This document discusses mechanical ventilation and the weaning process. It outlines the 7 stages of weaning and indicators for readiness to wean, including parameters like respiratory rate, tidal volume, rapid shallow breathing index, and maximum inspiratory pressure. It describes methods for spontaneous breathing trials and criteria for weaning failure. Difficult weaning can be caused by respiratory, cardiac, psychological, ventilator or nutritional factors. Daily assessment is important to evaluate readiness and avoid complications from prolonged mechanical ventilation.
PC mode uses pressure control ventilation where the ventilator controls the inspiratory pressure and the patient controls the respiratory rate and inspiratory time. The tidal volume depends on the inspiratory pressure set, lung compliance, and airway resistance. Key settings include inspiratory pressure, respiratory rate, inspiratory time, and PEEP. Plateau pressure and driving pressure should be monitored to avoid overinflation and volutrauma. PEEP is used to prevent alveolar collapse and improve oxygenation but can impact hemodynamics at higher levels by decreasing venous return and cardiac output.
This document discusses nutrition guidelines for critically ill patients. It recommends starting enteral nutrition within 24-48 hours of admission to provide 25 kcal/kg/day and over 1.2 g/kg/day of protein. Enteral nutrition is preferred over parenteral nutrition when possible. Guidelines suggest not stopping nutrition without a definite medical cause and consulting nutrition support teams.
1. The patient is a 75-year-old male admitted to the EICU for septic shock due to pneumonia and colitis. He received TPN for nutrition support from admission until signs of bowel recovery were seen.
2. Enteral nutrition was started with 500 kcal/day of tube feeding once bowel sounds returned, but was reduced due to distension. IV fluids were given initially until TPN was started providing over 1300 kcal per day.
3. Laboratory findings and the patient's clinical status including hemodynamics, mottling, and ventilator settings are discussed to determine the adequacy and progression of nutrition support and management of septic shock. Further suggestions may be considered.
This document discusses different types of mechanical ventilation and ventilation modes. It begins by outlining four types of respiratory failure that may require mechanical ventilation. It then discusses goals of mechanical ventilation related to oxygenation and ventilation. The document goes on to explain various ventilation modes including volume control, pressure control, pressure support, and APRV. It provides details on settings for tidal volume, minute ventilation, and initial mechanical ventilation settings. Overall, the document provides an overview of mechanical ventilation types, goals, modes, and initial settings.
1. Mechanical ventilation settings like PEEP aim to reduce ventilator-induced lung injuries from atelectrauma and overdistension while improving oxygenation.
2. The optimal PEEP level can be determined through methods like the ARDSnet table, transpulmonary pressure measurements, lung compliance curves, and stress indexes. Higher PEEP recruits more alveoli but may affect hemodynamics.
3. Pressure-volume curves can help identify the lower inflection point and lower deflection point to guide PEEP setting, along with recruitment maneuvers. Slow-flow curves more accurately detect inflection points.
1. Mechanical ventilation can be associated with significant morbidity and mortality if prolonged. Weaning patients from mechanical ventilation in a timely manner is important.
2. There are seven stages of weaning which include assessing patient readiness, conducting spontaneous breathing trials, and using various ventilator modes like pressure support to gradually reduce support.
3. Spontaneous breathing trials for 30 minutes to 2 hours are generally preferred for weaning but gradual reduction over days may be better in some cases. Daily assessment of readiness and trials are recommended with prompt reintubation if trials fail.
1. Mechanical ventilation troubleshooting involves identifying the cause of a patient's sudden respiratory distress by analyzing monitor alarms, physical signs, and ventilator graphs.
2. Common causes include ventilator issues like leaks, circuit blocks, or setting errors as well as patient issues such as pneumonia or pneumothorax.
3. The document outlines steps for troubleshooting including disconnecting the patient to manually bag and assess response, then treating the most likely problem by procedures like suctioning, adjusting settings, or emergency thoracostomy.
This document provides an overview of electrolyte disorders including hypernatremia, hyponatremia, hyperkalemia, hypokalemia, and hyperglycemia. It discusses the etiology, clinical effects, and approaches to management. Specifically, it covers how these disorders disrupt osmotic balance and cell volume, outlines factors that influence electrolyte concentrations, and provides guidelines for treatment including shifting electrolytes between intra and extracellular compartments or removing excess amounts. The document compares US and European guidelines for hyponatremia and concludes by thanking the reader.
Cardiogenic shock is a serious condition where the heart cannot pump enough blood to vital organs, causing hypotension and end-organ damage. The most common cause is acute myocardial infarction with left ventricular dysfunction. In-hospital mortality from cardiogenic shock is high, around 27-51%. Treatment involves stabilization, vasopressor support, mechanical circulatory support if needed, and identifying and treating the underlying cardiac cause, such as through coronary angiography and PCI. Despite aggressive treatment, cardiogenic shock remains a medical emergency with high mortality.
This document discusses mechanical ventilation and the weaning process. It outlines the 7 stages of weaning and indicators for readiness to wean, including parameters like respiratory rate, tidal volume, rapid shallow breathing index, and maximum inspiratory pressure. It describes methods for spontaneous breathing trials and criteria for weaning failure. Difficult weaning can be caused by respiratory, cardiac, psychological, ventilator or nutritional factors. Daily assessment is important to evaluate readiness and avoid complications from prolonged mechanical ventilation.
PC mode uses pressure control ventilation where the ventilator controls the inspiratory pressure and the patient controls the respiratory rate and inspiratory time. The tidal volume depends on the inspiratory pressure set, lung compliance, and airway resistance. Key settings include inspiratory pressure, respiratory rate, inspiratory time, and PEEP. Plateau pressure and driving pressure should be monitored to avoid overinflation and volutrauma. PEEP is used to prevent alveolar collapse and improve oxygenation but can impact hemodynamics at higher levels by decreasing venous return and cardiac output.
This document discusses nutrition guidelines for critically ill patients. It recommends starting enteral nutrition within 24-48 hours of admission to provide 25 kcal/kg/day and over 1.2 g/kg/day of protein. Enteral nutrition is preferred over parenteral nutrition when possible. Guidelines suggest not stopping nutrition without a definite medical cause and consulting nutrition support teams.
1. The patient is a 75-year-old male admitted to the EICU for septic shock due to pneumonia and colitis. He received TPN for nutrition support from admission until signs of bowel recovery were seen.
2. Enteral nutrition was started with 500 kcal/day of tube feeding once bowel sounds returned, but was reduced due to distension. IV fluids were given initially until TPN was started providing over 1300 kcal per day.
3. Laboratory findings and the patient's clinical status including hemodynamics, mottling, and ventilator settings are discussed to determine the adequacy and progression of nutrition support and management of septic shock. Further suggestions may be considered.
This document discusses different types of mechanical ventilation and ventilation modes. It begins by outlining four types of respiratory failure that may require mechanical ventilation. It then discusses goals of mechanical ventilation related to oxygenation and ventilation. The document goes on to explain various ventilation modes including volume control, pressure control, pressure support, and APRV. It provides details on settings for tidal volume, minute ventilation, and initial mechanical ventilation settings. Overall, the document provides an overview of mechanical ventilation types, goals, modes, and initial settings.
1. Mechanical ventilation settings like PEEP aim to reduce ventilator-induced lung injuries from atelectrauma and overdistension while improving oxygenation.
2. The optimal PEEP level can be determined through methods like the ARDSnet table, transpulmonary pressure measurements, lung compliance curves, and stress indexes. Higher PEEP recruits more alveoli but may affect hemodynamics.
3. Pressure-volume curves can help identify the lower inflection point and lower deflection point to guide PEEP setting, along with recruitment maneuvers. Slow-flow curves more accurately detect inflection points.
1. Mechanical ventilation can be associated with significant morbidity and mortality if prolonged. Weaning patients from mechanical ventilation in a timely manner is important.
2. There are seven stages of weaning which include assessing patient readiness, conducting spontaneous breathing trials, and using various ventilator modes like pressure support to gradually reduce support.
3. Spontaneous breathing trials for 30 minutes to 2 hours are generally preferred for weaning but gradual reduction over days may be better in some cases. Daily assessment of readiness and trials are recommended with prompt reintubation if trials fail.
1. Mechanical ventilation troubleshooting involves identifying the cause of a patient's sudden respiratory distress by analyzing monitor alarms, physical signs, and ventilator graphs.
2. Common causes include ventilator issues like leaks, circuit blocks, or setting errors as well as patient issues such as pneumonia or pneumothorax.
3. The document outlines steps for troubleshooting including disconnecting the patient to manually bag and assess response, then treating the most likely problem by procedures like suctioning, adjusting settings, or emergency thoracostomy.
This document provides an overview of electrolyte disorders including hypernatremia, hyponatremia, hyperkalemia, hypokalemia, and hyperglycemia. It discusses the etiology, clinical effects, and approaches to management. Specifically, it covers how these disorders disrupt osmotic balance and cell volume, outlines factors that influence electrolyte concentrations, and provides guidelines for treatment including shifting electrolytes between intra and extracellular compartments or removing excess amounts. The document compares US and European guidelines for hyponatremia and concludes by thanking the reader.
Cardiogenic shock is a serious condition where the heart cannot pump enough blood to vital organs, causing hypotension and end-organ damage. The most common cause is acute myocardial infarction with left ventricular dysfunction. In-hospital mortality from cardiogenic shock is high, around 27-51%. Treatment involves stabilization, vasopressor support, mechanical circulatory support if needed, and identifying and treating the underlying cardiac cause, such as through coronary angiography and PCI. Despite aggressive treatment, cardiogenic shock remains a medical emergency with high mortality.
1. The document discusses definitions of sepsis, severe sepsis, septic shock from 1992, 2001, and 2016. It describes the criteria for systemic inflammatory response syndrome, sepsis, and septic shock.
2. Guidelines for management of sepsis from the Surviving Sepsis Campaign are summarized, including early goal directed therapy, resuscitation bundles, and antimicrobial therapy recommendations.
3. Key aspects of the updated 2018 Surviving Sepsis Campaign guidelines are highlighted, such as initial fluid resuscitation, hemodynamic support, antimicrobial administration, and duration of therapy.
This document discusses post-cardiac arrest syndrome (PCAS), which refers to the pathology caused by complete whole body ischemia and reperfusion following cardiac arrest. PCAS involves (1) post-cardiac arrest brain injury, (2) post-cardiac arrest myocardial dysfunction, (3) systemic ischemia/reperfusion response, and (4) persistent precipitating pathology. The document outlines recommendations for targeted temperature management, hemodynamic goals, prognostication of outcome, and organ donation for patients experiencing PCAS.
This document discusses acute kidney injury (AKI). It notes that AKI is common in ICU patients and associated with increased mortality. Sepsis and postoperative/toxic causes are common. It defines AKI and discusses causes including prerenal, postrenal, and intrarenal. For intrarenal causes, it mentions glomerulonephritis, vasculitis, interstitial nephritis, acute tubular necrosis, and sepsis-induced AKI. It reviews diagnosis and novel biomarkers. Prevention and treatment sections discuss volume expansion, diuretics, vasopressors, vasodilators, sedation, hormonal manipulation, metabolic interventions, statins, and renal replacement therapy.
This document provides an overview of acid-base principles and disorders. It discusses the normal ranges for pH, PCO2, and HCO3 and defines acid-base disorders. Primary acid-base disorders are classified as respiratory or metabolic based on changes in PCO2 or HCO3. Secondary responses to primary disorders and mixed acid-base disorders are also covered. Evaluation of acid-base disorders follows a stepwise approach identifying the primary disorder and any secondary responses. Metabolic acidosis is further evaluated using anion gap, delta gap, and urine anion gap. Causes and treatments of various acid-base disorders are outlined.
4. 당직의는 이럴 때 괴롭다
1) 주치의가 당직 새벽 때 f/u lab 을 잔뜩 내 놓고 간 경우
- 예외) 3% Saline, K 교정, urine alkalization
2) 주치의가 익일 오더를 빼 놓고 간 경우
- 누구나 실수할 수 있습니다.
- 아직 병원에 남아서 오더 넣고 있는 중일 수도 있습니다.
3) Condition 안 좋은 환자를 질질 끌다가 당직의가 뒤집어 쓰
는 경우
5. 절대 깔면 안 되는 콜
V/S sign의 변화 : BP
1) Hypertension
- HTN Hx, 기저 BP의 profile, Hypertension 유발 원인 등을 review
- HTN medication Hx. (Self medication, Inotropics 사용 유무)
- ECG, CPA
* Practice :
A. HTN을 유발할 만한 원인 감별하여 조절 (ex. pain, IICP)
B. SBP가 180 이상이면 nicardipine 1mg or 2mg iv 로 조절
- 단, heart failure 등의 심장병력이 있으면 금기
6. 절대 깔면 안 되는 콜
V/S sign의 변화 : BP
2) Hypotension
1. DDx : Hypovolemic, Cardiogenic, Septic, Drug induced 등
2. 환자를 꼭 보고 Hx, P/Ex을 한다. 원인이 될만한 D/C
3. W/U : ABGA, cardiac marker를 포함한 full lab, chest PA(AP), ECG
4. Practice : 결과 나오기 전 mean BP 60이상을 Target으로 management
- N/S 500ml full drip & BP f/u
- Inotropics 사용 고려 (NE 4mcg/min, Dobu 3mcg/kg/min 등)
-> urine output check! Foley insertion
- BP를 올려놓고 원인을 찾아서 교정해주는 것이 중요함.
7. 절대 깔면 안 되는 콜
V/S sign의 변화 : HR
1) Tarchycardia
1. ECG f/u !!
2. Sinus tachycardia – 원인 감별 : hypovolemia, pain, fever, hypoxemia
- 당직시간 교정 가능한 원인에 대해서 교정
- Sx. 없는 경우 observation가능하나 HR>150시 Diltiazem 10mg iv 고려
** S.tachycardia의 경우 환자가 condition저하 전조 가능성이 있으니 주의
3. PSVT – Carotid massage > Adenosine 6mg IV bolus (pph) > 12mg
- Adenosine 투여 시 keep이 원칙, adenosine response 없을 경우 CCB
4. A.fib with RVR – HR control
8. 절대 깔면 안 되는 콜
V/S sign의 변화 : HR
1) Bradycardia
1. ECG f/u !!
2. Sinus Bradycardia
- V/S 확인, Symptomless의 경우 observation
- V/S unstable시 anticholinergics apply
9. 절대 깔면 안 되는 콜
V/S sign의 변화 : RR
1) Tachypnea
1. ABGA f/u !!
2. Hypoxemia, Hypercapnia 교정
- O2 apply (NP < 6L/min, 6L/min이상시 mask)
- Hypoxemia c hypercapnia의 경우 HFNC 고려
- ARDS의 경우 ICU vs DNR
3. Metabolic acidosis인 경우 원인을 찾아 교정시도
4. Hyperventilation syndrome의 경우 empty bag apply, sedative
10. 절대 깔면 안 되는 콜
V/S sign의 변화 : RR
2) Bradypnea
1. Drug-induced bradypnea
- Opioid, sedative hold
- Opioid induced bradypnea
: Opioid hold, RR<8시 naloxone 1amp IV 고려
* Naloxone사용시 pain에 의한 irritability가 있을 수 있음
- 부작용이 많아 가능하면 Opioid hold후 경과관찰 rec.
2. Central origin의 경우
- ABGA, PCO2 retention여부 확인 > DNR vs ICU
11. 절대 깔면 안 되는 콜
V/S sign의 변화 : BT = Fever
** Last culture 시점으로 부터 48시간 이후 culture f/u
예외) V/S 변화가 있거나 항생제 변경 시에도 culture f/u
2. First Fever
- Hx, P/Ex, Lab & culture, Antibiotics start
3. 48시간 이상 지속되는 fever
- First fever와 동일하게 w/u, Antibiotics step-up
12. 절대 깔면 안 되는 콜
V/S sign의 변화 : BT = Fever
4. observation
- Post TACE, RFA, T/F - Culture f/u 후 antipyretics apply
- 48시간 이내 culture 및 anti이력 : 환자 Sx. management
5. unstable V/S with fever
- Sepsis management
- Fluid loading, Antibiotics(Mero/Vanco), Foley insertion
6. N.fever
- Emperical antibiotics (Tazoperan 4.5g qid) / G-CSF till ANC > 3000
13. 절대 깔면 안 되는 콜
Pain = 5th V/S
1) Chest pain
- Hx, P/Ex
- ECG, ABGA, CXR, full lab with cardiac marker
- ECG는 이전 ECG와 비교하여 interval change확인
- Acute MI : NTG, O2 supply + Morphine
+ ASA 100mg 3T, Plavitor 75mg 4T
+ 심장클리닉 contact후 전원 준비
14. 절대 깔면 안 되는 콜
Pain = 5th V/S
2) Headache
- 2ndary headache 원인 확인 : Fever, IICP, Trauma, Drug
- Pain control : Acetaminophen, Tramadol, Morphine
* Ommaya in situ의 경우 ICP확인 후 drainage (pr.의 80% 정도)
3) Post-procedural pain
- Procedure이후의 통증은 acute complication여부를 감별하는 것이 중요
- Acute complication 없을 시 pain control
15. 절대 깔면 안 되는 콜
Pain = 5th V/S
4) Abdominal pain
- Hx. P/Ex. Abd S/E, 필요시 lipase, amylase
- Surgical abd. 감별이 중요.
** Surgical abd. 의심시 CT촬영 및 외과 당직의 contact
- Ileus : NPO, hydration, L-tube로 감압고려
- Hyperative bowel sound동반시 Hyspan이 효과적일 수 있음
- Fecal impaction시 dulcolax, G-enema
16. 절대 깔면 안 되는 콜
Pain = 5th V/S
5) Cancer pain
- Opioid 증량, PRN interval 짧게
- Neuralgia : Pregabaline, Gabapentine
- Bone pain : NSAIDs
6) etc.
- soreness : gaster, pantoline, ulcermin, aldrin….
- muscle pain : NSAIDs patch…
17. 절대 깔면 안 되는 콜
Mental change
** DDx : Hypoglycemia, Central origin(CVA, brain meta, LMS),
Electro, Shock, Acidosis, Opioid overdose, AKI 기타등등
1) Hypoglycemia
- BST<50시 50%DW 50cc infusion
- BST f/u, M/S f/u
- PO DM medication hold > insulin
- Insulin사용중이라면 감량
18. 절대 깔면 안 되는 콜
Mental change
2) Central origin
- 이전 brain metastasis 혹은 LMS가 있던 환자
- 다른 원인의 가능성이 낮은 경우
- Brain MRI meta f/u (찍기 힘든 경우가 많음)
- Dexa 10mg loading > 5mg qid
** High BP, Trauma Hx등 hemorrhage가 의심되는 경우 Brain CT noncon
-> 뇌척수종양클리닉 contact
** CVA의심시 Brain diffusion 촬영 후 신경클리닉 contact
19. 절대 깔면 안 되는 콜
Mental change
3) Electolyte imbalance, Shock, Acidosis
- 각자 공부를 해봅니다. 너무 깁니다.
4) Opioid overdose
- Bradypnea에서 언급
20. 절대 깔면 안 되는 콜
Seizure
1st line
* Call과 함께 Ativan 1mg IV 투약을 지시한다.
- 멈출때까지 repeat한다. (ref는 0.1mg/kg)
- IV가 없는 경우 Midazolam 10mg IM
2nd line
- IV Phenytoin 20mg/kg, Valporic acid 20mg/kg, Keppra 20mg/kg
* keppra IV는 고가의 약물로 의식회복시 PO로 전환
21. 절대 깔면 안 되는 콜
Seizure
** Seizure가 멈추지 않을 경우 (r/o status epilepticus)
- 신경클리닉 contact
- Sedative continuous infusion, Ex) midazolam 0.1mg/kg/hr
- Respiratory hold에 대비 ICU contact (DNR plan은 아닌지 확인)
1) Seizure 안정 시 원인 감별을 위한 최소 Brain CT noncon
2) Brain meta, LMS등의 원인일 경우 Dexa 5mg qid
22. 절대 깔면 안 되는 콜
Dyspnea & Desaturation
* 대게 Tachypnea를 동반함 > V/S part참고
** DDx : Pul. Origion vs non-pul. Origin 감별이 중요.
1) I/O balance, ABGA, CXR, ECG, BNP, D-dimer > 필요시 Chest CT
- CT arrange시 NPO여부 및 Creatinine level확인 – 필요시 noncom
2) ABGA확인 후 O2 supplement, Target SaO2 90%
- COPD환자의 경우 CO2 retention에 각별히 주의
23. 절대 깔면 안 되는 콜
Dyspnea & Desaturation
원인별 management
- Effusion : 양이 많다면 Bedside thoracentesis / pneumothorax주의
- Pneumothorax :
O2 therapy 5L/min
30%이상시 흉부외과 contact후 CTD insertion
Tension pneumothorax시 emergency thoracostomy
- Pul. Edema : I/O balance유지, BP, renal Fx. 괜찮을 시 furosemide
- Pneumonia : antibiotics
24. 절대 깔면 안 되는 콜
Dyspnea & Desaturation
원인별 management
- Pericardial effusion : CT상 Pericardial effusion이 이전 CT와 비교하
여 양이 늘었거나 혹은 1cm 이상 확인시 심장클리닉 contact하여
PCC insertion 고려
- AE-COPD : O2 supplement 주의, nebulizer (ventoline, aventro)
- Sudden onset의 경우 PTE 의심 (Angio CT) 확인시 Fragmin start
25. 절대 깔면 안 되는 콜
Bleeding
1) GI bleeding : Hematemesis / Hematochezia / Melena
- DRE > L-tube irrigation > CBC f/u
- 소량이며 HR, Hb 괜찮을 시 경과관찰 가능
* Active bleeding 의심시 (다량, 반복, HR증가, Hb감소)
- BP저하시 N/S 500ml full drip > Main fluid : N/S 200cc/hr
- T/F : Hb target 8mg/dl
- PPI 80mg lV loading > 8mg/hr continuous infusion
- 응급 상부위장관내시경 당직의 contact
- LGIB이 명확하면 하부위장관내시경 당직의 contact
26. 절대 깔면 안 되는 콜
Bleeding
2) Hemoptysis
- BTS, mild hemoptysis
Codein 20mg qid, Tranexamic 500mg tid, Ceftriaxone 2g qd
CBC f/u, V/S observation with SaO2
- Massive hemoptysis
A. CT Anigo bleeding
B. 해당 Staff contact > 필요시 BAE
C. 직접 영상의학과 contact시 마음의 준비 : 김현범, 이인준
27. ** “선생님 환자가 이상해요 와서 봐주셔야 될 거 같은데…
횡설수설”
반드시 가서 본다!! 진짜 이상한 경우임.
안 가고 있으면 CPR 방송 날 우려 높음.
28. 기타 잡콜들
1. 외출/외박
원칙적으로 주치의 외에는 외출 허락 안 됨
정, 급한 사정이 있으면 해당 주치의에게 연락해서 해결
2. Post-procedure f/u X-ray check
ex. EGD, C-line, pleural PCD, PCNBx, Brochoscopy, L-tube, PCC
확인 후 free air 등 이상 없으면 오더 창에 “x-ray 확인“ 이라고 comment
29. 기타 잡콜들
3. Irritability
“환자가 횡설수설하고 화내고 라인 다 뽑고 집에 가려고 해요” 등등
원인 : 대개 섬망, 그 밖에 acidosis, psychosis, Drug induced
조치 : Ativan 1mg + Peridol 2mg IM
- 조절 안될 경우 repeat IV
증상 조절이 안 된다면 보호자에게 설명하고 동의서 1인실 전동 후 억제대
30. 기타 잡콜들
4. 혈당
노티 : “혈당이 높아요”
원인 : known DM, steroid, newly onset DM
조치
대개 RI (3시간~6시간 작용) 를 주게 되고 RI 4U 당 70~100 정도 혈당
하락 효과를 볼 수 있다
저혈당에 주의할 것
Daytime에 조절 잘할 것
주의점 : 자기 전 혈당 조절은 Humulin N (NPH, 6~12시간) 으로 준다. (안
그러면 새벽에 저혈당 빠질 수 있음)
RI 4U 미만은 주지 않는다. 당직이므로 너무 strict 한 혈당조절을 하려
고 하지 않는다. DKA or HHS 등 strict 하게 조절해야 할 경우는 예외
32. 기타 잡콜들
6. 수면제
노티 : “밤에 잠이 안 온다고 management 원하세요”
원인 : 기저질환, 원래 먹던 분인지
처치
간암센터 환자나 liver function 좋지 않거나 최근 mental이 좋지 않았던 환
자는(간성혼수 과거력 등) pheniramine 1A iv
그 밖에 안전하다 생각되면 stilnox(zolpid) 6.25mg, 10mg, 12.5mg
주의점
수면 유도제이므로 용량을 높인다고 더 오래 잠을 자는 것은 아님을 유의.
이전에 복용력 없는 65세 이상이면 6.25mg
33. 기타 잡콜들
7. Diarrhea
노티 : “설사가 많다고 매니지 원하세요”
원인 : 배탈, RT or 항암제, stool softener 남용, Cefa 계열 항생제 사용
처치 : mild 하면 smecta 1~2번, 심하면 loperamide 1cap 1번
설사 횟수, 양상을 살펴보고 stool lab(stool WBC, Gram stain GI
specimen) 나가준다. 항생제가 원인일 수도 있다고 판단되면 clostridium
difficile toxin assay/culture도 나간다.
횟수가 많으면 탈수 일으킬 수 있으므로 renal pannel을 나가보고 E’ 교정
및 hydration을 해줘야 할 수도 있다.
34. 기타 잡콜들
8. constipation
노티 : “변 3일 못 보셔서 복부 불편감으로 매니지 원하세요“
원인 : .... 찝찝하면 abdomen S/E
처치 : po약) duphalac 15mg 1pack tid
or magmil 1T tid(신기능 주의) or MgO 1T tid
좌약) dulcolax 2T
관장) Glycerin enema, lactulose enema
주의점 : 관장이나 좌약은 ANC 나 plt 이 낮거나 출혈 성향이 있는 환자에
게는 금기
35. 기타 잡콜들
9. 오심/구토
노티 : “오심 구토로 매니지 원하세요”
원인 : 장기간 금식, 뇌압상승(LMS나 뇌전이 있는 환자), 항암제, 항생제,
GI obstruction, 낙상 후...
조치 : 별게 아닌 것 같으면 macperan, 조절 안되면 비보험 동의하에
aloxi, kytril, zofran 등등 사용,
만약 omaya reservoir 갖고 있는 LMS 환자이면 CSF pressure를 재 달라고
부탁한다. CSF pr 5~15 가 대체로 정상이며 올라가 있다면 N/V 조절을 위
해 배액을 부탁한다. 대개 Pr 의 90% 정도를 drain 해달라고 한다. (ex. pr
30cm 이면 27cc 배액)
Brain 문제라면 오심구토만 있진 않을 것이지만 낙상 후 동반되었다면
brain CT noncon을 찍어본다.
36. 기타 잡콜들
9. 어지럼증/딸꾹질
원인 : 많다. CNS meta, BPPV, steroid induced hiccup 이 많다. asicites,
diagphragmatic meta 등등
- 조치 : macperan IV, 딸꾹질은 잘 안 멈춘다 (Uvula massage 해보고 정
안되면 baclofen 1T만 줘본다. Chlorpromazine 도 가능)
주의점 : baclofen 은 간질환 환자에서 간기능 저하 일으킬 수 있으니 쓰지
않는다.
37. 기타 잡콜들
10. 콧물
antihistamine(pheniramine 1@ iv, ebastel 1T hs, cetirizin, ucerax 등등)
11. 가래
mucosten po, mucosol po, roisol iv, mucomyst nebulizer
대개 별 문제 없으나 tracheostomy 한 환자의 가래는 신중히 판단.
가래 때문에 tracheo 막히고 arrest 올 수 있으므로 mucomyst nebulizer
or 0.9% saline nebulizer를 하루에 4-5 번씩 Trachestomy로 해주어 잘 배
출시키도록 해준다.
12. 기침
처치 : cough syr 20mg tid, anycough 1C tid, < codeine 20mg tid
주의점 : 기침이 가래 때문에 생기는 경우도 많아 잘 안 멎는 경우 양상은
물어보아 mucolytics를 같이 처방하기도 한다
38. 기타 잡콜들
13. E’ 노티 (=> www.medcalc.com )
1) Na : “1ml/kg of 3% NaCl 가 serum Na+ 을 대략 1 올림”
ex) 60kg 사람 initial Na 110이고 target을 120 으로 잡으면 3% 60ml를 주면 Na 1 정도 오를 것이므
로 시간당 0.5 오르게 하려면 이론상 3%를 30cc/hr 로 start 하면 된다. 총 10 올리는데 3% 600ml
가 필요하고 20시간에 걸쳐서 보충하는게 좋다.
하지만 이론적인 이야기 이므로 꼭 이렇게 되지는 않는다. e’ f/u을 6시간 마다 하며 Na level을
보고 속도를 조절해 준다.
주의점 CPM – 올리다 보면 한두시간에 2-3 씩 올라가는 경우가 있는데 괜찮다. 24시간 총 보충
량이 12가 넘지 않도록 속도 조절만 잘 해주면 된다.
2) K
hypoKalemia : 당직때는 대개 교정 중인 사람의 f/u lab을 노티받게 된다. 4.0 미만이면 전에 보충
했던대로 한번 더 주라고 하면 된다. f/u lab 은 보충 시작 후 6시간 뒤에 봐야 하지만 시간이 애
매하면 대개 다음날 정규로 보겠다고 하면 된다.
혈관통이 있을 수 있고 심하면 pain control 해준다.
39. 기타 잡콜들
14. 면담
내 환자가 아니면 거절
DNR 상담은 예외
15. I/O
왜 IO 조절을 하고 있는지 알아보고 target을 확인한다
laxis 0.5~1A 정도 준다
i/o daily 의 경우 정규시간에 noti 가 원칙임. Q8hrs 의 경우 반드시 정규시간에 주치의가 target 을 정해놓아야 원활..
16. 실수로 온 콜
귀여워해준다
17. 입원 신환은 문자로만 하도록 1년째 인계하고 있으나 잘 안 지켜 진다.
이제는 대개 잘 지켜지는 편
18. 익일 오더 빠진 환자 노티
오더를 내준다