This document discusses lighting systems and their design. It covers basic lighting terms and different light sources, including natural light and common artificial sources like incandescent and electric discharge lamps. The document also describes key elements of lighting system design, such as light levels, luminaires, color rendition, safety considerations, and emergency lighting. It provides information on lighting system maintenance, including cleaning, replacement, and disposal. The document concludes with conservation opportunities for more efficient lighting.

1. Facilities Management and Design
Chapter 8
Lighting Systems

2. Basic lighting terms
 Visible light ROY G BIV
 Color rendition
 Lumen
 Illumination
 Footcandles

3. Light sources
 Natural light (sunlight)
– inexpensive and can contribute much to overall
lighting needs
– drawbacks
 solar heat gain
 glare
 fading and physical deterioration of fabrics
 Common artificial light sources
– incandescent lamps
– electric discharge lamps

4. Incandescent lamps
 Advantages
– instant starting and restarting
– low in cost
– good color rendition
 Disadvantages
– short lifetime
– poor efficiency
– high operating cost
– adds heat to building
 Types
– Conventional
– rough service or vibration
– Tungsten
– reflector

5. Electric discharge lamps
 Advantages
– longer lifetimes
– higher efficiency
– low operating cost
 Disadvantages
– slow starting and restarting
– higher cost
– poorer color rendition
 Types
– Fluorescent
– mercury vapor
– metal halide
– high- and low-pressure sodium

6. Lighting system design elements
 Light levels
– determined by the tasks or activities that will take
place within a space
– light levels measured by portable light meters;
Illuminating Engineers Society, Illuminating
Engineering Society of North America, and the
American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and
Air-Conditioning Engineers recommend minimum
light levels
– building area method vs. space-by-space method
– dimming controls

7. Lighting system design elements
 Luminaires
– Components
 Lamps
 lamp sockets
 ballasts (for electric discharge lamps)
 reflective material
 lenses or louvers
 Housing
– visual comfort probability
– coefficient of utilization

8. Lighting system design elements
 Color rendition
– color of light affects appearance of surfaces, finishes, furnishings, etc.
– color rendering index
 Safety
– lighting system must comply with local safety codes
– all luminaires need adequate ventilation, clearance, and proper wattage
– acryllic diffuser or tube safety shield for some lamps in some locations
(kitchens, for example)
– insufficient light
– glare
– widely varying light levels can be hazards
 Emergency lighting
– must comply with local codes, which are often based on the Life Safety
Code and the National Electrical Code
– a delay of no more than ten seconds is permitted
– exit signs

9. Lighting system maintenance
 Cleaning
– replace HVAC filters to cut down on dust
– semi-annual cleaning
– destaticization
 Replacement
– incandescent lamps replaced more often than fluorescents
– lumen depreciation
– group replacement vs. replacement upon burnout
– old lamps and ballasts must be disposed of properly
– recycling of fluorescent lamps and ballasts available in
some areas

10. Conservation opportunities
 Efficient lighting
 Control operating hours
 Replace incandescents with fluorescents
when possible
 Turn off lights when not needed
 EMS methods
– Microprocessors/computer systems
– photocell control
– ultrasonic or infrared sensors
– twist timers