2. PROBLEM STATEMENT
◦ A study to assess the effectiveness of planned teaching programme on the
knowledge regarding Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome among girls of selected
schools of city Ludhiana , Punjab.
3. AIM :
◦ To assess the effectiveness of planned teaching programme on the knowledge
regarding Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome among girls.
OBJECTIVES :
o To assess pre-test level of knowledge regarding Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome
among girls.
o To assess the effectiveness of planned teaching programme and compare pre-test
and post-test level of knowledge regarding Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome among
girls.
o To find out association of pre-test and post-test level of knowledge regarding
Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome with selected socio demographic variables.
4. OPERATIONAL DEFINITIONS
◦ PLANNED TEACHING PROGRAMME:- It refers to a systematically, organized
structured teaching learning activities including lecture cum discussion method on
Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome.
◦ KNOWLEDGE:-It refers to the extent of information possessed by girls regarding
Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome which will be assessed by using Multiple choice
Questionnaire which will include: Anatomy and Physiology of reproductive system,
Definition and cause, Signs and symptoms, Diagnosis, Complications, Prevention and
control.
◦ POLYCYSTIC OVARIAN SYNDROME:- Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome is a condition
of ovaries among girls characterized by group of symptoms marked by irregular periods,
unexplained weight gain, excess hair on face and body, acne, obesity, enlarged ovaries, high
levels of male hormones, infertility and other health problems.
5. o GIRLS:- It refers to female students studying in class 10th .
6. NULL HYPOTHESIS
Ho – There will be no significant difference between pretest & post test knowledge
scores regarding Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome among adolescent girls at 0.05 level of
significance.
7. DELIMITATION
The study will be delimited to girls studying in 10th class of Guru Nanak Public
School, Indian Public School, Arya Senior Secondary School, Sanatan Vidya
Mandir school, City Ludhiana.
8. Review of literature
Author Place of
study
No. Of
subjects
Findings
Ramesh Kumari*, Bimla
Rani, Rajesh. P, Sukhdeep
Kaur
2015
Amritsar, Punjab 60 Adolescent
girls
Conducted a study to assess the effectiveness of
planned teaching programme on Polycystic Ovarian
Syndrome in selected pre-university and the result
revealed that 1% had adequate knowledge, 37% had
moderately adequate knowledge, 62% had inadequate
knowledge in pre - test while 35% had adequate
knowledge, 53% had moderately adequate knowledge
and 12% had inadequate knowledge in post-test.
Jayshree J. Upadhye*,
Chaitanya A. Shembekar
2017
Maharashtra, India 200 Medical
students
Conducted a study to assess the knowledge on the
Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome and the result of the
study was that 28% of adolescent young girls were
unaware of PCOS while 33% adolescent and young
girls had information about PCOS from teachers, 19%
got information from friends, 11.5% got information
from doctor, 3.5% got information from newspaper
while 5% got information from internet.
9. Review of literature
Author Place of
study
No. Of
subjects
Findings
B Batra , Sangeeta Tiwari
2018
Ujjain, Madhya
Pradesh
30 adolescent
girls
Conducted an experimental study to assess the
effectiveness of planned teaching programme on
knowledge of adolescent girls of higher school age
group regarding Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome and the
result revealed that in pretest knowledge 50%had poor
knowledge ,40%girls had average knowledge,10% had
good knowledge and in post knowledge score 75% girls
had good knowledge, 25% had average knowledge.
Mala, Anney Avarachan, Giji
John
2019
New Delhi, India 60 adolescent
girls
Conducted a research to assess and evaluate the
effectiveness of structured teaching programme (STP)
in terms of knowledge of adolescent girls regarding
Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome and prevention of its
complications and the result revealed that in pretest
knowledge 20%had poor knowledge ,80%girls had
average knowledge and 0% had good knowledge in
post knowledge score 60% girls had good knowledge,
40% had average knowledge and 0% had poor
knowledge.
10. Research approach Quantitative
Research design Pre-experimental ( one group pre-test post-test design)
Research setting Guru Nanak Public School, Indian Public School, Arya
Senior Secondary School, Sanatan Vidya Mandir school,
City Ludhiana
Target population Girls
Sample Girls studying in10th class
Sampling technique Total enumerative sampling technique ( Excluding boys)
Sample size Estimated 136
Material and method
Tool PART A :-Socio-demographic profile.
PART B:- Structured questionnaire to assess knowledge
regarding Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome
Method Self report (Paper Pen method)
Analysis & interpretation data Descriptive & inferential statistics
11. Description of research tool
PART A :-Socio-demographic profile
PART B:- Structured questionnaire to assess knowledge regarding
Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome
12. PART-A (SOCIODEMOGRAPHIC PROFILE)
Date……….
Code no……….
INSTRUCTIONS:
· Please give accurate information.
· Information provided by you will be kept confidential and will be used for research
purpose only.
PART-I
1. Name of School ______________________
2. Affiliated Board
a) CBSE
b) PSEB
3. Age _____(in years)
13. 4. Habitat
a) Rural
b) Urban
5. Religion
a) Hindu
b) Sikh
c) Christian
d) Muslim
e) Other
6. Type of family:
a) Nuclear
b) Joint
c) Extended
14. 7. Father’s Educational status
a) Illiterate
b) Primary
c) Secondary
d) Graduate & above graduate
8. Mother’s Educational status
a) Illiterate
b) Primary
c) Secondary
d) Graduate & above graduate
9. . Father’s Occupational status
a) Working
b) Non-Working
If working then specify……..
15. 10. Mother’s Occupational status
a) Working
b) Non-Working/ Homemakers
If working then specify……..
11. Socioeconomic Class (Kuppuswamy scale 2022)
a) Upper (I)
b) Upper middle (II)
c) Lower middle (III)
d) Upper lower (IV)
e) Lower (V)
12. Do you have any information about Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome :
a) Yes
b) No
If yes, please specify source ……
16. 13. Family history of PCOS
a) Yes
b) No
If yes, please specify the relation ………….
PART-II MENSTRUAL PROFILE
14. Menarche age…………
15 . Number of menstruating days:
a) Less than 4
b) 4-5 days
c) More than 5
16 . Interval of menstrual cycle………….
17. 17. Number of sanitary pads used in a day………..
18. Do you experience menstrual cramps :
a) Yes
b) No
19. Do you have regular menstruation:
a) Yes
b) No
20. How frequently you change your pad during mensturation …
a) 2-3 hourly
b) 4-5 hourly
c) 6-8 hourly
d) More than 8 hourly
18. 21. Have you experienced any of the following signs
a) Acne
b) Excessive hair growth on face
c) Irregular menstruation
d) Darkening of skin
e) Unexplained weight gain
f) None of the above
22. Number of adolescent girls in the family;
a) One
b) Two
c) Three
d) More than 3
e) None
19. PART-B
SELF-STRUCTURED QUESTIONNAIRE ON PCOS
ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY OF FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
1. The uterus is an
a) Internal female reproductive organ
b) External female reproductive organ
c) External female reproductive muscle
d) Internal female reproductive muscle
2. The number of ovaries present in female reproductive system are
a) 2
b) 3
c) 4
d) 1
20. 3. The process of releasing mature ovary is called
a) Conception
b) Lactation
c) Ovulation
d) Menstruation
4. The menstrual cycle has
a) 2 phases
b) 3 phases
c) 4 phases
d) More than 4.
21. 5. Menstrual flow occurs due to shedding off
a) Endometrium
b) Myometrium
c) Perimetrium
d) Other
6. Amenorrhea is defined as the
a) Absence of menstruation
b) Painful menstruation
c) Absence of ovulation
d) Irregular menstruation
22. DEFINITION AND CAUSE
7. Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome Means
a) Excessive estrogen with enlarged polycystic ovaries
b) Excessive androgen with hirsutism, amenorrhea, obesity and enlarged polycystic ovaries.
c) Excessive thyroxin with amenorrhea
d) Excessive prolactin with obesity
8. The main causes of Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome are
a) Excess androgen
b) Excess insulin
c) High blood Pressure
d) Prolonged genital infection
23. SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS
9. The sign that is present in Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome is
a) Dryness of skin
b) Scaly skin
c) Rashes
d) Darkening of skin
10. Hyperinsulinemia refers to
a) Increase blood cholesterol level
b) Increase blood protein level
c) Increase blood insulin level
d) None of the above
24. 11. Hirsutism means
a) Excessive hormone production
b) Excessive hair Growth
c) Decreased hormone production
d) Decreased hair growth
12. The ultrasound findings in Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome exhibit
a) Small ovaries
b) Enlarged ovaries
c) Ovarian cancer
d) None of the above
25. DIAGNOSIS
13. Polycystic ovarian syndrome is diagnosed by
a) Ultrasound
b) Hormone test
c) Clinical size of ovary
d) All of the above
14. The definitive diagnostic test for Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome is
a) Ultrasonography
b) X-ray
c) CT-scan
d) MRI
26. COMPLICATIONS
15. The complications of Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome are except
a) Obesity
b) Irregular menstruation
c) Infertility
d) Urinary tract infection
16. A skin condition that causes a dark discoloration in body folds and creases is called
a) Hirsutism
b) Acanthosis Nigricans
c) Dermatitis
d) Eczema
27. PREVENTION AND CONTROL
17. The primodial management of Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome is
a) Lifestyle modification
b) Medication
c) Surgery
d) Both (a)&(b)
18. Lifestyle changes recommended for girls with Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome except
a) Adequate rest &sleep
b) Healthy diet &exercise
c) Weight control
d) Consumption of junk food.
28. 19. Which of the following should be avoided in Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome
a) Soya
b) Apple
c) Nuts
d) Burgers
20. Which of the following should be taken in Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome
a) Bread
b) Soya
c) Coffee
d) Salt
29. 21. The average amount of milk that can be taken safely after consultation is
a) 150-200ml
b) 250-300ml
c) 350-400ml
d) 450-500ml
22. The alternative source of calcium that could be taken by the patient suffering from Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome is
a) Ragi
b) Whole wheat bread
c) Curd
d) Milk
30. 23. The fruit/vegetable that has best antioxidants recommended for the patient with Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome
a) Apple
b) Mango
c) Lemon
d) Banana
24. The main aim of medical management is to
a) Restore regular menstruation
b) Reduce the body weight
c) Improve dietary habits
d) None of the above
31. CRITERION MEASURE
Minimum Score - 00
Maximum Score – 24
LEVEL OF KNOWLEDGE SCORE
Excellent 19-24
Good 13-18
Average 7-12
Poor Less than 7
32.
33. REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH
DEFINITION :
Reproductive health pertains to certain direct and indirect
contributors which aids in healthy living during reproductive years
of adolescent girls.
34. IMPORTANCE OF REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH
It is very important for girls to be aware of sexual health, reproduction, contraceptives, and STDs. This will help
in maintaining good reproductive health, physically as well as mentally.
People can protect themselves from sexually transmitted infections and diseases only if they are well informed
about the same.
Women should be aware of their fitment for pregnancy. They must have access to proper medical services when
they are pregnant, have a safe delivery and deliver a healthy people.
37. MENSTRUAL CYCLE
◦ Menstruation is part of women’s cycle when the lining of uterus (endometrium) is shed.
◦ It has four phases:
Menstruation phase
Follicular phase
Luteal phase
Ovulation phase
four phases
38. 1) Menstruation phase:
Begins on 1st day of menstruation and lasts till 5th day of menstruation.
2) Follicular phase:
Begins on 1st day of menstruation and lasts till 13th day of menstruation.
3) Ovulation phase:
Begins around 14th day and lasts about 24 hours.
4) Luteal phase:
Begins on 15th day of menstruation and lasts till the end of the cycle.
39.
40. Disorders of menstrual cycle:
Pre- Menstrual syndrome ( It is a change in
the mood or behaviour of appearance of
some abnormal vague symptoms)
Dysmenorrhea (painful menstruation)
Amenorrhea (absence of menstruation)
Menorrhagia (heavy or lengthy
menstruation)
Metrorrhagia (spotting between periods)
Cryptomenorrhoea (characterized by
periodic shedding of the endometrium &
bleeding but the menstrual flow fails to come
out from the genital tract due to obstruction
in the passage)
Disorders of menstrual cycle:
41. INTRODUCTION
◦ Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome (PCOS) was originally described in 1935 by
Stein and Leventhal as syndrome manifested by amenorrhea, hirsutism and
obesity associated with enlarged ovaries.
◦ This heterogenous disorder is characterized by excessive androgen production
by the ovaries mainly.
◦ Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome is a multifactorial and polygenic condition
42. POLYCYSTIC OVARIAN SYNDROME:
◦ DEFINITION:
Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome is a
heterogeneous disorder that is defined by a
combination of signs and symptoms of
androgen excess and ovarian dysfunction with
the clinical manifestations of
Oligoamenorrhea, subfertility, hirsutism and
acne.
43. PREVALENCE:
Globally, the prevalence of Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome is estimated
to be between 5.5% and 12.6% in women in the age group of 17 to 45
years.
In India it ranges from 3.7% to 22.5% depending upon population
studied and the criteria used for diagnosis.
51. DIAGNOSIS
Medical history:
Detailed medical history should be taken to assess the presence of any two of the symptoms:
Menstrual history
Unexplained weight gain
Hirsutism
Acne
Thinning of scalp hair
Dark patches over skin
Family history of polycystic ovarian syndrome
52. Pelvic examination:
◦ A pelvic examiner can look for any problems with ovaries or other parts of reproductive tract.
Blood test:
Serum luteinizing
hormone
Follicle stimulating
hormone
Testosterone (free)
Serum prolactin
Serum Insulin
Dehydroepiandrosterone
sulphate (DHEA-S) test
Lipid profile
Sensitive Thyroid
stimulating hormone
17 Hydroxyprogesterone (OHP)
53. Ultrasound:
◦ An ultrasound uses waves to look for abnormal follicles and other problems with ovaries and uterus.
Screening for psychological well being:
Depression
Stress
Anxiety
57. PREVENTION AND CONTROL :
Management of Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome is
primarily with:
• Lifestyle Modification
• Medical Management
• Alternative therapies
58. LIFESTYLE MODIFICATION:
Weight control Healthy diet Exercise
Proper sleep Stress control Supplements
Self love
Strive for progress
to achieve
perfection
59. 1.Weight Control:-
• It can lower insulin and androgen level,
restores ovulation.
• The cycle become more regular, lipid and
glucose metabolism improves.
2. Healthy Diet:
◦ A healthy diet can work wonders to combat
PCOS.
66. FOODS TO AVOID:
Refined products:
Flour
a) Burgers
b) Noodles
c) Pizza
d) Pasta
e) Instant Noodles (fried)
Sugar
White bread
Pastries
Choose alternative
whole wheat flour bread
for the above mentioned
food.
67. HIGH GLYCEMIC INDEX FOOD:
Bread
Ice cream
Potatoes
Mangoes
White rice
Flavoured yogurt
Cakes
Biscuits
Jams
Chocolates
Candies
jellies
drinks like soda (raises the blood sugar level
immediately).
69. DAIRY PRODUCTS:
Milk can raise the level of testosterone in the body which is good for male but bad for female suffering from
Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome.
However average amount (250–300ml) of milk can be consumed after
consultation because it contains Calcium binding protein.
71. UNHEALTHY FATS:
Saturated fats like:
Red meat
Hydrogenated vegetable oil
Fried food
Processed meat
Butter
These fats may get deposited in ovaries
and cause insulin resistance thus worsening Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome.
72. Alcohol sources:
Beer
Whiskey
Rum
Wine
Vodka
Brandy
This leads to elevated estrogen level in body and
promotes obesity.
Caffeine Sources:
Coffee
Tea
energy drinks
Excess intake of caffeine affects the fertility in
females which is not good for Polycystic Ovarian
Syndrome.
73. Salt:
Diet high in salt can lead to water retention causing
unwanted weight gain which worsens the symptoms and
effects of Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome.
Salt – 1 Tsp (5gm/day)
Check Sodium content on
labels of canned food.
74. 3. Exercise:- It helps to control body weight, lower
blood glucose level, improves sleep cycle and helps
regulate hormones.
Example
jogging
cycling
swimming
4. Proper sleep:
Balanced hormone and your endocrine system
depend on proper sleep (7-8 hours).
Irregular sleep disturbs the circadian rhythm
therefore, proper and regular sleep pattern should be
maintained.
75. 5.Take control of Stress:-
Stress triggers the release of cortisol which
can break the hormonal system and leads
to weight gain.
6.Take high quality Supplements:-
Supplements such as vitamin A,D, Omega
3 fatty acids, zinc, magnesium should be
taken with doctor’s prescription.
76. 7.Practice Self Love:-Learn to love
yourself, live the life you want to live
now and treat your body with kindness
and patience.
8.Strive for progress to achieve
perfection:- Make a habit of putting
your health first and be kind to
yourself when you feel inadequate
77. MEDICAL MANAGEMENT:
◦ Medical management aims to-
o Restore regular menstruation
o Lower insulin level
o Treat hirsutism or acne
78. RESTORATION OF OVULATION /
MENSTURATION:
1. Combined Oral Contraceptives Pills.
2. Cyclic Progesterone and Intrauterine Progesterone Devices.
79. INSULIN RESISTANCE/
HYPERINSULINAEMIA:
Insulin Sensitizing Agents:
• Insulin sensitizing agents are antidiabetic drugs that act by improving the sensitivity of peripheral tissues to
insulin which results in decreased circulating insulin levels.
80. However, One should avoid self-
medication and consult the doctor
(Gynaecologist) if any of the symptom
appear.
81. POINTS TO REMEMBER FOR MEDICAL MANAGEMENT .
1. Talk it out
2. Seek medical advice
3. Must consult the gynaecologist
4. Go for diagnosis and confirm it out
5. If you are not willing for the allopathy treatment then must consult the ayush practitioner
6. Adhere to treatment
7. Follow ups
82. ALTERNATIVE THERAPIES:
1.Ayurveda:
◦ It includes :
dietary modification
lifestyle changes
Herbal remedies regulates hormones and
improves ovulation.
◦ Always consult an AYUSH practitioner.
2. Yoga and meditation:
◦ practices such as:
◦ asanas
Pranayama
Mudras (are beneficial for regulation of hormones.)
83. • Follow-up:
Timely follow-up with patients is vital in ensuring they’re moving forward with
the prescribed treatment plan, such as undergoing testing and drug compliance.
◦ Side effects:
Consult the physician if you experience any side effects for the medication
prescribed
84. TAKE HOME TIPS :
◦ It is important to remember that effectively managing Polycystic
Ovarian Syndrome requires a life long focus which is aided by
learning as much as possible about the condition. It is essential to
understand long term health risk associated with Polycystic Ovarian
Syndrome and to take preventive steps to reduce risks.
85.
86. RECAPTULIZATION:
Q1: PCOS stands for
Ans: Polycystic ovarian syndrome
Q2: What are the causes for Polycystic ovarian syndrome
Ans:
Heredity
Excess androgen
Obesity
Inadequate physical activity
87. Q3: What are sign and symptoms of Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome?
ANS.
SIGNS:
• Irregular periods
• Hirsutism
• Fatigue
• Thinning of hair on head
• Severe acne
• Obesity
• Darkening of skin
• Changes in mood
• Pelvic pain
SYMPTOMS:
• Hyperinsulinemia
• Enlarged ovaries
• Fluid filled ovarian cyst
• Sleep problems (obstructive sleep apnea)
• Infertility
88. Q4: Which food should be avoided during Polycystic Ovarian
Syndrome?
ANS:
◦ Refined products
◦ High glycemic index food
◦ Dairy products
◦ Unhealthy fats
◦ Alcohol
◦ Caffeine
89. Q5:Explain lifestyle modifications to prevent Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome?
ANS:
◦ Weight loss
◦ Healthy diet
◦ Exercise
◦ Proper sleep
◦ Take control of stress
◦ Take high quality supplements
◦ Practice self love
◦ Strive for progress to achieve perfection
90. BIBLIOGRAPHY:
1. VG Padubidri, SN Daftary. Shaw’s Textbook of Gynaecology. 16th ed. New Delhi: Reed Elsevier India
Private Limited; 2015. p 459-470.
2. DC Dutta. Textbook of Gynaecology. 6th ed. New Delhi: Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers Private
Limited; 2013. p 431-434.
3. T. Longvah, R. Ananthan, K. Bhaskarachary, K. Venkaiah. Indian Food Composition Tables. Telangana:
National Institute of Nutrition; 2017. P 150-183, 461-462.
4. L. Kathleen Mahan, Sylvia Escott-Stump, Janice L. Raymond. Krause’s Food and the Nutrition Care
Process. 13th ed. American Dietary Association: Saunders 2011. P 347-476
5. Harbans Lal. Textbook of Applied Biochemistry and Nutrition & Dietetics 1st ed. New Delhi: CBS
Publishers & Distributors Private Ltd; 2021-2022. p.225-247.
6. Monika Sharma. Textbook of Nutrition & Dietetics 3rd ed. . New Delhi: CBS Publishers & Distributors
Private Limited; 2021-2022. p. 25-70.
91. 7. Polycystic ovary syndrome. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Available at:
https://www.womensheath.gov/a-z-topics/polycystic-ovary-syndrome.
8. Polycystic ovary syndrome. Mayo clinic. Available at:
https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/pcos/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20353443,
9. Polycystic ovary syndrome. Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human
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