due in no small part to their use of
information systems.
One of the keys to this success was the
implementation of Retail Link, a supply-chain
management system. This system, unique when initially
implemented in the mid-1980s, allowed Walmart’s
suppliers to directly access the inventory levels and sales
information of their products at any of Walmart’s
more than ten thousand stores. Using Retail Link, suppliers can
analyze how well their products are selling
at one or more Walmart stores, with a range of reporting
options. Further, Walmart requires the suppliers to
use Retail Link to manage their own inventory levels. If a
supplier feels that their products are selling out
too quickly, they can use Retail Link to petition Walmart to
raise the levels of inventory for their products.
37. This has essentially allowed Walmart to “hire” thousands of
product managers, all of whom have a vested
interest in the products they are managing. This revolutionary
approach to managing inventory has allowed
Walmart to continue to drive prices down and respond to market
forces quickly.
Today, Walmart continues to innovate with information
technology. Using its tremendous market
presence, any technology that Walmart requires its suppliers to
implement immediately becomes a business
standard.
Summary
In this chapter, you have been introduced to the concept of
information systems. We have reviewed several
definitions, with a focus on the components of information
systems: technology, people, and process. We
have reviewed how the business use of information systems has
evolved over the years, from the use of
large mainframe computers for number crunching, through the
introduction of the PC and networks, all
the way to the era of mobile computing. During each of these
phases, new innovations in software and
technology allowed businesses to integrate technology more
deeply.
We are now to a point where every company is using
information systems and asking the question:
Does it bring a competitive advantage? In the end, that is really
what this book is about. Every
businessperson should understand what an information system is
and how it can be used to bring a
competitive advantage. And that is the task we have before us.
38. Study Questions
1. What are the five components that make up an information
system?
2. What are three examples of information system hardware?
5. Walmart 2012 Annual Report.
12 Information Systems for Business and Beyond
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3. Microsoft Windows is an example of which component of
information systems?
4. What is application software?
5. What roles do people play in information systems?
6. What is the definition of a process?
7. What was invented first, the personal computer or the
Internet (ARPANET)?
8. In what year were restrictions on commercial use of the
Internet first lifted? When were eBay
and Amazon founded?
9. What does it mean to say we are in a “post-PC world”?
10. What is Carr’s main argument about information
technology?
39. Exercises
1. Suppose that you had to explain to a member of your family
or one of your closest friends the
concept of an information system. How would you define it?
Write a one-paragraph description in
your own words that you feel would best describe an
information system to your friends or
family.
2. Of the five primary components of an information system
(hardware, software, data, people,
process), which do you think is the most important to the
success of a business organization?
Write a one-paragraph answer to this question that includes an
example from your personal
experience to support your answer.
3. We all interact with various information systems every day:
at the grocery store, at work, at
school, even in our cars (at least some of us). Make a list of the
different information systems you
interact with every day. See if you can identify the
technologies, people, and processes involved
in making these systems work.
4. Do you agree that we are in a post-PC stage in the evolution
of information systems? Some
people argue that we will always need the personal computer,
but that it will not be the primary
device used for manipulating information. Others think that a
whole new era of mobile and
biological computing is coming. Do some original research and
make your prediction about what
business computing will look like in the next generation.
5. The Walmart case study introduced you to how that company
used information systems to
become the world’s leading retailer. Walmart has continued to
innovate and is still looked to as a
40. leader in the use of technology. Do some original research and
write a one-page report detailing a
new technology that Walmart has recently implemented or is
pioneering.
Ch.1:What Is an Information System? 13
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Chapter 2: Hardware
David T. Bourgeois
Learning Objectives
Upon successful completion of this chapter, you will be able to:
• describe information systems hardware;
• identify the primary components of a computer and the
functions they perform; and
• explain the effect of the commoditization of the personal
computer.
Introduction
As we learned in the first chapter, an information system is
made up of five components: hardware,
software, data, people, and process. The physical parts of
computing devices – those that you can actually
touch – are referred to as hardware. In this chapter, we will take
41. a look at this component of information
systems, learn a little bit about how it works, and discuss some
of the current trends surrounding it.
As stated above, computer hardware encompasses digital
devices that you can physically touch. This
includes devices such as the following:
• desktop computers
• laptop computers
• mobile phones
• tablet computers
• e-readers
• storage devices, such as flash drives
• input devices, such as keyboards, mice, and scanners
• output devices such as printers and speakers.
Besides these more traditional computer hardware devices,
many items that were once not considered
digital devices are now becoming computerized themselves.
Digital technologies are now being integrated
into many everyday objects, so the days of a device being
labeled categorically as computer hardware may
be ending. Examples of these types of digital devices include
automobiles, refrigerators, and even soft-
drink dispensers. In this chapter, we will also explore digital
devices, beginning with defining what we
mean by the term itself.
14
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http://www.ford.com/technology/sync/
42. http://www.npr.org/blogs/thesalt/2012/05/03/151968878/the-
smart-fridge-finds-the-lost-lettuce-for-a-price
http://www.coca-colafreestyle.com/
http://www.coca-colafreestyle.com/
Digital Devices
A digital device processes electronic signals that represent
either a one (“on”) or a zero (“off”). The on
state is represented by the presence of an electronic signal; the
off state is represented by the absence of an
electronic signal. Each one or zero is referred to as a bit (a
contraction of binary digit); a group of eight bits
is a byte. The first personal computers could process 8 bits of
data at once; modern PCs can now process
64 bits of data at a time, which is where the term 64-bit
processor comes from.
Sidebar: Understanding Binary
As you know, the system of numbering we are most familiar
with is base-ten numbering. In base-ten
numbering, each column in the number represents a power of
ten, with the far-right column representing
10^0 (ones), the next column from the right representing 10^1
(tens), then 10^2 (hundreds), then 10^3
(thousands), etc. For example, the number 1010 in decimal
represents: (1 x 1000) + (0 x 100) + (1 x 10) +
(0 x 1).
Computers use the base-two numbering system, also known as
binary. In this system, each column in
the number represents a power of two, with the far-right column
representing 2^0 (ones), the next column
from the right representing 2^1 (tens), then 2^2 (fours), then
43. 2^3 (eights), etc. For example, the number
1010 in binary represents (1 x 8 ) + (0 x 4) + (1 x 2) + (0 x 1).
In base ten, this evaluates to 10.
As the capacities of digital devices grew, new terms were
developed to identify the capacities of processors,
memory, and disk storage space. Prefixes were applied to the
word byte to represent different orders of
magnitude. Since these are digital specifications, the prefixes
were originally meant to represent multiples
of 1024 (which is 210), but have more recently been rounded to
mean multiples of 1000.
A Listing of Binary Prefixes
Prefix Represents Example
kilo one thousand kilobyte=one thousand bytes
mega one million megabyte=one million bytes
giga one billion gigabyte=one billion bytes
tera one trillion terabyte=one trillion bytes
Tour of a PC
All personal computers consist of the same basic components: a
CPU, memory, circuit board, storage, and
input/output devices. It also turns out that almost every digital
device uses the same set of components, so
examining the personal computer will give us insight into the
structure of a variety of digital devices. So
let’s take a “tour” of a personal computer and see what makes
them function.
44. Ch.2: Hardware 15
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Processing Data: The CPU
As stated above, most computing devices have a similar
architecture. The core of this architecture is the
central processing unit, or CPU. The CPU can be thought of as
the “brains” of the device. The CPU carries
out the commands sent to it by the software and returns results
to be acted upon.
The earliest CPUs were large circuit boards with limited
functionality. Today, a CPU is generally on
one chip and can perform a large variety of functions. There are
two primary manufacturers of CPUs for
personal computers: Intel and Advanced Micro Devices (AMD).
The speed (“clock time”) of a CPU is measured in hertz. A hertz
is defined as one cycle per second.
Using the binary prefixes mentioned above, we can see that a
kilohertz (abbreviated kHz) is one thousand
cycles per second, a megahertz (mHz) is one million cycles per
second, and a gigahertz (gHz) is one billion
cycles per second. The CPU’s processing power is increasing at
an amazing rate (see the sidebar about
Moore’s Law). Besides a faster clock time, many CPU chips
now contain multiple processors per chip.
45. These chips, known as dual-core (two processors) or quad-core
(four processors), increase the processing
power of a computer by providing the capability of multiple
CPUs.
Sidebar: Moore’s Law
We all know that computers get faster every year. Many times,
we are not sure if we want to buy today’s
model of smartphone, tablet, or PC because next week it won’t
be the most advanced any more. Gordon
Moore, one of the founders of Intel, recognized this
phenomenon in 1965, noting that microprocessor
transistor counts had been doubling every year.1 His insight
eventually evolved into Moore’s Law, which
states that the number of transistors on a chip will double every
two years. This has been generalized into
the concept that computing power will double every two years
for the same price point. Another way of
looking at this is to think that the price for the same computing
power will be cut in half every two years.
Though many have predicted its demise, Moore’s Law has held
true for over forty years (see figure below).
1. Moore, Gordon E. (1965). "Cramming more components onto
integrated circuits" (PDF). Electronics Magazine. p. 4.
Retrieved
2012-10-18.
16 Information Systems for Business and Beyond
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46. A graphical representation of Moore’s Law (CC-BY-SA:
Wgsimon)
There will be a point, someday, where we reach the limits of
Moore’s Law, where we cannot continue to
shrink circuits any further. But engineers will continue to seek
ways to increase performance.
Ch.2: Hardware 17
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Motherboard (click image to enlarge)
Memory DIMM (click image to enlarge)
Motherboard
The motherboard is the main circuit board on the
computer. The CPU, memory, and storage components,
among other things, all connect into the motherboard.
Motherboards come in different shapes and sizes,
depending upon how compact or expandable the computer
is designed to be. Most modern motherboards have many
integrated components, such as video and sound
47. processing, which used to require separate components.
The motherboard provides much of the bus of the
computer (the term bus refers to the electrical connection
between different computer components). The bus is an
important determiner of the computer’s speed: the
combination of how fast the bus can transfer data and the
number of data bits that can be moved at one time
determine the speed.
Random-Access Memory
When a computer starts up, it begins to load information from
the hard disk into its working memory.
This working memory, called random-access memory (RAM),
can transfer data much faster than the hard
disk. Any program that you are running on the computer is
loaded into RAM for processing. In order for
a computer to work effectively, some minimal amount of RAM
must be installed. In most cases, adding
more RAM will allow the computer to run faster. Another
characteristic of RAM is that it is “volatile.”
This means that it can store data as long as it is receiving
power; when the computer is turned off, any data
stored in RAM is lost.
RAM is generally installed in a personal computer through
the use of a dual-inline memory module (DIMM). The
type of DIMM accepted into a computer is dependent upon
the motherboard. As described by Moore’s Law, the
amount of memory and speeds of DIMMs have increased
dramatically over the years.
Hard Disk
While the RAM is used as working memory, the computer also
48. needs a place to
store data for the longer term. Most of today’s personal
computers use a hard disk
for long-term data storage. A hard disk is where data is stored
when the computer
is turned off and where it is retrieved from when the computer
is turned on. Why is
it called a hard disk? A hard disk consists of a stack of disks
inside a hard metal
case. A floppy disk (discussed below) was a removable disk
that, in some cases at
least, was flexible, or “floppy.”
18 Information Systems for Business and Beyond
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Hard disk enclosure (click image to enlarge)
Solid-State Drives
49. A relatively new component becoming more common in some
personal computers is the solid-state drive
(SSD). The SSD performs the same function as a hard disk:
long-term storage. Instead of spinning disks,
the SSD uses flash memory, which is much faster.
Solid-state drives are currently quite a bit more expensive than
hard disks. However, the use of flash
memory instead of disks makes them much lighter and faster
than hard disks. SSDs are primarily utilized
in portable computers, making them lighter and more efficient.
Some computers combine the two storage
technologies, using the SSD for the most accessed data (such as
the operating system) while using the hard
disk for data that is accessed less frequently. As with any
technology, Moore’s Law is driving up capacity
and speed and lowering prices of solid-state drives, which will
allow them to proliferate in the years to
come.
Removable Media
Besides fixed storage components, removable storage media are
also used in most personal computers.
Removable media allows you to take your data with you. And
just as with all other digital technologies,
these media have gotten smaller and more powerful as the years
have gone by. Early computers used floppy
disks, which could be inserted into a disk drive in the computer.
Data was stored on a magnetic disk inside
an enclosure. These disks ranged from 8″ in the earliest days
down to 3 1/2″.
Floppy-disk evolution (8″ to 5 1/4″ to 3 1/2″) (Public
Domain)
50. Around the turn of the century, a new portable storage
technology was being developed: the USB flash
drive (more about the USB port later in the chapter). This
device attaches to the universal serial bus (USB)
connector, which became standard on all personal computers
beginning in the late 1990s. As with all other
storage media, flash drive storage capacity has skyrocketed over
the years, from initial capacities of eight
megabytes to current capacities of 64 gigabytes and still
growing.
Network Connection
When personal computers were first developed, they were
stand-alone units, which meant that data was
brought into the computer or removed from the computer via
removable media, such as the floppy disk.
Beginning in the mid-1980s, however, organizations began to
see the value in connecting computers
together via a digital network. Because of this, personal
computers needed the ability to connect to these
networks. Initially, this was done by adding an expansion card
to the computer that enabled the network
connection, but by the mid-1990s, a network port was standard
on most personal computers. As wireless
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USB connector (click image to enlarge)
technologies began to dominate in the early 2000s, many
personal computers also began including wireless
networking capabilities. Digital communication technologies
will be discussed further in chapter 5.
Input and Output
In order for a personal computer to be useful, it must have
channels for
receiving input from the user and channels for delivering output
to the
user. These input and output devices connect to the computer
via
various connection ports, which generally are part of the
motherboard
and are accessible outside the computer case. In early personal
computers, specific ports were designed for each type of output
device. The configuration of these ports has evolved over the
years,
becoming more and more standardized over time. Today, almost
all
devices plug into a computer through the use of a USB port.
This port type, first introduced in 1996, has
increased in its capabilities, both in its data transfer rate and
power supplied.
Bluetooth
Besides USB, some input and output devices connect to the
computer via a wireless-technology standard
52. called Bluetooth. Bluetooth was first invented in the 1990s and
exchanges data over short distances using
radio waves. Bluetooth generally has a range of 100 to 150 feet.
For devices to communicate via Bluetooth,
both the personal computer and the connecting device must have
a Bluetooth communication chip installed.
Input Devices
All personal computers need components that allow the user to
input data. Early computers used simply a
keyboard to allow the user to enter data or select an item from a
menu to run a program. With the advent of
the graphical user interface, the mouse became a standard
component of a computer. These two components
are still the primary input devices to a personal computer,
though variations of each have been introduced
with varying levels of success over the years. For example,
many new devices now use a touch screen as
the primary way of entering data.
Besides the keyboard and mouse, additional input devices are
becoming more common. Scanners
allow users to input documents into a computer, either as
images or as text. Microphones can be used to
record audio or give voice commands. Webcams and other types
of video cameras can be used to record
video or participate in a video chat session.
Output Devices
Output devices are essential as well. The most obvious output
device is a display, visually representing the
state of the computer. In some cases, a personal computer can
support multiple displays or be connected to
larger-format displays such as a projector or large-screen
53. television. Besides displays, other output devices
include speakers for audio output and printers for printed
output.
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Sidebar: What Hardware Components Contribute to the Speed of
My Computer?
The speed of a computer is determined by many elements, some
related to hardware and some related to
software. In hardware, speed is improved by giving the
electrons shorter distances to traverse to complete
a circuit. Since the first CPU was created in the early 1970s,
engineers have constantly worked to figure
out how to shrink these circuits and put more and more circuits
onto the same chip. And this work has
paid off – the speed of computing devices has been continuously
improving ever since.
The hardware components that contribute to the speed of a
personal computer are the CPU, the
motherboard, RAM, and the hard disk. In most cases, these
items can be replaced with newer, faster
components. In the case of RAM, simply adding more RAM can
also speed up the computer. The table
54. below shows how each of these contributes to the speed of a
computer. Besides upgrading hardware, there
are many changes that can be made to the software of a
computer to make it faster.
Component
Speed
measured by
Units Description
CPU
Clock
speed
gHz
The time it takes to complete a
circuit.
Motherboard
Bus
speed
mHz
How much data can move
across the bus simultaneously.
RAM
Data
transfer rate
MB/s
The time it takes for data to be
transferred from memory to
system.
55. Access
time
ms
The time it takes before the disk
can transfer data.
Hard Disk
Data
transfer rate
MBit/s
The time it takes for data to be
transferred from disk to system.
Other Computing Devices
A personal computer is designed to be a general-purpose device.
That is, it can be used to solve many
different types of problems. As the technologies of the personal
computer have become more
commonplace, many of the components have been integrated
into other devices that previously were purely
mechanical. We have also seen an evolution in what defines a
computer. Ever since the invention of the
personal computer, users have clamored for a way to carry them
around. Here we will examine several
types of devices that represent the latest trends in personal
computing.
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http://www.microsoft.com/atwork/maintenance/speed.aspx#fbid
=BJ54lqHa0zy
A modern laptop
Portable Computers
In 1983, Compaq Computer Corporation developed the
first commercially successful portable personal computer.
By today’s standards, the Compaq PC was not very
portable: weighing in at 28 pounds, this computer was
portable only in the most literal sense – it could be carried
around. But this was no laptop; the computer was designed
like a suitcase, to be lugged around and laid on its side to be
used. Besides portability, the Compaq was successful
because it was fully compatible with the software being run
by the IBM PC, which was the standard for business.
In the years that followed, portable computing
continued to improve, giving us laptop and notebook
computers. The “luggable” computer has given way to a
much lighter clamshell computer that weighs from 4 to 6
pounds and runs on batteries. In fact, the most recent
advances in technology give us a new class of laptop that is
quickly becoming the standard: these laptops are extremely
light and portable and use less power than their larger
counterparts. The MacBook Air is a good example of this:
it weighs less than three pounds and is only 0.68 inches thick!
Finally, as more and more organizations and individuals are
moving much of their computing to the
Internet, laptops are being developed that use “the cloud” for all
57. of their data and application storage. These
laptops are also extremely light because they have no need of a
hard disk at all! A good example of this
type of laptop (sometimes called a netbook) is Samsung’s
Chromebook.
Smartphones
The first modern-day mobile phone was invented in 1973.
Resembling a brick and weighing in at two
pounds, it was priced out of reach for most consumers at nearly
four thousand dollars. Since then, mobile
phones have become smaller and less expensive; today mobile
phones are a modern convenience available
to all levels of society. As mobile phones evolved, they became
more like small computers. These
smartphones have many of the same characteristics as a
personal computer, such as an operating system
and memory. The first smartphone was the IBM Simon,
introduced in 1994.
In January of 2007, Apple introduced the iPhone. Its ease of use
and intuitive interface made it an
immediate success and solidified the future of smartphones.
Running on an operating system called iOS,
the iPhone was really a small computer with a touch-screen
interface. In 2008, the first Android phone was
released, with similar functionality.
Tablet Computers
A tablet computer is one that uses a touch screen as its primary
input and is small enough and light enough
to be carried around easily. They generally have no keyboard
and are self-contained inside a rectangular
case. The first tablet computers appeared in the early 2000s and
58. used an attached pen as a writing device
for input. These tablets ranged in size from small personal
digital assistants (PDAs), which were handheld,
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to full-sized, 14-inch devices. Most early tablets used a version
of an existing computer operating system,
such as Windows or Linux.
These early tablet devices were, for the most part, commercial
failures. In January, 2010, Apple
introduced the iPad, which ushered in a new era of tablet
computing. Instead of a pen, the iPad used
the finger as the primary input device. Instead of using the
operating system of their desktop and laptop
computers, Apple chose to use iOS, the operating system of the
iPhone. Because the iPad had a user
interface that was the same as the iPhone, consumers felt
comfortable and sales took off. The iPad has set
the standard for tablet computing. After the success of the iPad,
computer manufacturers began to develop
new tablets that utilized operating systems that were designed
for mobile devices, such as Android.
59. The Rise of Mobile Computing
Mobile computing is having a huge impact on the business
world today. The use of smartphones and tablet
computers is rising at double-digit rates each year. The Gartner
Group, in a report issued in April, 2013,
estimates that over 1.7 million mobile phones will ship in the
US in 2013 as compared to just over 340,000
personal computers. Over half of these mobile phones are
smartphones.2 Almost 200,000 tablet computers
are predicted to ship in 2013. According to the report, PC
shipments will continue to decline as phone and
tablet shipments continue to increase. 3
Integrated Computing
Along with advances in computers themselves, computing
technology is being integrated into many
everyday products. From automobiles to refrigerators to
airplanes, computing technology is enhancing what
these devices can do and is adding capabilities that would have
been considered science fiction just a few
years ago. Here are two of the latest ways that computing
technologies are being integrated into everyday
products:
• The Smart House
• The Self-Driving Car
The Commoditization of the Personal Computer
Over the past thirty years, as the personal computer has gone
from technical marvel to part of our everyday
lives, it has also become a commodity. The PC has become a
commodity in the sense that there is very little
60. differentiation between computers, and the primary factor that
controls their sale is their price. Hundreds of
manufacturers all over the world now create parts for personal
computers. Dozens of companies buy these
parts and assemble the computers. As commodities, there are
essentially no differences between computers
made by these different companies. Profit margins for personal
computers are razor-thin, leading hardware
developers to find the lowest-cost manufacturing.
There is one brand of computer for which this is not the case –
Apple. Because Apple does not make
computers that run on the same open standards as other
manufacturers, they can make a unique product that
no one can easily copy. By creating what many consider to be a
superior product, Apple can charge more
2. Smartphone shipments to surpass feature phones this year.
CNet, June 4, 2013. http://news.cnet.com/8301-1035_3-
57587583-94/
smartphone-shipments-to-surpass-feature-phones-this-year/
3. Gartner Press Release. April 4, 2013.
http://www.gartner.com/newsroom/id/2408515
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http://home.howstuffworks.com/smart-home.htm
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cdgQpa1pUUE
61. Electronic waste (Public Domain)
for their computers than other manufacturers. Just as with the
iPad and iPhone, Apple has chosen a strategy
of differentiation, which, at least at this time, seems to be
paying off.
The Problem of Electronic Waste
Personal computers have been around for over thirty-five years.
Millions of them have been used and discarded. Mobile phones
are
now available in even the remotest parts of the world and, after
a few
years of use, they are discarded. Where does this electronic
debris end
up?
Often, it gets routed to any country that will accept it. Many
times, it ends up in dumps in developing nations. These dumps
are
beginning to be seen as health hazards for those living near
them.
Though many manufacturers have made strides in using
materials that
can be recycled, electronic waste is a problem with which we
must all
deal.
Summary
Information systems hardware consists of the components of
digital
technology that you can touch. In this chapter, we reviewed the
components that make up a personal computer, with the
62. understanding
that the configuration of a personal computer is very similar to
that of any type of digital computing device.
A personal computer is made up of many components, most
importantly the CPU, motherboard, RAM, hard
disk, removable media, and input/output devices. We also
reviewed some variations on the personal
computer, such as the tablet computer and the smartphone. In
accordance with Moore’s Law, these
technologies have improved quickly over the years, making
today’s computing devices much more
powerful than devices just a few years ago. Finally, we
discussed two of the consequences of this evolution:
the commoditization of the personal computer and the problem
of electronic waste.
Study Questions
1. Write your own description of what the term information
systems hardware means.
2. What is the impact of Moore’s Law on the various hardware
components described in this
chapter?
3. Write a summary of one of the items linked to in the
“Integrated Computing” section.
4. Explain why the personal computer is now considered a
commodity.
5. The CPU can also be thought of as the _____________ of the
computer.
6. List the following in increasing order (slowest to fastest):
megahertz, kilohertz, gigahertz.
7. What is the bus of a computer?
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8. Name two differences between RAM and a hard disk.
9. What are the advantages of solid-state drives over hard disks?
10. How heavy was the first commercially successful portable
computer?
Exercises
1. Review the sidebar on the binary number system. How would
you represent the number 16 in
binary? How about the number 100? Besides decimal and
binary, other number bases are used in
computing and programming. One of the most used bases is
hexadecimal, which is base-16. In
base-16, the numerals 0 through 9 are supplemented with the
letters A (10) through F (15). How
would you represent the decimal number 100 in hexadecimal?
2. Review the timeline of computers at the Old Computers
website. Pick one computer from the
listing and write a brief summary. Include the specifications for
CPU, memory, and screen size.
Now find the specifications of a computer being offered for sale
today and compare. Did Moore’s
Law hold true?
64. 3. The Homebrew Computer Club was one of the original clubs
for enthusiasts of the first
personal computer, the Altair 8800. Read some of their
newsletters and then discuss some of the
issues surrounding this early personal computer.
4. If you could build your own personal computer, what
components would you purchase? Put
together a list of the components you would use to create it,
including a computer case,
motherboard, CPU, hard disk, RAM, and DVD drive. How can
you be sure they are all
compatible with each other? How much would it cost? How
does this compare to a similar
computer purchased from a vendor such as Dell or HP?
5. Review the Wikipedia entry on electronic waste. Now find at
least two more scholarly articles
on this topic. Prepare a slideshow that summarizes the issue and
then recommend a possible
solution based on your research.
6. As with any technology text, there have been advances in
technologies since publication. What
technology that has been developed recently would you add to
this chapter?
7. What is the current state of solid-state drives vs. hard disks?
Do original research online where
you can compare price on solid-state drives and hard disks. Be
sure you note the differences in
price, capacity, and speed.
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65. http://oldcomputers.net/indexwp.html
http://www.digibarn.com/collections/newsletters/homebrew/inde
x.html
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_waste
Chapter 3: Software
David T. Bourgeois
Learning Objectives
Upon successful completion of this chapter, you will be able to:
• define the term software;
• describe the two primary categories of software;
• describe the role ERP software plays in an organization;
• describe cloud computing and its advantages and
disadvantages for use in an organization; and
• define the term open-source and identify its primary
characteristics.
Introduction
The second component of an information system is software.
Simply put: Software is the set of instructions
that tell the hardware what to do. Software is created through
the process of programming (we will cover the
creation of software in more detail in chapter 10). Without
software, the hardware would not be functional.
Types of Software
Software can be broadly divided into two categories: operating
systems and
66. application software. Operating systems manage the hardware
and create
the interface between the hardware and the user. Application
software is
the category of programs that do something useful for the user.
Operating Systems
The operating system provides several essential functions,
including:
1. managing the hardware resources of the computer;
2. providing the user-interface components;
3. providing a platform for software developers to write
applications.
All computing devices run an operating system. For personal
computers, the most popular operating
systems are Microsoft’s Windows, Apple’s OS X, and different
versions of Linux. Smartphones and tablets
run operating systems as well, such as Apple’s iOS, Google’s
Android, Microsoft’s Windows Mobile, and
Blackberry.
Early personal-computer operating systems were simple by
today’s standards; they did not provide
multitasking and required the user to type commands to initiate
an action. The amount of memory that early
26
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Linux logo
(Copyright: Larry
Ewing)
operating systems could handle was limited as well, making
large programs impractical to run. The most
popular of the early operating systems was IBM’s Disk
Operating System, or DOS, which was actually
developed for them by Microsoft.
In 1984, Apple introduced the Macintosh computer, featuring an
operating system with a graphical
user interface. Though not the first graphical operating system,
it was the first one to find commercial
success. In 1985, Microsoft released the first version of
Windows. This version of Windows was not an
operating system, but instead was an application that ran on top
of the DOS operating system, providing
a graphical environment. It was quite limited and had little
commercial success. It was not until the
1990 release of Windows 3.0 that Microsoft found success with
a graphical user interface. Because of
the hold of IBM and IBM-compatible personal computers on
business, it was not until Windows 3.0 was
released that business users began using a graphical user
interface, ushering us into the graphical-computing
era. Since 1990, both Apple and Microsoft have released many
new versions of their operating systems,
with each release adding the ability to process more data at once
and access more memory. Features such
as multitasking, virtual memory, and voice input have become
standard features of both operating systems.
68. A third personal-computer operating system family that is
gaining in popularity is Linux
(pronounced “linn-ex”). Linux is a version of the Unix
operating system that runs on the
personal computer. Unix is an operating system used primarily
by scientists and
engineers on larger minicomputers. These are very expensive
computers, and software
developer Linus Torvalds wanted to find a way to make Unix
run on less expensive
personal computers. Linux was the result. Linux has many
variations and now powers a
large percentage of web servers in the world. It is also an
example of open-source
software, a topic we will cover later in this chapter.
Sidebar: Mac vs. Windows
Are you a Mac? Are you a PC? Ever since its introduction in
1984, users of the Apple Macintosh have been
quite biased about their preference for the Macintosh operating
system (now called OS X) over Microsoft’s.
When Microsoft introduced Windows, Apple sued Microsoft,
claiming that they copied the “look and feel”
of the Macintosh operating system. In the end, Microsoft
successfully defended themselves.
Over the past few years, Microsoft and Apple have traded barbs
with each other, each claiming to
have a better operating system and software. While Microsoft
has always had the larger market share (see
sidebar), Apple has been the favorite of artists, musicians, and
the technology elite. Apple also provides a
lot of computers to elementary schools, thus gaining a following
among the younger generation.
69. Sidebar: Why Is Microsoft Software So Dominant in the
Business World?
If you’ve worked in the world of business, you may have
noticed that almost all of the computers run a
version of Microsoft’s Windows operating system. Why is this?
On almost all college campuses, you see a
preponderance of Apple Macintosh laptops. In elementary
schools, Apple reigns as well. Why has this not
extended into the business world?
As we learned in chapter 1, almost all businesses used IBM
mainframe computers back in the 1960s
and 1970s. These same businesses shied away from personal
computers until IBM released the PC in 1981.
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VisiCalc running on an Apple II. (Public
Domain)
When executives had to make a decision about purchasing
personal computers for their employees, they
would choose the safe route and purchase IBM. The saying then
was: “No one ever got fired for buying
70. IBM.” So over the next decade, companies bought IBM personal
computers (or those compatible with
them), which ran an operating system called DOS. DOS was
created by Microsoft, so when Microsoft
released Windows as the next iteration of DOS, companies took
the safe route and started purchasing
Windows.
Microsoft soon found itself with the dominant personal-
computer operating system for businesses.
As the networked personal computer began to replace the
mainframe computer as the primary way of
computing inside businesses, it became essential for Microsoft
to give businesses the ability to administer
and secure their networks. Microsoft developed business-level
server products to go along with their
personal computer products, thereby providing a complete
business solution. And so now, the saying goes:
“No one ever got fired for buying Microsoft.”
Application Software
The second major category of software is application software.
Application software is, essentially,
software that allows the user to accomplish some goal or
purpose. For example, if you have to write a paper,
you might use the application-software program Microsoft
Word. If you want to listen to music, you might
use iTunes. To surf the web, you might use Internet Explorer or
Firefox. Even a computer game could be
considered application software.
The “Killer” App
When a new type of digital device is invented, there are
generally a
71. small group of technology enthusiasts who will purchase it just
for
the joy of figuring out how it works. However, for most of us,
until
a device can actually do something useful we are not going to
spend our hard-earned money on it. A “killer” application is one
that becomes so essential that large numbers of people will buy
a
device just to run that application. For the personal computer,
the
killer application was the spreadsheet. In 1979, VisiCalc, the
first
personal-computer spreadsheet package, was introduced. It was
an
immediate hit and drove sales of the Apple II. It also solidified
the
value of the personal computer beyond the relatively small
circle
of technology geeks. When the IBM PC was released, another
spreadsheet program, Lotus 1-2-3, was the killer app for
business
users.
Productivity Software
Along with the spreadsheet, several other software applications
have become standard tools for the
workplace. These applications, called productivity software,
allow office employees to complete their daily
work. Many times, these applications come packaged together,
such as in Microsoft’s Office suite. Here is
a list of these applications and their basic functions:
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• Word processing: This class of software provides for the
creation of written documents. Functions
include the ability to type and edit text, format fonts and
paragraphs, and add, move, and delete
text throughout the document. Most modern word-processing
programs also have the ability to
add tables, images, and various layout and formatting features
to the document. Word processors
save their documents as electronic files in a variety of formats.
By far, the most popular word-
processing package is Microsoft Word, which saves its files in
the DOCX format. This format can
be read/written by many other word-processor packages.
• Spreadsheet: This class of software provides a way to do
numeric calculations and analysis. The
working area is divided into rows and columns, where users can
enter numbers, text, or formulas.
It is the formulas that make a spreadsheet powerful, allowing
the user to develop complex
calculations that can change based on the numbers entered.
Most spreadsheets also include the
ability to create charts based on the data entered. The most
popular spreadsheet package is
Microsoft Excel, which saves its files in the XLSX format. Just
as with word processors, many
73. other spreadsheet packages can read and write to this file
format.
• Presentation: This class of software provides for the creation
of slideshow presentations.
Harkening back to the days of overhead projectors and
transparencies, presentation software
allows its users to create a set of slides that can be printed or
projected on a screen. Users can add
text, images, and other media elements to the slides.
Microsoft’s PowerPoint is the most popular
software right now, saving its files in PPTX format.
• Some office suites include other types of software. For
example, Microsoft Office includes
Outlook, its e-mail package, and OneNote, an information-
gathering collaboration tool. The
professional version of Office also includes Microsoft Access, a
database package. (Databases are
covered more in chapter 4.)
Microsoft popularized the idea of the office-software
productivity bundle with their release of Microsoft
Office. This package continues to dominate the market and most
businesses expect employees to know
how to use this software. However, many competitors to
Microsoft Office do exist and are compatible
with the file formats used by Microsoft (see table below).
Recently, Microsoft has begun to offer a web
version of their Office suite. Similar to Google Drive, this suite
allows users to edit and share documents
online utilizing cloud-computing technology. Cloud computing
will be discussed later in this chapter.
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Comparison of office application software suites
Utility Software and Programming Software
Two subcategories of application software worth mentioning are
utility software and programming
software. Utility software includes software that allows you to
fix or modify your computer in some way.
Examples include antivirus software and disk defragmentation
software. These types of software packages
were invented to fill shortcomings in operating systems. Many
times, a subsequent release of an operating
system will include these utility functions as part of the
operating system itself.
Programming software is software whose purpose is to make
more software. Most of these programs
provide programmers with an environment in which they can
write the code, test it, and convert it into the
format that can then be run on a computer.
Sidebar: “PowerPointed” to Death
As presentation software, specifically Microsoft PowerPoint,
has gained acceptance as the primary method
to formally present information in a business setting, the art of
giving an engaging presentation is becoming
rare. Many presenters now just read the bullet points in the
75. presentation and immediately bore those in
attendance, who can already read it for themselves.
The real problem is not with PowerPoint as much as it is with
the person creating and presenting. Author
and thinker Seth Godin put it this way: “PowerPoint could be
the most powerful tool on your computer.
But it’s not. It’s actually a dismal failure. Almost every
PowerPoint presentation sucks rotten eggs.”1 The
software used to help you communicate should not duplicate the
presentation you want to give, but instead
1. From Why are your PowerPoints so bad? available for
download at http://www.sethgodin.com/freeprize/reallybad-
1.pdf.
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it should support it. I highly recommend the book Presentation
Zen by Garr Reynolds to anyone who
wants to improve their presentation skills.
Software developers are becoming aware of this problem as
well. New digital presentation technologies
are being developed, with the hopes of becoming “the next
PowerPoint.” One innovative new presentation
application is Prezi. Prezi is a presentation tool that uses a
single canvas for the presentation, allowing
presenters to place text, images, and other media on the canvas,
and then navigate between these objects
76. as they present. Just as with PowerPoint, Prezi should be used
to supplement the presentation. And we
must always remember that sometimes the best presentations are
made with no digital tools.
Sidebar: I Own This Software, Right? Well . . .
When you purchase software and install it on your computer,
are you the owner of that software?
Technically, you are not! When you install software, you are
actually just being given a license to use it.
When you first install a software package, you are asked to
agree to the terms of service or the license
agreement. In that agreement, you will find that your rights to
use the software are limited. For example, in
the terms of the Microsoft Office Excel 2010 software license,
you will find the following statement: “This
software is licensed, not sold. This agreement only gives you
some rights to use the features included in the
software edition you licensed.”
For the most part, these restrictions are what you would expect:
you cannot make illegal copies of the
software and you may not use it to do anything illegal.
However, there are other, more unexpected terms in
these software agreements. For example, many software
agreements ask you to agree to a limit on liability.
Again, from Microsoft: “Limitation on and exclusion of
damages. You can recover from Microsoft and its
suppliers only direct damages up to the amount you paid for the
software. You cannot recover any other
damages, including consequential, lost profits, special, indirect
or incidental damages.” What this means is
that if a problem with the software causes harm to your
business, you cannot hold Microsoft or the supplier
responsible for damages.
77. Applications for the Enterprise
As the personal computer proliferated inside organizations,
control over the information generated by
the organization began splintering. Say the customer service
department creates a customer database to
keep track of calls and problem reports, and the sales
department also creates a database to keep track of
customer information. Which one should be used as the master
list of customers? As another example,
someone in sales might create a spreadsheet to calculate sales
revenue, while someone in finance creates
a different one that meets the needs of their department.
However, it is likely that the two spreadsheets
will come up with different totals for revenue. Which one is
correct? And who is managing all of this
information?
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Registered trademark of SAP
Enterprise Resource Planning
In the 1990s, the need to bring the organization’s information
back under centralized control became more
78. apparent. The enterprise resource planning (ERP) system
(sometimes just called enterprise software) was
developed to bring together an entire organization in one
software application. Simply put, an ERP system
is a software application utilizing a central database that is
implemented throughout the entire organization.
Let’s take a closer look at this definition:
• “A software application”: An ERP is a software application
that is used by many of an
organization’s employees.
• “utilizing a central database”: All users of the ERP edit and
save their information from the data
source. What this means practically is that there is only one
customer database, there is only one
calculation for revenue, etc.
• “that is implemented throughout the entire organization”: ERP
systems include functionality that
covers all of the essential components of a business. Further, an
organization can purchase
modules for its ERP system that match specific needs, such as
manufacturing or planning.
ERP systems were originally marketed to large corporations.
However, as more and more large companies began installing
them, ERP vendors began targeting mid-sized and even smaller
businesses. Some of the more well-known ERP systems include
those from SAP, Oracle, and Microsoft.
In order to effectively implement an ERP system in an
organization, the organization must be ready to make a full
commitment. All aspects of the organization are affected as old
systems are replaced by the ERP system. In general,
implementing an ERP system can take two to three
79. years and several million dollars. In most cases, the cost of the
software is not the most expensive part of
the implementation: it is the cost of the consultants!
So why implement an ERP system? If done properly, an ERP
system can bring an organization a good
return on their investment. By consolidating information
systems across the enterprise and using the
software to enforce best practices, most organizations see an
overall improvement after implementing an
ERP. Business processes as a form of competitive advantage
will be covered in chapter 9.
Sidebar: Y2K and ERP
The initial wave of software-application development began in
the 1960s, when applications were
developed for mainframe computers. In those days, computing
was expensive, so applications were
designed to take as little space as possible. One shortcut that
many programmers took was in the storage
of dates, specifically the year. Instead of allocating four digits
to hold the year, many programs allocated
two digits, making the assumption that the first two digits were
“19″. For example, to calculate how old
someone was, the application would take the last two digits of
the current year (for 1995, for example, that
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80. would be “95″) and then subtract the two digits stored for the
birthday year (“65″ for 1965). 95 minus 65
gives an age of 30, which is correct.
However, as the year 2000 approached, many of these “legacy”
applications were still being used, and
businesses were very concerned that any software applications
they were using that needed to calculate
dates would fail. To update our age-calculation example, the
application would take the last two digits of
the current year (for 2012, that would be “12″) and then subtract
the two digits stored for the birthday
year (“65″ for 1965). 12 minus 65 gives an age of -53, which
would cause an error. In order to solve this
problem, applications would have to be updated to use four
digits for years instead of two. Solving this
would be a massive undertaking, as every line of code and every
database would have to be examined.
This is where companies gained additional incentive to
implement an ERP system. For many
organizations that were considering upgrading to ERP systems
in the late 1990s, this problem, known as
Y2K (year 2000), gave them the extra push they needed to get
their ERP installed before the year 2000.
ERP vendors guaranteed that their systems had been designed to
be Y2K compliant – which simply meant
that they stored dates using four digits instead of two. This led
to a massive increase in ERP installations in
the years leading up to 2000, making the ERP a standard
software application for businesses.
Customer Relationship Management
A customer relationship management (CRM) system is a
81. software application designed to manage an
organization’s customers. In today’s environment, it is
important to develop relationships with your
customers, and the use of a well-designed CRM can allow a
business to personalize its relationship with
each of its customers. Some ERP software systems include CRM
modules. An example of a well-known
CRM package is Salesforce.
Supply Chain Management
Many organizations must deal with the complex task of
managing their supply chains. At its simplest,
a supply chain is the linkage between an organization’s
suppliers, its manufacturing facilities, and the
distributors of its products. Each link in the chain has a
multiplying effect on the complexity of the process:
if there are two suppliers, one manufacturing facility, and two
distributors, for example, then there are 2 x
1 x 2 = 4 links to handle. However, if you add two more
suppliers, another manufacturing facility, and two
more distributors, then you have 4 x 2 x 4 = 32 links to manage.
A supply chain management (SCM) system manages the
interconnection between these links, as well
as the inventory of the products in their various stages of
development. A full definition of a supply chain
management system is provided by the Association for
Operations Management: “The design, planning,
execution, control, and monitoring of supply chain activities
with the objective of creating net value,
building a competitive infrastructure, leveraging worldwide
logistics, synchronizing supply with demand,
and measuring performance globally.”2 Most ERP systems
include a supply chain management module.
82. Mobile Applications
Just as with the personal computer, mobile devices such as
tablet computers and smartphones also have
operating systems and application software. In fact, these
mobile devices are in many ways just smaller
versions of personal computers. A mobile app is a software
application programmed to run specifically on
a mobile device.
2. http://www.apics.org/dictionary/dictionary-
information?ID=3984
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As we saw in chapter 2, smartphones and tablets are becoming a
dominant form of computing, with
many more smartphones being sold than personal computers.
This means that organizations will have to
get smart about developing software on mobile devices in order
to stay relevant.
These days, most mobile devices run on one of two operating
systems: Android or iOS. Android is
an open-source operating system purchased and supported by
Google; iOS is Apple’s mobile operating
system. In the fourth quarter of 2012, Android was installed on
70.1% of all mobile phones shipped,