This document discusses lighting systems and provides information on basic lighting terms, light sources, lighting system design elements, lighting system maintenance, and conservation opportunities. It defines terms like visible light, color rendition, and footcandles. It describes natural and artificial light sources such as incandescent lamps, fluorescent lamps, and electric discharge lamps. It covers lighting design considerations including light levels, luminaires, and color rendition. It also addresses maintenance, emergency lighting, and ways to conserve energy through efficient lighting and controls.

1. Jl.
Jl Tukad Batanghari VIII/7A – Denpasar – Bali – Indonesia
Tel: (62) 361 7910518 Fax: (62) 361 7910518
Lighting Systems
Drs. Agustinus Agus Purwanto, MM

2. Basic lighting terms
Visible light ROY G BIV
Color rendition
Lumen
Illumination
Footcandles

3. Light sources
Natural light (sunlight)
– inexpensive and can contribute much to overall
lighting needs
– drawbacks
solar heat gain
glare
fading and physical deterioration of fabrics
Common artificial light sources
– incandescent l
i d t lamps
– electric discharge lamps

4. Incandescent lamps
Advantages
– instant starting and restarting
– low in cost
– good color rendition
Disadvantages
– short lifetime
– poor efficiency
– high operating cost
– adds heat to building
Types
– Conventional
– rough service or vibration
– Tungsten
– reflector

5. Electric discharge lamps
Advantages
– longer lifetimes
– higher efficiency
– low operating cost
Disadvantages
g
– slow starting and restarting
– higher cost
– poorer color rendition
Types
– Fluorescent
– mercury vapor
– metal halide
– high- and low-pressure sodium

6. Lighting system design elements
Light levels
– determined by the tasks or activities that will take
place within a space
– light levels measured by portable light meters;
Illuminating Engineers Society, Illuminating
Society
Engineering Society of North America, and the
American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and
Air-Conditioning Engineers recommend minimum
g g
light levels
– building area method vs. space-by-space method
– dimming controls

7. Lighting system design elements
Luminaires
– Components
C t
Lamps
lamp sockets
ballasts (for electric discharge lamps)
reflective material
lenses or louvers
Housing
– visual comfort probability
– coefficient of utilization

8. Lighting system design elements
Color rendition
– color of light affects appearance of surfaces, finishes, furnishings, etc.
– color rendering i d
l d i index
Safety
– lighting system must comply with local safety codes
– all luminaires need adequate ventilation, clearance, and proper wattage
– acryllic diffuser or tube safety shield for some lamps in some locations
(kitchens, for example)
– insufficient light
– glare
– widely varying light levels can be hazards
Emergency lighting
– must comply with local codes, which are often based on the Life Safety
Code and the National Electrical Code
– a delay of no more than ten seconds is permitted
– exit signs

9. Lighting system maintenance
Cleaning
– replace HVAC filters to cut down on dust
– semi-annual cleaning
– destaticization
Replacement
p
– incandescent lamps replaced more often than fluorescents
– lumen depreciation
– group replacement vs. replacement upon burnout
– old lamps and ballasts must be disposed of properly
– recycling of fluorescent lamps and ballasts available in
some areas

10. Conservation opportunities
Efficient lighting
Control operating hours
Replace incandescents with fluorescents
when possible
p
Turn off lights when not needed
EMS methods
– Microprocessors/computer systems
Mi / t t
– photocell control
– ultrasonic or infrared sensors
– twist timers