The document summarizes key information about early life on Earth and prokaryotes:
- The earliest life forms on Earth were prokaryotes that emerged 3.5 billion years ago. Some lived in dense mats.
- Prokaryotes diversified greatly and adapted to thrive in nearly all environments. They have a variety of shapes, cell structures, and metabolic capabilities.
- Conditions on early Earth allowed organic molecules and protocells to form through natural chemical processes, eventually leading to the emergence of self-replicating RNA and the first prokaryotic cells.
The document summarizes key aspects of the carbon cycle:
1) It outlines the major carbon reservoirs or sinks including the atmosphere, hydrosphere, organic matter in producers and consumers, dead organic matter, and fossil fuels.
2) It describes the major fluxes or transfers between reservoirs, such as photosynthesis, respiration, decomposition, fossilization, and combustion.
3) It notes that constructing a full diagram of the carbon cycle requires identifying both the key sinks and fluxes, and discussing processes like fossilization and human impacts.
1) The chapter discusses the origin and evolutionary history of life on Earth from the formation of the planet around 4.6 billion years ago to the present.
2) Early Earth had an atmosphere without oxygen but with gases like carbon dioxide and methane that could contribute to the formation of organic molecules.
3) Several hypotheses propose how simple organic molecules assembled into self-replicating organisms like RNA world and the eventual development of DNA, prokaryotic cells, eukaryotic cells, and multicellular life.
The document discusses the origin and diversity of life on Earth over geological time. It describes how early Earth formed 4.6 billion years ago as a molten mass. The first evidence of life appears in rocks from 3.5 billion years ago in the form of primitive prokaryotes. Oxygen began accumulating in the atmosphere around 2.4 billion years ago as photosynthetic prokaryotes evolved. Eukaryotic cells developed around 1.5 billion years ago, allowing for complexity. The Cambrian explosion around 541 million years ago marked a rapid diversification of animal life. Continents have shifted positions over time, influencing climate and the evolution of life.
The document provides an overview of a workshop on evolution and ecology being presented by the Changing Hudson Project. The workshop introduces students to how the Hudson River estuary has changed over time through lessons and activities about heavy metal pollution at Foundry Cove and how the mud worm population there evolved resistance to cadmium. Students discuss what they know about evolution, examine how worm populations were affected by the toxic pollution, and learn how natural selection led to the evolution of cadmium-resistant worms through experiments and diagrams. The workshop aims to help students understand local ecological changes and evolutionary adaptation to environmental disturbances.
1) Miller and Urey conducted experiments in 1953 that simulated early Earth conditions and found that organic molecules like amino acids could form spontaneously from inorganic precursors.
2) RNA may have played an early role in the origin of life on Earth as it can both store genetic information and catalyze chemical reactions through ribozymes.
3) The endosymbiotic theory proposes that mitochondria and chloroplasts were once free-living prokaryotes that were engulfed by larger cells and evolved to become cellular organelles.
The document discusses prokaryotes and provides several key points:
- Prokaryotes are ubiquitous microscopic organisms that vastly outnumber humans. They thrive in nearly every environment on Earth.
- Prokaryotes display a diversity of shapes, structures, and metabolic adaptations that allow them to survive in different conditions. These include cell walls, flagella, and mechanisms of photosynthesis, aerobic respiration, and nitrogen fixation.
- Molecular systematics has revolutionized prokaryote classification by grouping them into domains and clades based on genetic analysis rather than phenotypic traits. This shows prokaryotes are more diverse than previously believed.
The document discusses the origin of life on Earth from the formation of the universe to early theories on how life began. It describes how around 4 billion years ago, the early Earth had a reducing atmosphere of gases like methane and ammonia. Experiments in the 1950s showed that conditions in the early Earth could produce amino acids and other organic molecules (Miller-Urey experiment). Debates continue around whether RNA or proteins came first, with proposals that self-replicating RNA arose inside early lipid membranes to form the first protocells.
This document discusses several theories on the origin of life on Earth, including: the theory of special creation; spontaneous generation; biogenesis; biochemical evolution; panspermia; and the deep sea hydrothermal vent theory. It provides details on experiments supporting biochemical evolution, such as the Urey-Miller experiment and research on coacervates and microspheres. Recent developments that have added to understanding prebiotic chemistry and the synthesis of building blocks of life are also outlined. While knowledge of life's origins is still incomplete, ongoing research continues to fill gaps in understanding the mechanisms by which life may have first emerged on our planet.
The document summarizes key aspects of the carbon cycle:
1) It outlines the major carbon reservoirs or sinks including the atmosphere, hydrosphere, organic matter in producers and consumers, dead organic matter, and fossil fuels.
2) It describes the major fluxes or transfers between reservoirs, such as photosynthesis, respiration, decomposition, fossilization, and combustion.
3) It notes that constructing a full diagram of the carbon cycle requires identifying both the key sinks and fluxes, and discussing processes like fossilization and human impacts.
1) The chapter discusses the origin and evolutionary history of life on Earth from the formation of the planet around 4.6 billion years ago to the present.
2) Early Earth had an atmosphere without oxygen but with gases like carbon dioxide and methane that could contribute to the formation of organic molecules.
3) Several hypotheses propose how simple organic molecules assembled into self-replicating organisms like RNA world and the eventual development of DNA, prokaryotic cells, eukaryotic cells, and multicellular life.
The document discusses the origin and diversity of life on Earth over geological time. It describes how early Earth formed 4.6 billion years ago as a molten mass. The first evidence of life appears in rocks from 3.5 billion years ago in the form of primitive prokaryotes. Oxygen began accumulating in the atmosphere around 2.4 billion years ago as photosynthetic prokaryotes evolved. Eukaryotic cells developed around 1.5 billion years ago, allowing for complexity. The Cambrian explosion around 541 million years ago marked a rapid diversification of animal life. Continents have shifted positions over time, influencing climate and the evolution of life.
The document provides an overview of a workshop on evolution and ecology being presented by the Changing Hudson Project. The workshop introduces students to how the Hudson River estuary has changed over time through lessons and activities about heavy metal pollution at Foundry Cove and how the mud worm population there evolved resistance to cadmium. Students discuss what they know about evolution, examine how worm populations were affected by the toxic pollution, and learn how natural selection led to the evolution of cadmium-resistant worms through experiments and diagrams. The workshop aims to help students understand local ecological changes and evolutionary adaptation to environmental disturbances.
1) Miller and Urey conducted experiments in 1953 that simulated early Earth conditions and found that organic molecules like amino acids could form spontaneously from inorganic precursors.
2) RNA may have played an early role in the origin of life on Earth as it can both store genetic information and catalyze chemical reactions through ribozymes.
3) The endosymbiotic theory proposes that mitochondria and chloroplasts were once free-living prokaryotes that were engulfed by larger cells and evolved to become cellular organelles.
The document discusses prokaryotes and provides several key points:
- Prokaryotes are ubiquitous microscopic organisms that vastly outnumber humans. They thrive in nearly every environment on Earth.
- Prokaryotes display a diversity of shapes, structures, and metabolic adaptations that allow them to survive in different conditions. These include cell walls, flagella, and mechanisms of photosynthesis, aerobic respiration, and nitrogen fixation.
- Molecular systematics has revolutionized prokaryote classification by grouping them into domains and clades based on genetic analysis rather than phenotypic traits. This shows prokaryotes are more diverse than previously believed.
The document discusses the origin of life on Earth from the formation of the universe to early theories on how life began. It describes how around 4 billion years ago, the early Earth had a reducing atmosphere of gases like methane and ammonia. Experiments in the 1950s showed that conditions in the early Earth could produce amino acids and other organic molecules (Miller-Urey experiment). Debates continue around whether RNA or proteins came first, with proposals that self-replicating RNA arose inside early lipid membranes to form the first protocells.
This document discusses several theories on the origin of life on Earth, including: the theory of special creation; spontaneous generation; biogenesis; biochemical evolution; panspermia; and the deep sea hydrothermal vent theory. It provides details on experiments supporting biochemical evolution, such as the Urey-Miller experiment and research on coacervates and microspheres. Recent developments that have added to understanding prebiotic chemistry and the synthesis of building blocks of life are also outlined. While knowledge of life's origins is still incomplete, ongoing research continues to fill gaps in understanding the mechanisms by which life may have first emerged on our planet.
- Plants and fungi were early colonizers of land, with the earliest plant fossils dating to over 470 million years ago. They colonized land as partners, with plants providing oxygen and food and fungi breaking down organic material and recycling nutrients.
- Fungi may have colonized land before plants and formed mutualistic mycorrhizal relationships with plants that helped plants obtain nutrients. Evidence suggests these genes for mycorrhizal symbiosis were present in early land plants.
- Key adaptations like sporopollenin-coated spores, alternation of generations, and multicellular embryos enabled plants to successfully colonize land from charophyte algal ancestors. Fungal adaptations like mycelial growth enhanced nutrient
- Plants and fungi were early colonizers of land, with fungi potentially colonizing before plants. They formed symbiotic partnerships through mycorrhizal relationships that helped plants obtain nutrients.
- Key adaptations like a waxy cuticle, specialized tissues for water transport, and stomata allowed early land plants to survive out of water. Fossil evidence shows simple plant structures existed over 400 million years ago.
- Fungi play an essential role in nutrient cycling and decomposition on land through their mycelial networks and ability to secrete digestive enzymes to absorb nutrients. Mycorrhizal relationships with plant roots are mutually beneficial.
- Plants and fungi were early colonizers of land, with fungi potentially colonizing before plants. They formed symbiotic partnerships through mycorrhizal relationships that helped plants obtain nutrients.
- Key adaptations like a waxy cuticle, specialized tissues for water transport, and stomata allowed early land plants to survive out of water. Fossil evidence shows simple plant structures existed over 400 million years ago.
- Fungi play an essential role in nutrient cycling and decomposition on land through their mycelial networks and ability to secrete digestive enzymes to absorb nutrients. Mycorrhizal relationships with plant roots are mutually beneficial.
The document provides an overview of the history of life on Earth based on evidence from the fossil record. It discusses key events such as the origin of early prokaryotic life, the oxygen revolution that occurred when photosynthetic organisms began producing oxygen, and the emergence of eukaryotic cells. Major transitions include multicellular organisms, colonization of land by plants and animals, mass extinctions, and the rise of modern groups like mammals. The fossil record reveals how organisms evolved and went extinct over billions of years, transforming life on our planet.
- Eukaryotes originated over 1.8 billion years ago through endosymbiosis, where ancient prokaryotes lived inside early cells.
- The earliest fossils of eukaryotic cells date back 1.8 billion years, and initial diversification of eukaryotes occurred between 1.8-1.3 billion years ago.
- Novel features in eukaryotes like complex multicellularity, sexual reproduction and photosynthesis arose between 1.3 billion-635 million years ago.
- Eukaryotes originated over 1.8 billion years ago through endosymbiosis, where ancient prokaryotes lived inside early cells.
- The earliest fossils of eukaryotic cells date back 1.8 billion years, and initial diversification of eukaryotes occurred between 1.8-1.3 billion years ago.
- Novel features in eukaryotes like complex multicellularity, sexual reproduction and photosynthesis arose between 1.3-635 million years ago.
The document outlines the key processes thought to be necessary for the spontaneous origin of life on Earth: 1) The synthesis of simple organic molecules, as demonstrated by the Miller-Urey experiment; 2) The assembly of these molecules into polymers like polypeptides; 3) A mechanism for inheritance, proposed to be self-replicating RNA; 4) The development of membranes. These processes are hypothesized to have led to the formation of "protobionts", early cell-like structures surrounded by membranes. The endosymbiotic theory proposes that eukaryotic cells arose from engulfed prokaryotes that evolved to become organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts. Early prokaryotes also produced oxygen as
1) Early life on Earth likely originated between 4-3.5 billion years ago as simple prokaryotic cells without nuclei. 2) Around 2.5 billion years ago, cyanobacteria evolved that could produce oxygen through photosynthesis, gradually changing the atmosphere. 3) Eukaryotic cells with nuclei and organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts emerged around 1.5 billion years ago through endosymbiotic relationships between bacteria and archaea.
This document summarizes key events in the history of life on Earth based on evidence from the fossil record. It discusses the origin of life from simple organic molecules to early prokaryotic cells and the subsequent oxygen revolution facilitated by photosynthetic bacteria. Eukaryotic cells then emerged followed by multicellular organisms. Major transitions included plants and fungi colonizing land, followed by vertebrates. Mass extinctions periodically wiped out large portions of life but opened opportunities for new species to evolve and diversify.
This document summarizes several theories on the origin of biomolecules:
The Oparin-Haldane theory and Miller-Urey experiment suggested that simpler organic molecules could form from carbon dioxide and a reducing agent like hydrogen in the conditions of early Earth. These molecules could then combine to form more complex biomolecules through chemical evolution.
The theory of mica sheets proposed that the spaces between thin mica layers provided conditions for the first biomolecules to arise and evolve, similar to primitive cells. Heating and cooling could drive chemical reactions.
A Japanese study found that ocean impacts from meteorites containing carbon, iron, and nickel produced amino acids and other organic molecules, suggesting impacts could have contributed
The document summarizes the origin and evolution of Earth's early atmosphere and the emergence of life. It discusses evidence that Earth formed 4.6 billion years ago and likely had an early reducing atmosphere containing gases like CO2, CO, nitrogen and methane but no oxygen. Around 3.8 billion years ago, liquid water formed on Earth. Early life may have begun as early as 3.9 billion years ago based on isotope evidence from ancient rocks. The earliest undisputed evidence of life comes from 3.5 billion year old microbial fossils. Photosynthesis evolved around 3 billion years ago and began oxygenating the atmosphere. Eukaryotic cells emerged between 1.4-1.6 billion years ago, and multicellular life evolved around
- The Earth formed 4.6 billion years ago and the first prokaryotes evolved by 3.5 billion years ago. Prokaryotes dominated early life on Earth for over 2 billion years before eukaryotes evolved around 2.1 billion years ago.
- Multicellular eukaryotes first evolved around 1.2 billion years ago and all major animal phyla were established by the end of the Cambrian explosion around 540 million years ago. Plants and fungi colonized land around 500 million years ago.
- Early life may have started through chemical processes that led to the abiotic synthesis of organic polymers like proteins and nucleic acids, which eventually assembled into the first prokaryotic cells through natural
1) Four key processes were needed for the spontaneous origin of life on Earth: the synthesis of simple organic molecules, the assembly of these molecules into polymers, the origin of self-replicating molecules making inheritance possible, and the packaging of these molecules into membranes.
2) Miller and Urey's experiments in 1953 sought to recreate early Earth conditions and demonstrated the formation of amino acids from simpler components in the atmosphere, supporting the hypothesis of chemical evolution.
3) Comets may have delivered organic compounds to Earth, as analysis shows they contain complex organic molecules and panspermia suggests hardy bacteria could survive in space.
test bank Principles of Life Digital Update, 3e by David Hillis, Mary Price, ...NailBasko
This document provides a test bank with questions and answers for Chapter 1 of the textbook "Principles of Life Digital Update, 3e by David Hillis, Mary Price, Richard Hill, David Hall, Marta Laskowski". It includes 53 multiple choice questions testing foundational concepts in biology, such as the definition of life, cellular structure, evolution, and the tree of life. The questions cover topics like the basic unit of life (the cell), the early evolution of life on Earth, the emergence of eukaryotes and multicellular organisms, and the three domain system of classifying life.
1. The document discusses the major events in the history of life on Earth, beginning with the formation of the planet 4.6 billion years ago and the evolution of prokaryotes by 3.5 billion years ago.
2. Single-celled eukaryotes evolved around 2.1 billion years ago, followed by the first multicellular organisms at least 1.2 billion years ago.
3. The Cambrian explosion saw the evolution of all major animal phyla between 540-530 million years ago over about 10 million years. Plants and fungi colonized land around 500 million years ago.
This document provides an overview of Chapter 26 from Campbell and Reece's Biology textbook, which discusses the evolution of life on Earth and the development of biological diversity. The key points covered include:
1) Early conditions on Earth allowed for the origin of simple life forms, and over billions of years geological events drove the evolution of more complex organisms as life adapted to changing environments.
2) The fossil record provides evidence of major extinction events that wiped out most species, as well as periods where new phyla developed as life radiated into vacant niches.
3) Prokaryotes were the first life forms and influenced the atmosphere through the evolution of oxygen-producing photosynthesis. Eukaryotic cells later
1) The document discusses resource acquisition and transport in vascular plants. It describes how plants evolved adaptations to acquire resources from both above and below ground, allowing them to successfully colonize land.
2) Transport of water, minerals, and photosynthates occurs over both short and long distances through two pathways - the apoplast and symplast. Specialized tissues like xylem and phloem facilitate long-distance transport through bulk flow.
3) Plant roots absorb essential elements from the soil through the soil. There are 17 essential elements for plants, including macronutrients needed in large quantities and micronutrients needed in small amounts.
The document summarizes the chemical and biological origin of life. It describes how early Earth had atoms that combined to form inorganic molecules like hydrogen, nitrogen, and water. These molecules then interacted to produce simple organic compounds. Experiments have shown that conditions on the early Earth could produce amino acids and nucleic acid bases. Over time, these compounds accumulated and polymerized to form complex macromolecules. Some of these macromolecules assembled into early protocells, which were the precursors to the first prokaryotic cells that developed around 3.5 billion years ago. Prokaryotes eventually evolved into eukaryotic cells through endosymbiotic relationships between bacteria and host cells. Multicellular life
1) The document discusses the key processes needed for the spontaneous origin of life on Earth, including the synthesis of simple organic molecules, assembly into polymers, emergence of self-replicating molecules, and formation of cell membranes.
2) It summarizes experiments by Miller and Urey that demonstrated the abiotic formation of amino acids from gases in Earth's early reducing atmosphere through spark discharge.
3) RNA is highlighted as playing a potential early role in the origin of life due to its ability to both store genetic information and catalyze reactions, prior to the emergence of DNA and proteins.
This document contains information about two sections from a biology textbook chapter on the history of life. Section 1 discusses fossil evidence of change and how fossils are used to date major events in Earth's history. Section 2 covers theories about the origin of life, including the primordial soup hypothesis and the endosymbiotic theory explaining the origin of organelles. The document provides learning goals and content for both sections, including the formation of early Earth and atmosphere, fossil formation processes, dating methods, and early events in life's evolution.
This document discusses suffixes and terminology used in medicine. It begins by listing common combining forms used to build medical terms and their meanings. It then defines several noun, adjective, and shorter suffixes and provides their meanings. Examples are given of medical terms built using combining forms and suffixes. The document also examines specific medical concepts in more depth, such as hernias, blood cells, acromegaly, splenomegaly, and laparoscopy.
The document is a chapter from a medical textbook that discusses anatomical terminology pertaining to the body as a whole. It defines the structural organization of the body from cells to tissues to organs to systems. It also describes the body cavities and identifies the major organs contained within each cavity, as well as anatomical divisions of the abdomen and back.
- Plants and fungi were early colonizers of land, with the earliest plant fossils dating to over 470 million years ago. They colonized land as partners, with plants providing oxygen and food and fungi breaking down organic material and recycling nutrients.
- Fungi may have colonized land before plants and formed mutualistic mycorrhizal relationships with plants that helped plants obtain nutrients. Evidence suggests these genes for mycorrhizal symbiosis were present in early land plants.
- Key adaptations like sporopollenin-coated spores, alternation of generations, and multicellular embryos enabled plants to successfully colonize land from charophyte algal ancestors. Fungal adaptations like mycelial growth enhanced nutrient
- Plants and fungi were early colonizers of land, with fungi potentially colonizing before plants. They formed symbiotic partnerships through mycorrhizal relationships that helped plants obtain nutrients.
- Key adaptations like a waxy cuticle, specialized tissues for water transport, and stomata allowed early land plants to survive out of water. Fossil evidence shows simple plant structures existed over 400 million years ago.
- Fungi play an essential role in nutrient cycling and decomposition on land through their mycelial networks and ability to secrete digestive enzymes to absorb nutrients. Mycorrhizal relationships with plant roots are mutually beneficial.
- Plants and fungi were early colonizers of land, with fungi potentially colonizing before plants. They formed symbiotic partnerships through mycorrhizal relationships that helped plants obtain nutrients.
- Key adaptations like a waxy cuticle, specialized tissues for water transport, and stomata allowed early land plants to survive out of water. Fossil evidence shows simple plant structures existed over 400 million years ago.
- Fungi play an essential role in nutrient cycling and decomposition on land through their mycelial networks and ability to secrete digestive enzymes to absorb nutrients. Mycorrhizal relationships with plant roots are mutually beneficial.
The document provides an overview of the history of life on Earth based on evidence from the fossil record. It discusses key events such as the origin of early prokaryotic life, the oxygen revolution that occurred when photosynthetic organisms began producing oxygen, and the emergence of eukaryotic cells. Major transitions include multicellular organisms, colonization of land by plants and animals, mass extinctions, and the rise of modern groups like mammals. The fossil record reveals how organisms evolved and went extinct over billions of years, transforming life on our planet.
- Eukaryotes originated over 1.8 billion years ago through endosymbiosis, where ancient prokaryotes lived inside early cells.
- The earliest fossils of eukaryotic cells date back 1.8 billion years, and initial diversification of eukaryotes occurred between 1.8-1.3 billion years ago.
- Novel features in eukaryotes like complex multicellularity, sexual reproduction and photosynthesis arose between 1.3 billion-635 million years ago.
- Eukaryotes originated over 1.8 billion years ago through endosymbiosis, where ancient prokaryotes lived inside early cells.
- The earliest fossils of eukaryotic cells date back 1.8 billion years, and initial diversification of eukaryotes occurred between 1.8-1.3 billion years ago.
- Novel features in eukaryotes like complex multicellularity, sexual reproduction and photosynthesis arose between 1.3-635 million years ago.
The document outlines the key processes thought to be necessary for the spontaneous origin of life on Earth: 1) The synthesis of simple organic molecules, as demonstrated by the Miller-Urey experiment; 2) The assembly of these molecules into polymers like polypeptides; 3) A mechanism for inheritance, proposed to be self-replicating RNA; 4) The development of membranes. These processes are hypothesized to have led to the formation of "protobionts", early cell-like structures surrounded by membranes. The endosymbiotic theory proposes that eukaryotic cells arose from engulfed prokaryotes that evolved to become organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts. Early prokaryotes also produced oxygen as
1) Early life on Earth likely originated between 4-3.5 billion years ago as simple prokaryotic cells without nuclei. 2) Around 2.5 billion years ago, cyanobacteria evolved that could produce oxygen through photosynthesis, gradually changing the atmosphere. 3) Eukaryotic cells with nuclei and organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts emerged around 1.5 billion years ago through endosymbiotic relationships between bacteria and archaea.
This document summarizes key events in the history of life on Earth based on evidence from the fossil record. It discusses the origin of life from simple organic molecules to early prokaryotic cells and the subsequent oxygen revolution facilitated by photosynthetic bacteria. Eukaryotic cells then emerged followed by multicellular organisms. Major transitions included plants and fungi colonizing land, followed by vertebrates. Mass extinctions periodically wiped out large portions of life but opened opportunities for new species to evolve and diversify.
This document summarizes several theories on the origin of biomolecules:
The Oparin-Haldane theory and Miller-Urey experiment suggested that simpler organic molecules could form from carbon dioxide and a reducing agent like hydrogen in the conditions of early Earth. These molecules could then combine to form more complex biomolecules through chemical evolution.
The theory of mica sheets proposed that the spaces between thin mica layers provided conditions for the first biomolecules to arise and evolve, similar to primitive cells. Heating and cooling could drive chemical reactions.
A Japanese study found that ocean impacts from meteorites containing carbon, iron, and nickel produced amino acids and other organic molecules, suggesting impacts could have contributed
The document summarizes the origin and evolution of Earth's early atmosphere and the emergence of life. It discusses evidence that Earth formed 4.6 billion years ago and likely had an early reducing atmosphere containing gases like CO2, CO, nitrogen and methane but no oxygen. Around 3.8 billion years ago, liquid water formed on Earth. Early life may have begun as early as 3.9 billion years ago based on isotope evidence from ancient rocks. The earliest undisputed evidence of life comes from 3.5 billion year old microbial fossils. Photosynthesis evolved around 3 billion years ago and began oxygenating the atmosphere. Eukaryotic cells emerged between 1.4-1.6 billion years ago, and multicellular life evolved around
- The Earth formed 4.6 billion years ago and the first prokaryotes evolved by 3.5 billion years ago. Prokaryotes dominated early life on Earth for over 2 billion years before eukaryotes evolved around 2.1 billion years ago.
- Multicellular eukaryotes first evolved around 1.2 billion years ago and all major animal phyla were established by the end of the Cambrian explosion around 540 million years ago. Plants and fungi colonized land around 500 million years ago.
- Early life may have started through chemical processes that led to the abiotic synthesis of organic polymers like proteins and nucleic acids, which eventually assembled into the first prokaryotic cells through natural
1) Four key processes were needed for the spontaneous origin of life on Earth: the synthesis of simple organic molecules, the assembly of these molecules into polymers, the origin of self-replicating molecules making inheritance possible, and the packaging of these molecules into membranes.
2) Miller and Urey's experiments in 1953 sought to recreate early Earth conditions and demonstrated the formation of amino acids from simpler components in the atmosphere, supporting the hypothesis of chemical evolution.
3) Comets may have delivered organic compounds to Earth, as analysis shows they contain complex organic molecules and panspermia suggests hardy bacteria could survive in space.
test bank Principles of Life Digital Update, 3e by David Hillis, Mary Price, ...NailBasko
This document provides a test bank with questions and answers for Chapter 1 of the textbook "Principles of Life Digital Update, 3e by David Hillis, Mary Price, Richard Hill, David Hall, Marta Laskowski". It includes 53 multiple choice questions testing foundational concepts in biology, such as the definition of life, cellular structure, evolution, and the tree of life. The questions cover topics like the basic unit of life (the cell), the early evolution of life on Earth, the emergence of eukaryotes and multicellular organisms, and the three domain system of classifying life.
1. The document discusses the major events in the history of life on Earth, beginning with the formation of the planet 4.6 billion years ago and the evolution of prokaryotes by 3.5 billion years ago.
2. Single-celled eukaryotes evolved around 2.1 billion years ago, followed by the first multicellular organisms at least 1.2 billion years ago.
3. The Cambrian explosion saw the evolution of all major animal phyla between 540-530 million years ago over about 10 million years. Plants and fungi colonized land around 500 million years ago.
This document provides an overview of Chapter 26 from Campbell and Reece's Biology textbook, which discusses the evolution of life on Earth and the development of biological diversity. The key points covered include:
1) Early conditions on Earth allowed for the origin of simple life forms, and over billions of years geological events drove the evolution of more complex organisms as life adapted to changing environments.
2) The fossil record provides evidence of major extinction events that wiped out most species, as well as periods where new phyla developed as life radiated into vacant niches.
3) Prokaryotes were the first life forms and influenced the atmosphere through the evolution of oxygen-producing photosynthesis. Eukaryotic cells later
1) The document discusses resource acquisition and transport in vascular plants. It describes how plants evolved adaptations to acquire resources from both above and below ground, allowing them to successfully colonize land.
2) Transport of water, minerals, and photosynthates occurs over both short and long distances through two pathways - the apoplast and symplast. Specialized tissues like xylem and phloem facilitate long-distance transport through bulk flow.
3) Plant roots absorb essential elements from the soil through the soil. There are 17 essential elements for plants, including macronutrients needed in large quantities and micronutrients needed in small amounts.
The document summarizes the chemical and biological origin of life. It describes how early Earth had atoms that combined to form inorganic molecules like hydrogen, nitrogen, and water. These molecules then interacted to produce simple organic compounds. Experiments have shown that conditions on the early Earth could produce amino acids and nucleic acid bases. Over time, these compounds accumulated and polymerized to form complex macromolecules. Some of these macromolecules assembled into early protocells, which were the precursors to the first prokaryotic cells that developed around 3.5 billion years ago. Prokaryotes eventually evolved into eukaryotic cells through endosymbiotic relationships between bacteria and host cells. Multicellular life
1) The document discusses the key processes needed for the spontaneous origin of life on Earth, including the synthesis of simple organic molecules, assembly into polymers, emergence of self-replicating molecules, and formation of cell membranes.
2) It summarizes experiments by Miller and Urey that demonstrated the abiotic formation of amino acids from gases in Earth's early reducing atmosphere through spark discharge.
3) RNA is highlighted as playing a potential early role in the origin of life due to its ability to both store genetic information and catalyze reactions, prior to the emergence of DNA and proteins.
This document contains information about two sections from a biology textbook chapter on the history of life. Section 1 discusses fossil evidence of change and how fossils are used to date major events in Earth's history. Section 2 covers theories about the origin of life, including the primordial soup hypothesis and the endosymbiotic theory explaining the origin of organelles. The document provides learning goals and content for both sections, including the formation of early Earth and atmosphere, fossil formation processes, dating methods, and early events in life's evolution.
Similar to 24lecturepresentation 160331123248 (20)
This document discusses suffixes and terminology used in medicine. It begins by listing common combining forms used to build medical terms and their meanings. It then defines several noun, adjective, and shorter suffixes and provides their meanings. Examples are given of medical terms built using combining forms and suffixes. The document also examines specific medical concepts in more depth, such as hernias, blood cells, acromegaly, splenomegaly, and laparoscopy.
The document is a chapter from a medical textbook that discusses anatomical terminology pertaining to the body as a whole. It defines the structural organization of the body from cells to tissues to organs to systems. It also describes the body cavities and identifies the major organs contained within each cavity, as well as anatomical divisions of the abdomen and back.
This document is from a textbook on medical terminology. It discusses the basic structure of medical words and how they are built from prefixes, suffixes, and combining forms. Some key points:
- Medical terms are made up of elements including roots, suffixes, prefixes, and combining vowels. Understanding these elements is important for analyzing terms.
- Common prefixes include hypo-, epi-, and cis-. Common suffixes include -itis, -algia, and -ectomy.
- Dozens of combining forms are provided, such as gastro- meaning stomach, cardi- meaning heart, and aden- meaning gland.
- Rules are provided for analyzing terms, such as reading from the suffix backward and dropping combining vowels before suffixes starting with vowels
This document is the copyright information for Chapter 25 on Cancer from the 6th edition of the textbook Molecular Cell Biology published in 2008 by W. H. Freeman and Company. The chapter was authored by a team that includes Lodish, Berk, Kaiser, Krieger, Scott, Bretscher, Ploegh, and Matsudaira.
This document is the copyright information for Chapter 24 on Immunology from the 6th edition of the textbook Molecular Cell Biology published in 2008 by W. H. Freeman and Company. The chapter was authored by Lodish, Berk, Kaiser, Krieger, Scott, Bretscher, Ploegh, and Matsudaira.
Nerve cells, also known as neurons, are highly specialized cells that process and transmit information through electrical and chemical signals. This chapter discusses the structure and function of neurons, how they communicate with each other via synapses, and how signals are propagated along neurons through changes in their membrane potentials. Neurons play a vital role in the nervous system by allowing organisms to process information and coordinate their responses.
This document is the copyright information for Chapter 22 from the 6th edition of the textbook "Molecular Cell Biology" published in 2008 by W. H. Freeman and Company. The chapter is titled "The Molecular Cell Biology of Development" and is authored by Lodish, Berk, Kaiser, Krieger, Scott, Bretscher, Ploegh, and Matsudaira.
This document is the copyright information for Chapter 21 from the sixth edition of the textbook "Molecular Cell Biology" published in 2008 by W. H. Freeman and Company. The chapter is titled "Cell Birth, Lineage, and Death" and is authored by Lodish, Berk, Kaiser, Krieger, Scott, Bretscher, Ploegh, and Matsudaira.
This document is the copyright page for Chapter 20 from the 6th edition of the textbook "Molecular Cell Biology" published in 2008 by W. H. Freeman and Company. The chapter is titled "Regulating the Eukaryotic Cell Cycle" and is authored by a group of scientists including Lodish, Berk, Kaiser, Krieger, Scott, Bretscher, Ploegh, and Matsudaira.
This document is the copyright information for Chapter 19 from the 6th edition textbook "Molecular Cell Biology" published in 2008 by W. H. Freeman and Company. The chapter is titled "Integrating Cells into Tissues" and is authored by Lodish, Berk, Kaiser, Krieger, Scott, Bretscher, Ploegh, and Matsudaira.
This chapter discusses microtubules and intermediate filaments, which are types of cytoskeletal filaments that help organize and move cellular components. Microtubules are involved in processes like cell division and intracellular transport, while intermediate filaments provide mechanical strength and help integrate the nucleus with the cytoplasm. Together, these filaments play important structural and functional roles in eukaryotic cells.
This chapter discusses microfilaments, which are one of the three main types of cytoskeletal filaments found in eukaryotic cells. Microfilaments are composed of actin filaments and play important roles in cell motility, structure, and intracellular transport. They allow cells to change shape and to move by contracting or extending parts of the cell surface.
This document is the copyright page for Chapter 16 from the 6th edition of the textbook "Molecular Cell Biology" published in 2008 by W. H. Freeman and Company. The chapter is titled "Signaling Pathways that Control Gene Activity" and is authored by a group of scientists including Lodish, Berk, Kaiser, Krieger, Scott, Bretscher, Ploegh and Matsudaira.
This document is the copyright page for Chapter 15 of the 6th edition textbook "Molecular Cell Biology" by Lodish, Berk, Kaiser, Krieger, Scott, Bretscher, Ploegh, and Matsudaira. It provides the chapter title "Cell Signaling I: Signal Transduction and Short-Term Cellular Responses" and notes the copyright is held by W. H. Freeman and Company in 2008.
This document is the copyright page for Chapter 14 from the 6th edition textbook "Molecular Cell Biology" published in 2008 by W. H. Freeman and Company. The chapter is titled "Vesicular Traffic, Secretion, and Endocytosis" and is authored by a group of scientists including Lodish, Berk, Kaiser, Krieger, Scott, Bretscher, Ploegh and Matsudaira.
This chapter discusses how proteins are transported into membranes and organelles within cells. Proteins destined for membranes or organelles have targeting signals that are recognized by transport systems. The transport systems then direct the proteins to their proper destinations, such as inserting membrane proteins into membranes or delivering soluble proteins into organelles.
This document is the copyright information for Chapter 12 from the sixth edition of the textbook "Molecular Cell Biology" published in 2008 by W. H. Freeman and Company. The chapter is titled "Cellular Energetics" and is authored by Lodish, Berk, Kaiser, Krieger, Scott, Bretscher, Ploegh, and Matsudaira.
This chapter discusses the transmembrane transport of ions and small molecules across cell membranes. It covers topics such as passive transport through membrane channels and pumps, as well as active transport using ATP. The chapter is from the 6th edition of the textbook Molecular Cell Biology and is copyrighted by W. H. Freeman and Company in 2008.
This document is the copyright information for Chapter 10, titled "Biomembrane Structure", from the sixth edition of the textbook "Molecular Cell Biology" published in 2008 by W. H. Freeman and Company. The chapter was written by a team of authors including Lodish, Berk, Kaiser, Krieger, Scott, Bretscher, Ploegh and Matsudaira.
This document is the copyright information for Chapter 9 from the 6th edition of the textbook "Molecular Cell Biology" published in 2008 by W. H. Freeman and Company. The chapter is titled "Visualizing, Fractionating, and Culturing Cells" and is authored by Lodish, Berk, Kaiser, Krieger, Scott, Bretscher, Ploegh, and Matsudaira.
Beyond Degrees - Empowering the Workforce in the Context of Skills-First.pptxEduSkills OECD
Iván Bornacelly, Policy Analyst at the OECD Centre for Skills, OECD, presents at the webinar 'Tackling job market gaps with a skills-first approach' on 12 June 2024
it describes the bony anatomy including the femoral head , acetabulum, labrum . also discusses the capsule , ligaments . muscle that act on the hip joint and the range of motion are outlined. factors affecting hip joint stability and weight transmission through the joint are summarized.
Leveraging Generative AI to Drive Nonprofit InnovationTechSoup
In this webinar, participants learned how to utilize Generative AI to streamline operations and elevate member engagement. Amazon Web Service experts provided a customer specific use cases and dived into low/no-code tools that are quick and easy to deploy through Amazon Web Service (AWS.)
How to Make a Field Mandatory in Odoo 17Celine George
In Odoo, making a field required can be done through both Python code and XML views. When you set the required attribute to True in Python code, it makes the field required across all views where it's used. Conversely, when you set the required attribute in XML views, it makes the field required only in the context of that particular view.
Philippine Edukasyong Pantahanan at Pangkabuhayan (EPP) CurriculumMJDuyan
(𝐓𝐋𝐄 𝟏𝟎𝟎) (𝐋𝐞𝐬𝐬𝐨𝐧 𝟏)-𝐏𝐫𝐞𝐥𝐢𝐦𝐬
𝐃𝐢𝐬𝐜𝐮𝐬𝐬 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐄𝐏𝐏 𝐂𝐮𝐫𝐫𝐢𝐜𝐮𝐥𝐮𝐦 𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐏𝐡𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐩𝐩𝐢𝐧𝐞𝐬:
- Understand the goals and objectives of the Edukasyong Pantahanan at Pangkabuhayan (EPP) curriculum, recognizing its importance in fostering practical life skills and values among students. Students will also be able to identify the key components and subjects covered, such as agriculture, home economics, industrial arts, and information and communication technology.
𝐄𝐱𝐩𝐥𝐚𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐍𝐚𝐭𝐮𝐫𝐞 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐒𝐜𝐨𝐩𝐞 𝐨𝐟 𝐚𝐧 𝐄𝐧𝐭𝐫𝐞𝐩𝐫𝐞𝐧𝐞𝐮𝐫:
-Define entrepreneurship, distinguishing it from general business activities by emphasizing its focus on innovation, risk-taking, and value creation. Students will describe the characteristics and traits of successful entrepreneurs, including their roles and responsibilities, and discuss the broader economic and social impacts of entrepreneurial activities on both local and global scales.
Temple of Asclepius in Thrace. Excavation resultsKrassimira Luka
The temple and the sanctuary around were dedicated to Asklepios Zmidrenus. This name has been known since 1875 when an inscription dedicated to him was discovered in Rome. The inscription is dated in 227 AD and was left by soldiers originating from the city of Philippopolis (modern Plovdiv).
Walmart Business+ and Spark Good for Nonprofits.pdfTechSoup
"Learn about all the ways Walmart supports nonprofit organizations.
You will hear from Liz Willett, the Head of Nonprofits, and hear about what Walmart is doing to help nonprofits, including Walmart Business and Spark Good. Walmart Business+ is a new offer for nonprofits that offers discounts and also streamlines nonprofits order and expense tracking, saving time and money.
The webinar may also give some examples on how nonprofits can best leverage Walmart Business+.
The event will cover the following::
Walmart Business + (https://business.walmart.com/plus) is a new shopping experience for nonprofits, schools, and local business customers that connects an exclusive online shopping experience to stores. Benefits include free delivery and shipping, a 'Spend Analytics” feature, special discounts, deals and tax-exempt shopping.
Special TechSoup offer for a free 180 days membership, and up to $150 in discounts on eligible orders.
Spark Good (walmart.com/sparkgood) is a charitable platform that enables nonprofits to receive donations directly from customers and associates.
Answers about how you can do more with Walmart!"