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2017 feb-10 snowcamp.io-unikernels
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My Unikernels presentation at Snowcamp.io, Grenoble, France, 10th Feb 2017.
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2017 feb-10 snowcamp.io-unikernels
1.
Unikernels - The next big little thing ? Snowcamp.io, Grenoble, France, Feb 2017 Mike Bright, @mjbright
2.
Overview What are Unikernels? Why do we need them? Domains of application Unikernel implementations Clean-slate or legacy Tooling Containers and Unikernels Demo Conclusions Unikernels @mjbright
3.
Why this talk? @mjbright
4.
Why this talk? Curiosity about What we can expect to see from Unikernels (and Docker ...) Who the players are @mjbright
5.
Why this talk? Curiosity about What we can expect to see from Unikernels (and Docker ...) Who the players are 1990's: First unikernels - Exokernel and Nemesis (Univ. Cambr) @mjbright
6.
Why this talk? Curiosity about What we can expect to see from Unikernels (and Docker ...) Who the players are 1990's: First unikernels - Exokernel and Nemesis (Univ. Cambr) Jan 2014: ACM - "Unikernels: Rise of the Virtual Library Operating System", Anil Madhavapeddy and David J. Scott @mjbright
7.
Why this talk? Curiosity about What we can expect to see from Unikernels (and Docker ...) Who the players are 1990's: First unikernels - Exokernel and Nemesis (Univ. Cambr) Jan 2014: ACM - "Unikernels: Rise of the Virtual Library Operating System", Anil Madhavapeddy and David J. Scott Mar 2015: Linux.com - 7 Unikernel Projects to Take On Docker in 2015, Lars Kurth @mjbright
8.
Why this talk? Curiosity about What we can expect to see from Unikernels (and Docker ...) Who the players are 1990's: First unikernels - Exokernel and Nemesis (Univ. Cambr) Jan 2014: ACM - "Unikernels: Rise of the Virtual Library Operating System", Anil Madhavapeddy and David J. Scott Mar 2015: Linux.com - 7 Unikernel Projects to Take On Docker in 2015, Lars Kurth Nov 2015: Docker Con Europe demo Cool Hack "Unikernels, Meet Docker!" @mjbright
9.
Why this talk? Curiosity about What we can expect to see from Unikernels (and Docker ...) Who the players are 1990's: First unikernels - Exokernel and Nemesis (Univ. Cambr) Jan 2014: ACM - "Unikernels: Rise of the Virtual Library Operating System", Anil Madhavapeddy and David J. Scott Mar 2015: Linux.com - 7 Unikernel Projects to Take On Docker in 2015, Lars Kurth Nov 2015: Docker Con Europe demo Cool Hack "Unikernels, Meet Docker!" Jan 2016: Docker Blog - Unikernel Systems Joins Docker @mjbright
10.
Why this talk? Curiosity about What we can expect to see from Unikernels (and Docker ...) Who the players are 1990's: First unikernels - Exokernel and Nemesis (Univ. Cambr) Jan 2014: ACM - "Unikernels: Rise of the Virtual Library Operating System", Anil Madhavapeddy and David J. Scott Mar 2015: Linux.com - 7 Unikernel Projects to Take On Docker in 2015, Lars Kurth Nov 2015: Docker Con Europe demo Cool Hack "Unikernels, Meet Docker!" Jan 2016: Docker Blog - Unikernel Systems Joins Docker Oct 2016: The NewStack - Debunking Unikernels, Idit Levine Dell-EMC @mjbright
11.
Why this talk? Curiosity about What we can expect to see from Unikernels (and Docker ...) Who the players are 1990's: First unikernels - Exokernel and Nemesis (Univ. Cambr) Jan 2014: ACM - "Unikernels: Rise of the Virtual Library Operating System", Anil Madhavapeddy and David J. Scott Mar 2015: Linux.com - 7 Unikernel Projects to Take On Docker in 2015, Lars Kurth Nov 2015: Docker Con Europe demo Cool Hack "Unikernels, Meet Docker!" Jan 2016: Docker Blog - Unikernel Systems Joins Docker Oct 2016: The NewStack - Debunking Unikernels, Idit Levine Dell-EMC In 2017 ? MirageOS 3 will be released DockerCon US and EU @mjbright
12.
What are Unikernels? "Library OS"
13.
What are Unikernels? "Library OS" Applications built with only the OS components they actually require, e.g. TCP Stack, DNS, DHCP, NAT, F/w, Disk access. @mjbright
14.
What are Unikernels? "Library OS" Applications built with only the OS components they actually require, e.g. TCP Stack, DNS, DHCP, NAT, F/w, Disk access. Single process(*) applications (no threads, forking or multi-user) (*) Small size (few lines of code) and very fast to boot Small attack surface (potentially secure) High performance - no context switches! No shell @mjbright
15.
Why are Unikernels needed? Think for a moment - What OS do you run? On what hardware? Modern OS provide amazing backwards compatibility and features @mjbright
16.
Why are Unikernels needed? Think for a moment - What OS do you run? On what hardware? Modern OS provide amazing backwards compatibility and features But an app uses a tiny fraction of those features consuming resources, increasing the attack surface (linux kernel ~ 25 M LOC) @mjbright
17.
Why are Unikernels needed? Think for a moment - What OS do you run? On what hardware? Modern OS provide amazing backwards compatibility and features But an app uses a tiny fraction of those features consuming resources, increasing the attack surface (linux kernel ~ 25 M LOC) @mjbright
18.
Why are Unikernels needed? Think for a moment - What OS do you run? On what hardware? Modern OS provide amazing backwards compatibility and features But an app uses a tiny fraction of those features consuming resources, increasing the attack surface (linux kernel ~ 25 M LOC) Unikernels provide an alternative But are they a panacea? @mjbright
19.
The 2 families of Unikernels
20.
Unikernel Implementations - 2 families There are 2 main classes of Unikernels
21.
Unikernel Implementations - 2 families There are 2 main classes of Unikernels Clean-Slate The Clean-Slate approach emphasizes safety and security. Same language for application and "Library OS" components. One example of this approach is MirageOS (written in Ocaml)
22.
Unikernel Implementations - 2 families There are 2 main classes of Unikernels Clean-Slate The Clean-Slate approach emphasizes safety and security. Same language for application and "Library OS" components. One example of this approach is MirageOS (written in Ocaml) Legacy The Legacy approach favours backward compatibility of existing applications based on POSIX-compatibilities. One example of this approach is OSv for which there are implementatons of Tomcat, Jetty, Cassandra, OpenJDK We will see more Unikernel implementations later ...
23.
Application domains for Unikernels
24.
In what domains might they be used? Cloud Computing Small (kB/MB) immutable entities with fast boot times (100's ms). Possibility of on-demand servers, µ-services Potentially greater security (< LOC) @mjbright
25.
In what domains might they be used? Cloud Computing Small (kB/MB) immutable entities with fast boot times (100's ms). Possibility of on-demand servers, µ-services Potentially greater security (< LOC) NFV (Network Functional Virtualization) Cloud but stricter requirements on response times Decouple software from the hardware, decompose/chain functions Ericsson, NEC, Cisco are active in this domain @mjbright
26.
In what domains might they be used? Cloud Computing Small (kB/MB) immutable entities with fast boot times (100's ms). Possibility of on-demand servers, µ-services Potentially greater security (< LOC) NFV (Network Functional Virtualization) Cloud but stricter requirements on response times Decouple software from the hardware, decompose/chain functions Ericsson, NEC, Cisco are active in this domain IoT / Embedded / Network Switches For low-resource, potentially secure elements (baremetal or µ-vmm ?) Build up the "app" instead of stripping down the "OS" @mjbright
27.
In what domains might they be used? Cloud Computing Small (kB/MB) immutable entities with fast boot times (100's ms). Possibility of on-demand servers, µ-services Potentially greater security (< LOC) NFV (Network Functional Virtualization) Cloud but stricter requirements on response times Decouple software from the hardware, decompose/chain functions Ericsson, NEC, Cisco are active in this domain IoT / Embedded / Network Switches For low-resource, potentially secure elements (baremetal or µ-vmm ?) Build up the "app" instead of stripping down the "OS" HPC Greater performance possible (but may be hard work)@mjbright
28.
In what domains might they be used? - NFV/SDN Nano-services boot up in 10-20 msec on demand and are removed when the request completes. Presented by Ericsson Research, Jan 2016 at SCALE 14x. Unikernels meet NFV Ericsson Research Blog Unikernels.org Blog
29.
IETF draft on Containers for NFV expired Jan 2017 Taken from: draft-natarajan-nfvrg-containers-for-nfv-03.txt 4.2. Instantiation Times Measurement of time to boot image, up to the 1st RST packet (to a SYN flood). |--------------------------------------+ | Technology Type | Time (msecs) | |--------------------------------------+ | standardvm.xen | 6500 | | standardvm.kvm | 2988 | | Container | 1711 | | tinyx.kvm | 1081 | | tinyx.xen | 431 | | unikernel.osv.kvm | 330 | | unikernels.minios.xen |** 31 **| +-----------------------+--------------+ Note: These unikernels include just one application - iperf. Tinyx is "Tinyfied Linux" running 4.4.1 kernel - busybox+sshd+iperf Standard VM is Debian running 4.4.1 kernel + iperf Docker container including iperf
30.
IETF draft on Containers for NFV expired Jan 2017 4.3. Throughput TCP/IP throughput was measured using iperf from guest to host (to avoid physical medium limitations) |---------------------------------------------------------------+ | Technology | Throughput (Gb/s) | Throughput (Gb/s) | | Type | Tx | Rx | |-----------------------+-------------------+-------------------+ | standardvm.xen | 23.1 | 24.5 | | standardvm.kvm | 20.1 | 38.9 | | Container | 45.1 | 43.8 | | tinyx.kvm | 21.5 | 37.9 | | tinyx.xen | 28.6 | 24.9 | | unikernel.osv.kvm |** 47.9 **|** 47.7 **| | unikernels.minios.xen |** 49.5 **| 32.6 | +-----------------------+-------------------+-------------------+ Note: Throughput depends not just on guest efficiency Xen is optimized for Tx but not Rx (similar to ClickOS experience)
31.
IETF draft on Containers for NFV expired Jan 2017 4.4. RTT Average round-trip time (RTT) measured from an external server using a ping flood. +-----------------------+--------------+ | Technology Type | Time (msecs) | |--------------------------------------+ | standardvm.xen | 34 | | standardvm.kvm | 18 | | Container |** 4 **| | tinyx.kvm | 19 | | tinyx.xen | 15 | | unikernel.osv.kvm | 9 | | unikernels.minios.xen |** 5 **| +-----------------------+--------------+
32.
IETF draft on Containers for NFV expired Jan 2017 4.5. Image Size We measure image size using the standard "ls" tool. +-----------------------+------------+ | Technology Type | Size (MBs) | |------------------------------------+ | standardvm.xen | 913 | | standardvm.kvm | 913 | | Container | 61 | | tinyx.kvm | 3.5 | | tinyx.xen | 3.7 | | unikernel.osv.kvm | 12 | | unikernels.minios.xen |** 2 **| +-----------------------+------------+
33.
IETF draft on Containers for NFV expired Jan 2017 4.6. Memory Usage "top" and "xl" (on Xen) used to measure memory usage: +-----------------------+-------------+ | Technology Type | Usage (MBs) | |-------------------------------------+ | standardvm.xen | 112 | | standardvm.kvm | 82 | | Container |** 3.8 **| | tinyx.kvm | 30 | | tinyx.xen | 31 | | unikernel.osv.kvm | 52 | | unikernels.minios.xen | 8 | +-----------------------+-------------+ Note: OSv pre-allocates memory, e.g for buffers Best result is Docker as it has no OS function
34.
IETF draft on Containers for NFV expired Jan 2017 So what conclusions can we draw in the case of NFV?
35.
IETF draft on Containers for NFV expired Jan 2017 So what conclusions can we draw in the case of NFV? Well it depends of course !!
36.
IETF draft on Containers for NFV expired Jan 2017 So what conclusions can we draw in the case of NFV? Well it depends of course !! It depends upon your applications', your organizations' criteria: Service agility/elasticity: spin up/down times Memory consumption Security/Isolation Management frameworks Compatibility with applications
37.
IETF draft on Containers for NFV expired Jan 2017 So what conclusions can we draw in the case of NFV? Well it depends of course !! It depends upon your applications', your organizations' criteria: Service agility/elasticity: spin up/down times Memory consumption Security/Isolation Management frameworks Compatibility with applications These are still early days for Unikernels for Cloud Computing. Hybrid approaches may be appropriate.
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Unikernel Implementations ... in more detail
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Unikernel Implementations - 2 families There are 2 main classes of Unikernels
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Unikernel Implementations - 2 families There are 2 main classes of Unikernels The Clean-Slate approach emphasizes safety and security. Same language for application and Library OS components. MirageOS (Ocaml) HalVM (Haskell) LING (Erlang)
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Unikernel Implementations - 2 families There are 2 main classes of Unikernels The Clean-Slate approach emphasizes safety and security. Same language for application and Library OS components. MirageOS (Ocaml) HalVM (Haskell) LING (Erlang) The Legacy approach favours backward compatibility of existing applications based on POSIX-compatibilities. Many applications have been ported OSv (Tomcat, Jetty, Cassandra, OpenJDK, ...) Rumprun (MySQL, PHP, Nginx) Runtimejs Clive (Go)
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Unikernel Implementations Technology Description ClickOS cnp.neclab.eu For embedded network h/w. ~5MB images, boots <20ms, 45 μs delay, 100 VMs => 10Gbps Clive lsub.org Written in Go. For distributed and cloud. Drawbridge MS Research prototype. Picoprocess/container with minimal kernel API surface, and Windows library OS. Graphene graphene Securing "multi-process" legacy apps - adds IPC. HaLVM galois.com Port of GHC (Glasgow Haskell Compiler) suite. Write apps in Haskell to run on Xen. IncludeOS includeos.org Research project for C++ code on virtual hardware. LING erlangonxen.org Erlang/OTP runs on Xen. MirageOS mirage.io Clean-slate library OS for secure, high-perf network apps. More than 100 MirageOS libraries plus OCaml ecosystem. OSv osv.io Cloudius Run Linux binaries (w. limitations), supports C/C++, JVM, Ruby, Node.js Rumprun @mjbright
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Clean-Slate https://mirage.io/ OCaml-Based MirageOS "Library OS" components are written in Ocaml . ML-derived languages are best known for their static type systems and type-inferring compilers. OCaml unifies functional, imperative, and object-oriented programming under an ML-like type system. OCaml has extensive libraries available (Unison sync utility) Unikernel implementations - MirageOS/Ocaml
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Clean-Slate https://mirage.io/ OCaml-Based MirageOS Unikernels are based on the Mirage-OS Unikernel base (OS library). The mirage tool is used to build Unikernels for various backends: Xen Hypervisor (PV) Unix (Linux or OS/X binaries) Browser (via Ocaml->JS compiler !!) MirageOS 3 (/Solo5) will support kvm (/ukvm) Even an experimental BM backend for Raspberry Pi Unikernel implementations - MirageOS-2 @mjbright
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Clean-Slate https://mirage.io/ OCaml-Based MirageOS Unikernels are based on the Mirage-OS Unikernel base (OS library). The mirage tool is used to build Unikernels for various backends: Xen Hypervisor (PV) Unix (Linux or OS/X binaries) Browser (via Ocaml->JS compiler !!) MirageOS 3 (/Solo5) will support kvm (/ukvm) Even an experimental BM backend for Raspberry Pi Building applications for unix or xen mirage configure -t unix make ./mir-console mirage configure -t xen make ****xen create ./mir-console.xen Unikernel implementations - MirageOS-2 @mjbright
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Clean-Slate https://mirage.io/ BNC Pinata: http://ownme.ipredator.se/ Networking applications e.g. CyberChaff "false network hosts" PayGarden, Sean Grove "Baby steps to unikernels in production" Too painful to create/configure AMI images on AWS Solo5 allows to create KVM images deployable on GCE Unikernel implementations - MirageOS - Use Cases @mjbright
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Unik [EMC-Dell]: "The Unikernel Compilation and Deployment Platform" (+ image hub) rumprun: Python, Node.js and Go OSv: Java, Node.js, C and C++ IncludeOS: C++ MirageOS: OCaml Solo5 [IBM] : An alternative unikernel-base for MirageOS Provides qemu/KVM support for MirageOS Is currently being integrated into MirageOS 3 beta ukvm [IBM]: An alternative VM Monitor a "library hypervisor" capstan : OSv build tool (+ image hub) Unikernel Tooling @mjbright
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Unikernel Tooling MirageOS jitsu : "Just-In-Time Summoning of Unikernels" A DNS server that starts unikernels on demand. Tested with MirageOS and Rumprun unikernels. https://github.com/mirage/jitsu @mjbright
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Unikernels and Containers : My guess ... So what about Containers? ... and why did Docker buy Unikernel Systems? @mjbright
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Unikernels and Containers : My guess ... So what about Containers? ... and why did Docker buy Unikernel Systems? Unikernel Systems are involved in MirageOS/Xen Unikernels already used as specific functions in "Docker for Mac" @mjbright
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Unikernels and Containers : My guess ... So what about Containers? ... and why did Docker buy Unikernel Systems? Unikernel Systems are involved in MirageOS/Xen Unikernels already used as specific functions in "Docker for Mac" No-brainer: Provide build/ship/run tools for Unikernels build: tools to facilitate building Unikernels test: run Unikernels in containers to faciltate testing https://github.com/mato/docker-unikernel-runner ship: Docker registry extended to provide Unikernel images run: Docker Swarm orchestrates tasks incl. Unikernels @mjbright
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Unikernels and Containers : My guess ... So what about Containers? ... and why did Docker buy Unikernel Systems? Unikernel Systems are involved in MirageOS/Xen Unikernels already used as specific functions in "Docker for Mac" No-brainer: Provide build/ship/run tools for Unikernels build: tools to facilitate building Unikernels test: run Unikernels in containers to faciltate testing https://github.com/mato/docker-unikernel-runner ship: Docker registry extended to provide Unikernel images run: Docker Swarm orchestrates tasks incl. Unikernels Secure Container deployments through hybrid solutions Secure front-ends made of unikernels e.g. for OCaml MediaWiki (http2https, tlstunnel, ...) Containers for backend Surprises? ...@mjbright@mjbright
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Demo DeferPanic - Unikernel IaaS - https://deferpanic.com/ runtime.js - Node.js Unikernel - https://github.com/runtimejs/example-web- server 4 unikernel demos - Look Ma, no OS! - https://github.com/technolo-g/lookma
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Conclusions Much work needs to be done to make them easy to build, deploy, debug We will see easier to use solutions Whatever Docker plan to surprise us with Unik will facilitate building, deploying multiple technologies Solo5 will allow mixing of technologies Several disparate technologies today but some efforts to synergize Unikernels are an interesting complimentary technology to containers We can expect hybrid solutions 2017 will be an interesting year for Unikernels @mjbright
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Resources Scoop.it Unikernels www.scoop.it/t/unikernels Youtube Playlist youtube.com/.../unikernels Wikipedia en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unikernel unikernels.org unikernels.org mirageos.io mirageos.io mirage.io/docs/papers OReilly "Unikernels" Free download @unikernel
@unikernel github.com/ocamllabs ocamllabs github.com/mirage MirageOS @mjbright
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Thank you Q&A
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