10. System Unit
Hardware (lanj.)
What is the system unit?
Box-like case
containing
electronic
components
used to process
data
11. Motherboard
Hardware (lanj.)
What are two main components on the
motherboard?
Central Processing Unit (CPU)
Also called a processor
Carries out instructions that tell computer what to do
Memory
Temporary holding place for data and instructions
12. Storage
Hardware (lanj.)
What is storage?
Holds data, instructions, and information
for future use
Storage media
Storage media
Physical material on which data, instructions,
Physical material on which data, instructions,
and information are stored
and information are stored
Storage device
Storage device
Records and retrieves items to and from
Records and retrieves items to and from
aastorage medium
storage medium
15. Storage Media
Hardware (lanj.)
What is a floppy disk?
Thin, circular,
flexible disk
enclosed in rigid
plastic shell
A USB flash drive is
portable, and has
much greater
storage capacity
16. Storage Media
Hardware (lanj.)
What is a flash drive?
Provides much
greater storage
capacity than a
floppy disk or
Zip® disk
Small and
lightweight enough
to be transported
on a keychain or
in a pocket
17. Storage Media
Hardware (lanj.)
What is a hard disk?
Provides much
greater storage
capacity than a
floppy disk or
USB flash drive
Housed inside the
system unit
20. Hardware (lanj.)
Syatem Unit
What is the system unit?
Case that contains
electronic
components of the
computer used
to process data
Sometimes called
the chassis
21. Hardware (lanj.)
Syatem Unit
What are common components inside the system unit?
Processor
Memory
Adapter cards
Sound card
Modem card
Video card
Network card
Ports
Drive bays
Power supply
power supply
drive bays
processor
memory
ports
sound card
network card
modem card
video card
22. Motherboard
Hardware (lanj.)
What is the motherboard?
adapter cards
Main circuit board
in system unit
Contains adapter
cards, processor
chips, and
memory chips
Also called system
board
processor chip
memory chips
memory slots
Expansion
slots for
adapter cards
motherboard
23. Chip
Hardware (lanj.)
What is a chip?
Small piece of semi-conducting
material on which integrated
circuits are etched
dual inline
packages (DIP)
holds memory
chips
Integrated circuits contain many
microscopic pathways capable of
carrying electrical current
Chips are packaged so they can be
attached to a circuit board
pin grid
array (PGA)
package
holds processor
chips
24. Hardware (lanj.)
What is the central processing unit (CPU)?
Interprets and carries out
basic instructions that
operate a computer
Control unit directs and
coordinates operations in
computer
Arithmetic logic unit
Input
(ALU) performs
Devices
arithmetic, comparison,
and logical operations
Also called the processor
CPU
Processor
Control
Control
Unit
Unit
Arithmetic
Arithmetic
Logic Unit (ALU)
Logic Unit (ALU)
Instructions
Data
Informatio
n
Data
Memory
Instructions
Data
Informatio
n
Storage
Devices
Information
Output
Devices
25. Hardware (lanj.)
What is a machine cycle?
Siklus Mesin
Four operations of the CPU comprise a machine cycle
Step 1. Fetch
Obtain program
instruction or data item
from memory
Step 2.
Decode
Memory
Step 4. Store
Translate
instruction into
commands
Write result to memory
Processor
ALU
Control Unit
Step 3. Execute
Carry out command
26. Hardware (lanj.)
Siklus Mesin
What is pipelining?
CPU begins fetching second instruction before completing machine
cycle for first instruction
Results in faster processing
27. Hardware (lanj.)
Coprocessor
What is a coprocessor?
Chip that assists processor in
Chip that assists processor in
performing specific tasks
performing specific tasks
One type is a floating-point coprocessor, also
One type is a floating-point coprocessor also
coprocessor,
coprocessor
known as a math or numeric coprocessor
known as a math or numeric coprocessor
28. Paralel Processing
Hardware (lanj.)
What is parallel processing?
Using multiple
processors
Control Processor
simultaneously to
execute a
program faster
Requires special Processor 1 Processor 2 Processor 3
Memory
Memory
software to divide Memory
problem and bring
results together
Results combined
Processor 4
Memory
29. Hardware (lanj.)
How do computers represent data?
Digital
Most computers are digital
Recognize only two
discrete states: on or
off
Use a binary system to
recognize two states
Use Number system
with two unique digits:
0 and 1, called bits
(short for binary digits)
30. Hardware (lanj.)
How is a letter converted to binary form and back?
Digital
Step 1.
The user
presses the
capital letter D
(shift+D key) on
the keyboard.
Step 4.
After processing, the binary
code for the capital letter D is
converted to an image, and
displayed on the output
device.
Step 2.
An electronic signal for
the capital letter D is sent
to the system unit.
Step 3.
The signal for the capital letter
D is converted to its ASCII
binary code (01000100) and is
stored in memory for
processing.
31. Hardware (lanj.)
What is memory?
Memory
Electronic components that store
instructions, data, and results
Consists of one or
more chips on
motherboard or
other circuit board
Each byte stored
in unique location
called an address,
similar to seats
on a passenger train
Seat #2B4
Seat #2B3
32. Hardware (lanj.)
Where does memory reside?
Memory
Resides on small circuit
board called memory module
Memory slots on
motherboard hold memory
modules
33. Hardware (lanj.)
How much RAM does an application require?
System Requirements
Software package
Windows XP Home Edition/Professional
• Intel Pentium processor at 233MHZ or higher
typically indicates
• AMD K6 (Athlon Duron Family processor at 233MHZ or higher
• 64 MB of RAM
RAM requirements
For optimal
performance, you
need more than
minimum
specifications
Memory
®
34. Memory
Hardware (lanj.)
How much RAM do you need?
Depends on type of applications you intend to
run on your computer
RAM
Use
128 to 256 MB
256 to 1 GB
1 GB and up
• Home and business
• Users requiring more advanced
• Power users creating
users managing
personal finance
• Using standard
application software
such as word processing
• Using educational
or entertainment
CD-ROMs
• Communicating with
others on the Web
multimedia capabilities
• Running number-intensive
accounting, financial, or
spreadsheet programs
• Using voice recognition
• Working with videos, music, and
digital imaging
• Creating Web sites
• Participating in video conferences
• Playing Internet games
professional Web sites
• Running sophisticated
CAD, 3D design, or
other graphics-intensive
software
35. Memory
Hardware (lanj.)
What is cache?
Helps speed computer processes by storing frequently
used instructions and data
Also called memory cache
L1 cache built into processor
L2 cache slower but has larger capacity
L2 advanced transfer cache is faster,
built directly on processor chip
L3 cache is separate from processor
chip on motherboard (L3 is only
on computers that use L2 advanced
transfer cache)
36. Hardware (lanj.)
Memory
What is read-only memory (ROM)?
Memory chips that store
permanent data
and instructions
Nonvolatile memory, it is not
lost when computer’s
power is turned off
EEPROM
(electrically
Three types: erasable programmable
read-only memory)—
PROM
Firmware—
Type of PROM
(programmable containing microcode
Manufactured with
read-only
permanently written
programmer
memory)—
data, instructions,
can erase
Blank ROM
or information
chip onto which
a programmer
can write permanently
37. Hardware (lanj.)
What is flash memory?
Memory
Nonvolatile memory that can be erased electronically and
reprogrammed
Used with PDAs, digital cameras, digital cellular phones, music
players, digital voice recorders, printers, Internet receivers, and
pagers
Step 3.
Step 1.
Purchase and download MP3 music tracks
from a Web site. With one end of a special
cable connected to the system unit, connect
the other end into the MP3 player.
Flash memory chip
To headphones
Plug the headphones into the MP3
player, push a button on the MP3
player, and listen to the music through
the headphones.
From computer
Flash memory card
Step 2.
Instruct the computer to copy the MP3 music track
to the flash memory chip in the MP3 player.
MP3 Player
38. Hardware (lanj.)
Adapter Card
What is an adapter card?
Enhances system unit or
provides connections to
external devices called
peripherals
Also called an expansion
card
Types of Adapter Cards
39. Expansion Slot
Hardware (lanj.)
What is an expansion slot?
An opening, or socket,
on the motherboard
that can hold an
adapter card
With Plug and Play,
the computer
automatically
configures cards
and other devices
as you install them
40. Card
Hardware (lanj.)
What are PC cards and flash memory cards?
A PC card adds memory, storage,
sound, fax/modem,
communications, and other
capabilities to notebook
computers
A flash memory card allows users
to transfer data from mobile
devices to desktop computers
Hot plugging allows you to insert and
remove cards while computer is
running
41. Hardware (lanj.)
What are ports and connectors?
Port
Port connects external devices to system unit
Connector joins cable to peripheral
Available in one of two genders: male and female
45. Hardware (lanj.)
What is a bus?
Bus
Channel that allows devices
inside computer to
communicate with each other
System bus connects
processor and RAM
Bus width determines number
of bits transmitted at one time
Word size is the number of
bits processor can interpret
and execute at a given time
46. Hardware (lanj.)
What is a bay?
Bay
Open area inside
system unit used to
install additional
equipment
Drive bays typically
hold disk drives
