20.Ans. the packaging of the cholesterol into two different lipoprot.pdf
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20.Ans. the packaging of the cholesterol into two different lipoprotein carriers. in medical terminology good cholesterol and bad cholesterol refers based on the packaging of the cholesterol into two different lipoprotein carriers. in the blood stream two types of lipoproteins carries the cholesterol to and from the cells.the two two types of lipoproteins - LDL and HDL - low density lipoproteins and high density lipoproteins. the cholesterol which binds to LDL termed as Bad cholesterol which contributes plaque, hard deposits that can clog the arteries. the cholesterol which carried by HDL called good Cholesterol which removes LDL from arteries. 21.Ans. anabolic steroids use of anabolic steroids is abused in certain sports. anabolic steroids are the hormones that influence the body hormonal system while taking orally or any other way. once these enters into the body produces extra testosterone or it increases the muscle mass. that is the reason these steroids are abused to use certain sports. 22.Ans. the polar head groups. lipid molecules in the plasma membrane have hydrophilic head groups and hydrophobic tails. the hydrophilic head groups are arranged in such a way that they interact with water means they are arrange on the cytoplasm face. 23.Ans.Inside. in atherosclerosis the lipids are deposited inside the arteries. plaque is made inside the arteries with the fatty acids, waste products and cholesterol that restricts the blood flow through the arteries. Solution 20.Ans. the packaging of the cholesterol into two different lipoprotein carriers. in medical terminology good cholesterol and bad cholesterol refers based on the packaging of the cholesterol into two different lipoprotein carriers. in the blood stream two types of lipoproteins carries the cholesterol to and from the cells.the two two types of lipoproteins - LDL and HDL - low density lipoproteins and high density lipoproteins. the cholesterol which binds to LDL termed as Bad cholesterol which contributes plaque, hard deposits that can clog the arteries. the cholesterol which carried by HDL called good Cholesterol which removes LDL from arteries. 21.Ans. anabolic steroids use of anabolic steroids is abused in certain sports. anabolic steroids are the hormones that influence the body hormonal system while taking orally or any other way. once these enters into the body produces extra testosterone or it increases the muscle mass. that is the reason these steroids are abused to use certain sports. 22.Ans. the polar head groups. lipid molecules in the plasma membrane have hydrophilic head groups and hydrophobic tails. the hydrophilic head groups are arranged in such a way that they interact with water means they are arrange on the cytoplasm face. 23.Ans.Inside. in atherosclerosis the lipids are deposited inside the arteries. plaque is made inside the arteries with the fatty acids, waste products and cholesterol that restricts the blood flow through the arteries..
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調整血脂08
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Lipoproteins are biochemical assemblies containing both lipids and proteins that enable fats like triglycerides and cholesterol to be transported around the body in the bloodstream. Examples include HDL and LDL lipoproteins. Atherosclerosis is a disease where plaque builds up in the arteries due to factors like high cholesterol, reducing blood flow and potentially leading to heart attack, stroke or other issues if left untreated. Treatments for atherosclerosis focus on lifestyle changes and medications to control risk factors and cholesterol levels, or procedures like angioplasty or endarterectomy in severe cases.
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Biochemical composition and functions of blood and lymph
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1. Cholesterol is transported through the blood attached to proteins in lipoproteins like LDL, VLDL, and HDL. HDL removes cholesterol from arteries.
2. Normal plasma cholesterol levels are 140-220 mg/dl total and 26-126 mg/dl free. Too much cholesterol increases heart disease risk.
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3. Apolipoproteins bind to lipids and target different lipoproteins to tissues. Lipoprotein lipase breaks
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Reverse cholesterol metabolism
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2. The enzyme LCAT esterifies free cholesterol on HDL particles, forming a hydrophobic core and spherical HDL structure that can deliver cholesterol to the liver.
3. HDL accepts cholesterol from tissues via SR-B1 and transports it back to the liver for excretion, in a process called reverse cholesterol transport that removes excess cholesterol from the body.
Metabolism of lipids 1 1
This document discusses lipid metabolism and transport. It begins by outlining the roles of lipids in the body including as an energy source, structural components of membranes, and precursors to hormones. It then describes the digestion and absorption of dietary lipids in the small intestine aided by pancreatic enzymes and bile salts. Absorbed lipids are transported in the blood within lipoproteins, the main classes being chylomicrons, VLDL, IDL, LDL, and HDL. Chylomicrons and VLDL deliver lipids to tissues, LDL transports cholesterol, and HDL removes cholesterol from tissues and transports it to the liver. High levels of cholesterol carried by LDL can lead to atherosclerosis if not regulated.
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the blood
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Cholesterol is converted to bile acids in the liver which aid in digestion. Bile acids are synthesized from cholesterol through a reaction that adds hydroxyl groups. They help emulsify lipids and aid in their absorption. Most bile acids are reabsorbed and recycled in a process called enterohepatic circulation. A small amount of bile acids are lost in feces, which is the main route for eliminating cholesterol from the body. When bile acid or cholesterol levels are too high, gallstones can form. Cholesterol is also a precursor for steroid hormones and vitamin D. High levels of cholesterol in the blood can increase risk of heart disease.
Classes of lipoproteins and their role in the
Lipoproteins transport lipids like cholesterol and triglycerides through the bloodstream. There are several classes of lipoproteins including LDL, HDL, and VLDL. LDL transports cholesterol from the liver to tissues while HDL transports excess cholesterol from tissues back to the liver. Dysfunctional HDL and oxidized LDL can accumulate in artery walls and contribute to atherosclerosis. Dyslipidemias are disorders characterized by abnormal lipid levels and can be diagnosed through lipid profiles. Lifestyle changes and medications are used to treat different dyslipidemias.
a) False - correlation says nothing about particular values. b) F.pdf
a) False - correlation says nothing about particular values.
b) False - follows from above.
c) and d) True because positive correlation
e) False
Solution
a) False - correlation says nothing about particular values.
b) False - follows from above.
c) and d) True because positive correlation
e) False.
In an octahedral field f orbitals are split into three parts. 1. Sin.pdf
In an octahedral field f orbitals are split into three parts. 1. Singly degenerate lowest energy
state 2. Triply degenerate 3. Highest energy triply degenerate
Solution
In an octahedral field f orbitals are split into three parts. 1. Singly degenerate lowest energy
state 2. Triply degenerate 3. Highest energy triply degenerate.
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調整血脂08
1. The document discusses lipid-lowering drugs and their role in treating atherosclerosis.
2. It describes the different classes of lipoproteins that transport lipids like cholesterol and triglycerides in the blood, and the two pathways through which lipid transport occurs.
3. Hyperlipidemias are conditions characterized by elevated plasma lipids and lipoproteins, which can result in cholesterol deposition in arterial plaques and other tissues, leading to diseases like atherosclerosis, heart attacks, and strokes. Primary hyperlipidemias have a genetic cause, while secondary ones result from other conditions.
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This document provides information on various types of lipoproteins:
- It defines lipoproteins as biochemical assemblies containing both lipids and proteins that allow fats to move through water.
- It classifies lipoproteins based on density, electrophoretic mobility, and apolipoprotein content into chylomicrons, VLDL, IDL, LDL, and HDL.
- It describes the structure of lipoproteins consisting of a nonpolar lipid core surrounded by a surface layer of amphipathic lipids and proteins.
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Lipoproteins are biochemical assemblies containing both lipids and proteins that enable fats like triglycerides and cholesterol to be transported around the body in the bloodstream. Examples include HDL and LDL lipoproteins. Atherosclerosis is a disease where plaque builds up in the arteries due to factors like high cholesterol, reducing blood flow and potentially leading to heart attack, stroke or other issues if left untreated. Treatments for atherosclerosis focus on lifestyle changes and medications to control risk factors and cholesterol levels, or procedures like angioplasty or endarterectomy in severe cases.
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This document provides an overview of a pharmacology lecture on antihyperlipidemic drugs. It discusses the lipid hypothesis, pathophysiology of hyperlipidemia and atherosclerosis, mechanisms of action and side effects of various lipid-lowering drugs, and key topics on lipoproteins, cholesterol transport pathways, and the development of atherosclerosis.
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Blood has three main functions: transport, protection, and regulation. It transports gases, nutrients, wastes, hormones, and heat. White blood cells protect the body by destroying pathogens and cancer cells, while platelets help with blood clotting. Blood also helps regulate pH and water balance. It is composed of plasma and formed elements, including red blood cells, which carry oxygen and carbon dioxide, white blood cells, and platelets. Red blood cells are biconcave discs that transport oxygen and carbon dioxide via hemoglobin.
Cholesterol Metabolism II F (2).ppt
This document discusses cholesterol metabolism and transport. It covers:
1. Cholesterol is transported through the blood attached to proteins in lipoproteins like LDL, VLDL, and HDL. HDL removes cholesterol from arteries.
2. Normal plasma cholesterol levels are 140-220 mg/dl total and 26-126 mg/dl free. Too much cholesterol increases heart disease risk.
3. Hypercholesterolemia is high cholesterol over 220 mg/dl and can be caused by diet, hypothyroidism, diabetes, and genetic factors. Hypocholesterolemia is low cholesterol under 140 mg/dl caused by fasting, diet, liver disease, and hyperthyroidism.
Antihyperlipidemic drugs
Lipids such as cholesterol and triglycerides are transported in the blood by lipoproteins including LDL and HDL. High LDL and low HDL are risk factors for atherosclerosis, where plaque builds up in the arteries. Several genetic disorders and secondary causes can lead to hyperlipidemia and abnormal lipoprotein levels. Treatment focuses on lowering LDL and triglycerides while raising HDL to reduce cardiovascular risk. Statins are commonly used drugs that lower cholesterol by inhibiting HMG-CoA reductase.
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1. Lipoproteins are spherical aggregates that transport lipids like triglycerides and cholesterol in the bloodstream. They are composed of a hydrophobic core of lipids surrounded by a hydrophilic surface containing proteins and lipids.
2. There are several classes of lipoproteins defined by their density: chylomicrons, VLDL, IDL, LDL, and HDL. Chylomicrons transport dietary lipids from the intestine. VLDL transports triglycerides made in the liver. LDL transports cholesterol to tissues. HDL transports excess cholesterol from tissues back to the liver.
3. Apolipoproteins bind to lipids and target different lipoproteins to tissues. Lipoprotein lipase breaks
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Reverse cholesterol metabolism
1. HDL is synthesized in the liver and intestine and transports cholesterol from tissues to the liver via reverse cholesterol transport.
2. The enzyme LCAT esterifies free cholesterol on HDL particles, forming a hydrophobic core and spherical HDL structure that can deliver cholesterol to the liver.
3. HDL accepts cholesterol from tissues via SR-B1 and transports it back to the liver for excretion, in a process called reverse cholesterol transport that removes excess cholesterol from the body.
Metabolism of lipids 1 1
This document discusses lipid metabolism and transport. It begins by outlining the roles of lipids in the body including as an energy source, structural components of membranes, and precursors to hormones. It then describes the digestion and absorption of dietary lipids in the small intestine aided by pancreatic enzymes and bile salts. Absorbed lipids are transported in the blood within lipoproteins, the main classes being chylomicrons, VLDL, IDL, LDL, and HDL. Chylomicrons and VLDL deliver lipids to tissues, LDL transports cholesterol, and HDL removes cholesterol from tissues and transports it to the liver. High levels of cholesterol carried by LDL can lead to atherosclerosis if not regulated.
Atheroscelerosis
This document discusses atherosclerosis and lipid transport. It begins by outlining the learning outcomes, which include identifying lipoprotein components, describing the roles of different lipoproteins in lipid transport, and listing risk factors for atherosclerosis. It then provides details on the classification of lipoproteins including chylomicrons, VLDL, IDL, LDL, and HDL. The document describes how atherosclerosis forms due to deposition of lipid plaques in artery walls, facilitated by conditions like hyperlipidemia. It lists several risk factors for atherosclerosis and outlines the major steps in the development of atherosclerotic plaques.
the blood
Blood circulates throughout the body, transporting oxygen, nutrients, hormones, heat, and waste products. It is composed of plasma and cellular components. Plasma is 90-92% water and contains proteins, electrolytes, nutrients, waste, gases, and hormones. The cellular components are red blood cells, platelets, and white blood cells. Red blood cells contain hemoglobin and transport oxygen. White blood cells help fight infection. Blood types are determined by antigens on red blood cells. The circulatory and lymphatic systems work together to transport and filter blood throughout the body.
DEGRADATION OF CHOLESTEROL
Cholesterol is converted to bile acids in the liver which aid in digestion. Bile acids are synthesized from cholesterol through a reaction that adds hydroxyl groups. They help emulsify lipids and aid in their absorption. Most bile acids are reabsorbed and recycled in a process called enterohepatic circulation. A small amount of bile acids are lost in feces, which is the main route for eliminating cholesterol from the body. When bile acid or cholesterol levels are too high, gallstones can form. Cholesterol is also a precursor for steroid hormones and vitamin D. High levels of cholesterol in the blood can increase risk of heart disease.
Classes of lipoproteins and their role in the
Lipoproteins transport lipids like cholesterol and triglycerides through the bloodstream. There are several classes of lipoproteins including LDL, HDL, and VLDL. LDL transports cholesterol from the liver to tissues while HDL transports excess cholesterol from tissues back to the liver. Dysfunctional HDL and oxidized LDL can accumulate in artery walls and contribute to atherosclerosis. Dyslipidemias are disorders characterized by abnormal lipid levels and can be diagnosed through lipid profiles. Lifestyle changes and medications are used to treat different dyslipidemias.
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Yes some of the jobs are in decliened state due to online marketing and internet facilities.Some
of these are:
1. Bank Workers
We’re doing more and more banking online these days, and even though some Australian banks
are advertising that you can find “real people” in their branches to assist you, the customer
service element of banking is sharply in decline.
Services that have been traditionally performed by tellers are now done electronically. Automatic
teller machines are being used more frequently and tellers are only needed for complex
transactions. A bank teller needs to have very good attention to detail and they often have to
learn about a particular banking product that their company offers. They also generally need to
be good with people and customer service.
2. Filing and Registry Workers
We’re not using paper files as much anymore; with some school leavers not having that many
opportunities to even use a pen these days. Environmental factors also come into play, with lots
of businesses choosing to limit the amount of paper files that they keep or print.
It’s becoming less and less important for most businesses to employ someone just to file
documents as technology has increased; most workers are able to perform this function
themselves. Keeping copies of important documents in hard copy is still a necessary occurrence
in many cases, but more often than not, having digital copies of documents is more time and
space efficient. Filing workers need to have great organisation skills and be good with systems
and dealing with different types of people and management levels.
3. Manufacturers
In Australia, we are seeing more and more manufacturing moving overseas. It’s well understood
that Australia is a high wage country, and has been since the 1820s. After Federation, high wages
were cemented in place by reformers and trade unions; Australian governments were among the
first to grant age pensions and other welfare benefits as well.
The downside is that Australian manufacturing has become uncompetitive against nations whose
manufacturers “carried lighter burdens”. Chesty Bonds, King Gee and Hard Yakka have joined
“a conga line of Aussie brands exiting the country” leaving many individuals jobless.
4. Data Entry/Keyboard Operators
Over the last two decades, the amount of data generated has grown, but these days there is less
need for a person to translate, transfer or manipulate this data, as a lot of this is now done
automatically. Another reason for the drop in employment is the fact that where companies still
use data entry operators, they may outsource this function to overseas where wages are lower.
For those people who are thinking about a job in this field, or for those who are currently
employed in this line of work, contemplate expanding your skill-set to encompass other valuable
office skills.
5. Postal Worker / Mail Sorter
The number of people who are employed in positions where they sort and distribute mail has
sharply declined.
When acid is addedMolecular NaCHO2(aq) + H+(aq) = HCHO2(aq) + N.pdf
When acid is added:
Molecular: NaCHO2(aq) + H+(aq) => HCHO2(aq) + Na+(aq)
Ionic: CHO2-(aq) + H+(aq) => HCHO2(aq)
When base is added:
Molecular: HCHO2(aq) + NaOH(aq) => NaCHO2(aq) + H2O(l)
Ionic: HCHO2(aq) + OH-(aq) => CHO2-(aq) + H2O(l)
Solution
When acid is added:
Molecular: NaCHO2(aq) + H+(aq) => HCHO2(aq) + Na+(aq)
Ionic: CHO2-(aq) + H+(aq) => HCHO2(aq)
When base is added:
Molecular: HCHO2(aq) + NaOH(aq) => NaCHO2(aq) + H2O(l)
Ionic: HCHO2(aq) + OH-(aq) => CHO2-(aq) + H2O(l).
We can not simply come to the conclusion that original asteroid had .pdf
We can not simply come to the conclusion that original asteroid had a similar comosition of
metals and
carbon.
There may be a possibility of nuclear radiactivity from which initial compostion is redistributed
into metals and carbon type
The unstable elements in the asteroids have been acquired the stable configuration and then
redistributed as two separate belts.
Solution
We can not simply come to the conclusion that original asteroid had a similar comosition of
metals and
carbon.
There may be a possibility of nuclear radiactivity from which initial compostion is redistributed
into metals and carbon type
The unstable elements in the asteroids have been acquired the stable configuration and then
redistributed as two separate belts..
The term meiosis was originally introduced by J. B. Farmer and J.E.S.pdf
The term meiosis was originally introduced by J. B. Farmer and J.E.S Moore in the year 1905. It
was discovered by Oscar Hertwig in 1876. Meiosis is a type of cell division wherein which the
chromosome number of a diploid cell is halved, creating haploid cells. It takes place in
reproductive cells of all organisms. It is responsible for the formation of gametes which are
essentially haploid in nature.
In meiosis after the occurrence of DNA replication there is the formation of four daughter cells
by two rounds of cell divisions. There are two stages in meiosis stage I and stage II. The different
phases of meiosis are called as Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase and Telophase.
Solution
The term meiosis was originally introduced by J. B. Farmer and J.E.S Moore in the year 1905. It
was discovered by Oscar Hertwig in 1876. Meiosis is a type of cell division wherein which the
chromosome number of a diploid cell is halved, creating haploid cells. It takes place in
reproductive cells of all organisms. It is responsible for the formation of gametes which are
essentially haploid in nature.
In meiosis after the occurrence of DNA replication there is the formation of four daughter cells
by two rounds of cell divisions. There are two stages in meiosis stage I and stage II. The different
phases of meiosis are called as Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase and Telophase..
Typical resting potential of neuron is -70 mV.Correct answer is op.pdf
Typical resting potential of neuron is -70 mV.
Correct answer is option A.
It is negative due to uneven distribution of ions and also due to the presence of nucleic acids.
Solution
Typical resting potential of neuron is -70 mV.
Correct answer is option A.
It is negative due to uneven distribution of ions and also due to the presence of nucleic acids..
The value of a IEEE-754 number is computed assign 2exponent m.pdf
The value of a IEEE-754 number is computed as:
sign * 2exponent * mantissa
The sign is stored in bit 32. The exponent can be computed from bits 24-31 by subtracting 127.
The mantissa (also known as significand or fraction) is stored in bits 1-23. An invisible leading
bit (i.e. it is not actually stored) with value 1.0 is placed in front, then bit 23 has a value of 1/2,
bit 22 has value 1/4 etc. As a result, the mantissa has a value between 1.0 and 2. If the exponent
reaches -127 (binary 00000000), the leading 1 is no longer used to enable gradual underflow.
Binary equivalents of:
14.0 is 01000001011000000000000000000000
32.0 is 01000010000000000000000000000000
-3.0 is 11000000010000000000000000000000
128.0 is 01000011000000000000000000000000
-6.0 is 11000000110000000000000000000000
-15.0 is 11000001011100000000000000000000
Solution
The value of a IEEE-754 number is computed as:
sign * 2exponent * mantissa
The sign is stored in bit 32. The exponent can be computed from bits 24-31 by subtracting 127.
The mantissa (also known as significand or fraction) is stored in bits 1-23. An invisible leading
bit (i.e. it is not actually stored) with value 1.0 is placed in front, then bit 23 has a value of 1/2,
bit 22 has value 1/4 etc. As a result, the mantissa has a value between 1.0 and 2. If the exponent
reaches -127 (binary 00000000), the leading 1 is no longer used to enable gradual underflow.
Binary equivalents of:
14.0 is 01000001011000000000000000000000
32.0 is 01000010000000000000000000000000
-3.0 is 11000000010000000000000000000000
128.0 is 01000011000000000000000000000000
-6.0 is 11000000110000000000000000000000
-15.0 is 11000001011100000000000000000000.
The Lewis acid (electron pair acceptor) is Zn(OH)2The Lewis base (.pdf
The Lewis acid (electron pair acceptor) is Zn(OH)2
The Lewis base (electron pair donor) is OH
Solution
The Lewis acid (electron pair acceptor) is Zn(OH)2
The Lewis base (electron pair donor) is OH.
The answer is E. are referred to as task functionsSolutionThe .pdf
The answer is E. are referred to as task functions
Solution
The answer is E. are referred to as task functions.
For the first one it will be zero because only H-.pdf
For the first one it will be zero because only H- H interaction on axial position For
second there should be interaction energy between isopropyl and methyl should be specified
otherwise theproblem can not be done
Solution
For the first one it will be zero because only H- H interaction on axial position For
second there should be interaction energy between isopropyl and methyl should be specified
otherwise theproblem can not be done.
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When acid is addedMolecular NaCHO2(aq) + H+(aq) = HCHO2(aq) + N.pdf
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We can not simply come to the conclusion that original asteroid had .pdf
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The Lewis acid (electron pair acceptor) is Zn(OH)2The Lewis base (.pdf
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Chapter 2
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- 1. 20.Ans. the packaging of the cholesterol into two different lipoprotein carriers. in medical terminology good cholesterol and bad cholesterol refers based on the packaging of the cholesterol into two different lipoprotein carriers. in the blood stream two types of lipoproteins carries the cholesterol to and from the cells.the two two types of lipoproteins - LDL and HDL - low density lipoproteins and high density lipoproteins. the cholesterol which binds to LDL termed as Bad cholesterol which contributes plaque, hard deposits that can clog the arteries. the cholesterol which carried by HDL called good Cholesterol which removes LDL from arteries. 21.Ans. anabolic steroids use of anabolic steroids is abused in certain sports. anabolic steroids are the hormones that influence the body hormonal system while taking orally or any other way. once these enters into the body produces extra testosterone or it increases the muscle mass. that is the reason these steroids are abused to use certain sports. 22.Ans. the polar head groups. lipid molecules in the plasma membrane have hydrophilic head groups and hydrophobic tails. the hydrophilic head groups are arranged in such a way that they interact with water means they are arrange on the cytoplasm face. 23.Ans.Inside. in atherosclerosis the lipids are deposited inside the arteries. plaque is made inside the arteries with the fatty acids, waste products and cholesterol that restricts the blood flow through the arteries. Solution 20.Ans. the packaging of the cholesterol into two different lipoprotein carriers. in medical terminology good cholesterol and bad cholesterol refers based on the packaging of the cholesterol into two different lipoprotein carriers. in the blood stream two types of lipoproteins carries the cholesterol to and from the cells.the two two types of lipoproteins - LDL and HDL - low density lipoproteins and high density lipoproteins. the cholesterol which binds to LDL termed as Bad cholesterol which contributes plaque, hard deposits that can clog the arteries. the cholesterol which carried by HDL called good Cholesterol which removes LDL from arteries. 21.Ans. anabolic steroids use of anabolic steroids is abused in certain sports. anabolic steroids are the hormones that influence the body hormonal system while taking orally or any other way. once these enters into the body produces extra testosterone or it increases the muscle mass. that is the reason these steroids are abused to use certain sports.
- 2. 22.Ans. the polar head groups. lipid molecules in the plasma membrane have hydrophilic head groups and hydrophobic tails. the hydrophilic head groups are arranged in such a way that they interact with water means they are arrange on the cytoplasm face. 23.Ans.Inside. in atherosclerosis the lipids are deposited inside the arteries. plaque is made inside the arteries with the fatty acids, waste products and cholesterol that restricts the blood flow through the arteries.