The document discusses the problem solving technique of backtracking. Backtracking involves making a series of decisions with limited information, where each decision leads to further choices. It explores potential solutions systematically by trying choices and abandoning ("backtracking") from choices that do not lead to solutions. Examples where backtracking can be applied include solving mazes, map coloring problems, and puzzles. The key aspects of backtracking are exploring potential solutions through recursion or looping, checking if a partial solution can be completed at each choice, and abandoning incomplete solutions that cannot be completed.