This document discusses data structures and algorithms related to queues. It defines queues as first-in first-out (FIFO) linear lists and describes common queue operations like offer(), poll(), peek(), and isEmpty(). Implementations of queues using linked lists and circular arrays are presented. Applications of queues include accessing shared resources and serving as components of other data structures. The document concludes by explaining the eight queens puzzle and presenting an algorithm to solve it using backtracking.

1. DATA STRUCTURES AND
ANALYSIS OF ALGORITHM
Presented by: Ninh Bui L.
Professor: Alvin D.

2. LOGO
Contents
Define Queue1
2
3
Operation on Queue
4 Some applications of the Queue
5
Implementation of a Queue
The 8-Queen Problem

3. LOGO
1. Define Queues
 Queue is way of organizing the objects stored in
the form of a linear list of objects which the addition
is made in the list and get the object that is made at
the end of the list.
Queue also called type list FIFO (First In First
Out - in front before)

4. LOGO
1. Define Queues
Imaging
Amaging

5. LOGO
Operations of Queues
The Basic
Operations
B
E
C
D
A offer()
isempty()
poll()
peek()
size()

6. LOGO
Operations of Queues
Queue Interface Structure
Method Behavior
E peek() Returns the object at the top of the queue without
removing it. If the queue is empty, returns null.
E poll() Returns the object at the top of the queue and removes it.
If the queue is empty, returns null.
boolean offer(E obj) Appends item obj at the end of queue.
Returns true if successful false otherwise.

7. LOGO
Operations of Queues
Jonathan
Dustin
Robin
Debbile
Rich
Dustin
Robin
Debbile
Rich
Dustin
Robin
Debbile
Rich
Phillip
Example:
- For Queue names in Figure (a), the
Values of names.isempty() is false:
String first=names.peek();
- Remove”Jonathan” from names in
Figure (b):
String temp=names.remove();
- Add”Phillip” to the end of the Queue in
Figure (c):
Names.offer(“Phillip”);
(a)
(c)(b)

8. LOGO
Implementation of a Queue
 Implementation of a Queue using Linkedlist
LinkedList implements the Queue interface, so you can declare:
• Queue<String> name = new LinkedList<String>();
Class ListQueue contains a collection of Node<E> Objects
Insertions are at the rear of a queue and removals are from the front

9. LOGO
Implementation of a Queue
 Implementing a Queue Using a Circular Array
• Need to know the index of the front, the index of the read, the size, and
the capacity.
• Mod can be used to calculate the front and Read positions in a circular
array, therefore avoiding comparisons to the array size
The read of the queue is:
 (front + count - 1) % items.length;
 where count is the number of items currently in the queue.
 After removing an item the front of the queue is:
 (front + 1) % items.length;

10. LOGO
Implementation of a Queue
//Java Code
Queue<Integer> q = new
ArrayBlockingQueue(6);
q.offer(6);
0 1 2 3 4 5
6
front = 0
count = 01
insert item at (front + count) % items.length

11. LOGO
Implementation of a Queue
0 1 2 3 4 5
6
front = 0
4 7 3 8
count = 12345
//Java Code
Queue<Integer> q = new
ArrayBlockingQueue(6);
q.offer(6);
q.offer(4);
q.offer(7);
q.offer(3);
q.ofer(8);

12. LOGO
Implementation of a Queue
0 1 2 3 4 5
6
front = 0
4
make front = (0 + 1) % 6 = 1
1
7 3 8 9
count = 5434
make front = (1 + 1) % 6 = 2
2
//Java Code
Queue<Integer> q = new
ArrayBlockingQueue(6);
q.offer(6);
q.offer(4);
q.offer(7);
q.offer(3);
q.offer(8);
q.poll();//front = 1
q.poll();//front = 2
q.offer(9);

13. LOGO
Implementation of a Queue
//Java Code
Queue<Integer> q = new
ArrayBlockingQueue(6);
q.offer(6);
q.offer(4);
q.offer(7);
q.offer(3);
q.offer(8);
q.poll();//front = 1
q.poll();//front = 2
q.offer(9);
q.offer(5);
0 1 2 3 4 5
front = 2
7 3 8 95
count = 45
insert at (front + count) % 6
= (2 + 4) % 6 = 0

14. LOGO
APPLICATIONS
 The direct application
- Queue list
- Access to shared resources (Printers on the local
network)
- Most programming
 The application does not directly
- Data structure algorithms support
- How components of other data structures

15. LOGO8-Queen Problems
The eight queens puzzle is the problem of placing eight chess queens on
an 8 8 chessboard so that no two queens attack each other. Thus, a
solution requires that no two queens share the same row, column, or
diagonal.

16. LOGO
8-Queen Problems Using Back Tracking
Backtracking is a general algorithm for
finding all (or some) solutions to
some computational problem, that
incrementally builds candidates to the
solutions, and abandons each partial
candidate c ("backtracks") as soon as it
determines that c cannot possibly be
completed to a valid solution

17. LOGO
Step Revisited- Backtracking
1.Place the first queen in the left upper corner of the table.
2. Save the attacked positions
3. Move to the next queen(which can only be placed to the next line).
4. Search for a valid position. If there is one go to step 8.
5. There is not a valid position for the queen. Delete it ( the x
coordinate is 0).
6. Move to the previous queen.
7. Go to step 4.
8. Place it to the first valid position.
9. Save the attacked posotions.
10. If the queen processed is the last stop otherwise go to step 3.

18. LOGO
Algorithm
public static void Try(int j){
for (int i = 1; i<=8; i++)
{
if (a[i]&& b[i+j]&&c[i-j+7])
{
x[j] = i;
a[i] = false;
b[i+j] = false;
c[i-j+7] = false;
if(j<8) Try(j+1);
else Print(x);
a[i] = true;
b[i+j] = true;
c[i-j+7] = true;
}

19. LOGO
Solution
 There are 92 solutions to the 8 x 8 problem.
 Many of these are reflections and rotations of some of the
others, and if we de-duplicate against this, purists state that
there are only 12 distinct solutions (92 does not divide equally
by 12 because many of the reflections and rotations of a pure
solutions are not unique).