Presented by
Salim Chowdhury, MD - Community Care
Curtis Upsher, Jr. MS - Director Community Relations - Community Care
Medicine, Culture, and Spirituality Conference
September 9, 2011
Sexual violence occurs throughout the world Available data suggest
that in some countries nearly one in four women may experience
sexual violence by an intimate partner and up to one third of
adolescent girls report their first sexual experience as being forced
Sexual violence has a profound impact on physical and mental health
As well as causing physical injury, it is associated with an increased
risk of a range of sexual and reproductive health problems, with both
immediate and long term consequences
Communities everywhere have experienced the negative effects of street gangs. The presence of military-trained gang members (MTGMs) in the community increases the threat of violence to citizens. The problem addressed was the apparently growing presence of military-trained gang members in civilian communities in two southern states. The purpose was to determine the perceived presence of military-trained gang members and examine whether there was a relationship between the perceptions of gang investigators regarding the presence and the size of their jurisdictions, the proximity of their jurisdictions to a military installation, and the extent to which investigators participate in anti-gang activities. The Army, Army National Guard, and Army Reserve were identified as the largest sources of MTGMs and the Bloods, Crips, and Gangster Disciples were the gangs most represented. Military leaders should acknowledge the increase in gang-related crime and address the problems caused for both military and civilian communities without attempting to quantify the threat level. Military leadership should continuously examine activities of all suspected gang members for active gang affiliation for retention purposes while evaluating any gang affiliation for security clearances. Military Law Enforcement liaison for recruiters should develop effective communication with law enforcement agencies to assist with information sharing.
Presented by
Salim Chowdhury, MD - Community Care
Curtis Upsher, Jr. MS - Director Community Relations - Community Care
Medicine, Culture, and Spirituality Conference
September 9, 2011
Sexual violence occurs throughout the world Available data suggest
that in some countries nearly one in four women may experience
sexual violence by an intimate partner and up to one third of
adolescent girls report their first sexual experience as being forced
Sexual violence has a profound impact on physical and mental health
As well as causing physical injury, it is associated with an increased
risk of a range of sexual and reproductive health problems, with both
immediate and long term consequences
Communities everywhere have experienced the negative effects of street gangs. The presence of military-trained gang members (MTGMs) in the community increases the threat of violence to citizens. The problem addressed was the apparently growing presence of military-trained gang members in civilian communities in two southern states. The purpose was to determine the perceived presence of military-trained gang members and examine whether there was a relationship between the perceptions of gang investigators regarding the presence and the size of their jurisdictions, the proximity of their jurisdictions to a military installation, and the extent to which investigators participate in anti-gang activities. The Army, Army National Guard, and Army Reserve were identified as the largest sources of MTGMs and the Bloods, Crips, and Gangster Disciples were the gangs most represented. Military leaders should acknowledge the increase in gang-related crime and address the problems caused for both military and civilian communities without attempting to quantify the threat level. Military leadership should continuously examine activities of all suspected gang members for active gang affiliation for retention purposes while evaluating any gang affiliation for security clearances. Military Law Enforcement liaison for recruiters should develop effective communication with law enforcement agencies to assist with information sharing.
A stastistical analysis of homicide incidents in US (1980 to 2014)Arafath Hossain
What is the trend of gun-related homicide in the US history? Do issues like ethnicity play any role?
What do the places with good records do differently than the places with bad records? This report was an attempt to find answers to such questions.
Statistical techniques that were used in the report were correlation analysis, chi-square test, and logistic regression.
Software used for analysis was R.
Some of the interesting findings are:
- The highest number of homicides take place in July and August compared to other months
- Rifle is more common firearm among Native Americans/Alaska Natives compared to other ethnicities
- Intra-race homicide (e.g. whites murdered by whites) is way more common than inter-race ones (e.g. blacks murdered by whites)
- Though inter-race homicide is more common between whites and Native Americans (close to 40% of the homicides in native Americans were done by white)
- The highest number of murderers are acquaintances not strangers!
- Unlike common notion, places with less homicide are not the places with the strictest gun laws.
- Rather intuitively enough they are better at solving cases (they have a better ratio of solving case compared to the places with bad records).
The presence of military-trained gang members (MTGMs) in the community increases the threat of violence to citizens. The problem addressed was the growing presence of military-trained gang members in civilian communities in Tennessee. We examined the perceived presence of military-trained gang members of gang investigators at the annual conference and whether there had been changes since the previous survey. Many respondents reported gang members in their jurisdictions were increasingly using military-type weapons or explosives (51%), as well as military-type equipment like body armor, night-vision devices, etc. (30%). Although few (24%) agreed that gang members were using military-type tactics, a majority (over 90%) reported gang members committed home invasions and armed robberies. Many (46%) reported that there were gang members in their jurisdiction currently serving in the military, while 64% reported they had gang members who had served. Most of the respondents (66%) did not believe that military representatives advised their department when gang members were discharged from the military. More of the 2014 respondents than those in 2010 reported gang member use of military weapons, explosives, and equipment. More also reported gang members committed home invasions and armed robberies, and gang members currently in the military in their jurisdictions. Fewer thought their organization had a working relationship with military investigative authorities.
Communities everywhere have experienced the negative effects of street gangs, domestic terrorists, and outlaw motorcycle gangs. The presence of these criminals increases the threat of violence to the community. When they have military training, the threat increases significantly. The problem addressed in this study was the growing presence of military-trained gang members in civilian communities. The purpose of the study was to determine the perceived presence of military-trained gang members in jails and community corrections and to examine whether there was a relationship between the perceptions of sheriff’s deputies regarding that presence and a number of variables.
This is a presentation I made while I was going through my college days. A presentation which included 5 people all my peers and and a lot of research. You will find all types of Information on Rape with Real Case studies ranging from Man Raped by a woman to the Infamous Hannah Foster Rape Case. Read and Share so that everyone can know more about this heinous crime.
Domestic Violence Homicide Report: 2000-2008, Data were collected on 169 different domestic violence-related homicide incidents between 2000 and 2008, involving 180 victims and 173 perpetrators.
REMEMBERING RAPE: THE EFFECTS OF ACUTE ALCOHOL INTOXICATION AND ALCOHOL EXPEC...Heather Flowe
Presented by Heather Flowe, University of Birmingham, School of Psychology at the Society for Research on Alcoholism annual meeting, San Diego, CA, June 2018
This study tested the effects of alcohol-intoxication on how accurately women remember forensically relevant information from a hypothetical rape scenario. A balanced placebo design was employed, with participants (N=78) randomly assigned to alcohol dose (.00% versus .075% BAC) and alcohol expectancy (told tonic versus told alcohol) conditions. Memory was tested seven days later. Mean memory accuracy was higher for information about pre-assault consensual sexual activities compared to the perpetrator’s actions during the offense (M=86% [CI.95: 81-89%] versus M=51% [CI.95: 46-56%]). Mean memory accuracy was higher if women expected to consume alcohol rather than tonic water (M = 72% [CI.95: 67-77%] versus M = 65% [CI.95: 60-70%], respectively), suggesting alcohol expectancy led to hypervigilance during encoding. Consuming alcohol compared to tonic water did not affect memory accuracy for consensual sexual activities (M=86% [CI.95: 80-91%] versus M=86% [CI.95: 81-89%], respectively) or for the perpetrator’s actions (M=47% [CI.95: 39-54%] versus M = 55% [CI.95: 48-63%], respectively). Calibration analyses indicated that accuracy increased with confidence level, regardless of intoxication level or alcohol expectancy condition, but that women tended to be overconfident in general. Implications and limitations of the research will be discussed.
Drug Facilitated Sexual Assault Partners With Law EnforcementMedicalWhistleblower
Drug Facilitated Sexual Assault is poorly understood and often not adequately investigated. This program seeks to describe the reality of drug facilitated sexual assault and to point out ways to improve outcomes for victims, law enforcement and social service providers.
R A P E V I C T I M S A R E A C L A S S O F P E R S O N S O F T E N D...MedicalWhistleblower
Every two minutes, somewhere in America, someone is sexually assaulted. 1, 2 One out of every six American women has been the victim of an attempted or completed rape in her lifetime. 3 Only one in 50 women who have been raped reports the crime to the police.4
Although both women and men may be victims of domestic violence, sexual assault, and stalking, women are the victims of the vast majority of these crimes. According to the Bureau of Justice Statistics, more than 85% of violent victimizations by intimate partners between 1993 and 1998 were perpetrated against women. Women are between 13 and 14 times more likely than men to be raped or sexually assaulted; for instance, in 1994, 93% of sexual assaults were perpetrated against women. Four of five stalking victims are women.
Gender-Based Violence in Afghanistan by Wazhma HakimiDr. Wazhma Hakimi
Harmful practices identified as Gender-Based Violence (GBV) in Afghanistan, Prevalence of GBV in Afghanistan and Government Efforts to tackle Violence against women (VAW).
This is the presentation I am giving today (6.19.2014) at Ft. Huachuca (home of U.S. Army Intelligence Center) on male survivors of sexual abuse (including military rape).
A stastistical analysis of homicide incidents in US (1980 to 2014)Arafath Hossain
What is the trend of gun-related homicide in the US history? Do issues like ethnicity play any role?
What do the places with good records do differently than the places with bad records? This report was an attempt to find answers to such questions.
Statistical techniques that were used in the report were correlation analysis, chi-square test, and logistic regression.
Software used for analysis was R.
Some of the interesting findings are:
- The highest number of homicides take place in July and August compared to other months
- Rifle is more common firearm among Native Americans/Alaska Natives compared to other ethnicities
- Intra-race homicide (e.g. whites murdered by whites) is way more common than inter-race ones (e.g. blacks murdered by whites)
- Though inter-race homicide is more common between whites and Native Americans (close to 40% of the homicides in native Americans were done by white)
- The highest number of murderers are acquaintances not strangers!
- Unlike common notion, places with less homicide are not the places with the strictest gun laws.
- Rather intuitively enough they are better at solving cases (they have a better ratio of solving case compared to the places with bad records).
The presence of military-trained gang members (MTGMs) in the community increases the threat of violence to citizens. The problem addressed was the growing presence of military-trained gang members in civilian communities in Tennessee. We examined the perceived presence of military-trained gang members of gang investigators at the annual conference and whether there had been changes since the previous survey. Many respondents reported gang members in their jurisdictions were increasingly using military-type weapons or explosives (51%), as well as military-type equipment like body armor, night-vision devices, etc. (30%). Although few (24%) agreed that gang members were using military-type tactics, a majority (over 90%) reported gang members committed home invasions and armed robberies. Many (46%) reported that there were gang members in their jurisdiction currently serving in the military, while 64% reported they had gang members who had served. Most of the respondents (66%) did not believe that military representatives advised their department when gang members were discharged from the military. More of the 2014 respondents than those in 2010 reported gang member use of military weapons, explosives, and equipment. More also reported gang members committed home invasions and armed robberies, and gang members currently in the military in their jurisdictions. Fewer thought their organization had a working relationship with military investigative authorities.
Communities everywhere have experienced the negative effects of street gangs, domestic terrorists, and outlaw motorcycle gangs. The presence of these criminals increases the threat of violence to the community. When they have military training, the threat increases significantly. The problem addressed in this study was the growing presence of military-trained gang members in civilian communities. The purpose of the study was to determine the perceived presence of military-trained gang members in jails and community corrections and to examine whether there was a relationship between the perceptions of sheriff’s deputies regarding that presence and a number of variables.
This is a presentation I made while I was going through my college days. A presentation which included 5 people all my peers and and a lot of research. You will find all types of Information on Rape with Real Case studies ranging from Man Raped by a woman to the Infamous Hannah Foster Rape Case. Read and Share so that everyone can know more about this heinous crime.
Domestic Violence Homicide Report: 2000-2008, Data were collected on 169 different domestic violence-related homicide incidents between 2000 and 2008, involving 180 victims and 173 perpetrators.
REMEMBERING RAPE: THE EFFECTS OF ACUTE ALCOHOL INTOXICATION AND ALCOHOL EXPEC...Heather Flowe
Presented by Heather Flowe, University of Birmingham, School of Psychology at the Society for Research on Alcoholism annual meeting, San Diego, CA, June 2018
This study tested the effects of alcohol-intoxication on how accurately women remember forensically relevant information from a hypothetical rape scenario. A balanced placebo design was employed, with participants (N=78) randomly assigned to alcohol dose (.00% versus .075% BAC) and alcohol expectancy (told tonic versus told alcohol) conditions. Memory was tested seven days later. Mean memory accuracy was higher for information about pre-assault consensual sexual activities compared to the perpetrator’s actions during the offense (M=86% [CI.95: 81-89%] versus M=51% [CI.95: 46-56%]). Mean memory accuracy was higher if women expected to consume alcohol rather than tonic water (M = 72% [CI.95: 67-77%] versus M = 65% [CI.95: 60-70%], respectively), suggesting alcohol expectancy led to hypervigilance during encoding. Consuming alcohol compared to tonic water did not affect memory accuracy for consensual sexual activities (M=86% [CI.95: 80-91%] versus M=86% [CI.95: 81-89%], respectively) or for the perpetrator’s actions (M=47% [CI.95: 39-54%] versus M = 55% [CI.95: 48-63%], respectively). Calibration analyses indicated that accuracy increased with confidence level, regardless of intoxication level or alcohol expectancy condition, but that women tended to be overconfident in general. Implications and limitations of the research will be discussed.
Drug Facilitated Sexual Assault Partners With Law EnforcementMedicalWhistleblower
Drug Facilitated Sexual Assault is poorly understood and often not adequately investigated. This program seeks to describe the reality of drug facilitated sexual assault and to point out ways to improve outcomes for victims, law enforcement and social service providers.
R A P E V I C T I M S A R E A C L A S S O F P E R S O N S O F T E N D...MedicalWhistleblower
Every two minutes, somewhere in America, someone is sexually assaulted. 1, 2 One out of every six American women has been the victim of an attempted or completed rape in her lifetime. 3 Only one in 50 women who have been raped reports the crime to the police.4
Although both women and men may be victims of domestic violence, sexual assault, and stalking, women are the victims of the vast majority of these crimes. According to the Bureau of Justice Statistics, more than 85% of violent victimizations by intimate partners between 1993 and 1998 were perpetrated against women. Women are between 13 and 14 times more likely than men to be raped or sexually assaulted; for instance, in 1994, 93% of sexual assaults were perpetrated against women. Four of five stalking victims are women.
Gender-Based Violence in Afghanistan by Wazhma HakimiDr. Wazhma Hakimi
Harmful practices identified as Gender-Based Violence (GBV) in Afghanistan, Prevalence of GBV in Afghanistan and Government Efforts to tackle Violence against women (VAW).
This is the presentation I am giving today (6.19.2014) at Ft. Huachuca (home of U.S. Army Intelligence Center) on male survivors of sexual abuse (including military rape).
Dissertation access to information & participatory developmentOjijo P
This paper analyzes the relationship between the concept of participatory development and access to information with special reference to the role of access to information law in facilitating the popular and hitherto missing participation of the citizenry in development. The author opines that there is a gap in participation, and the recommends that the government has an obligation to provide the legal framework for popular participation in development.
RACE, ETHNICITY, VICTIMIZATION, AND OFFENDINGPerception AlleneMcclendon878
RACE, ETHNICITY, VICTIMIZATION,
AND OFFENDING
Perception versus reality
Different sources of data
Intraracial versus interracial
Implications of racial disparities
OVERVIEW
• The media and perceptions of crime
• The “typical” victim and “typical” offender
• What do the data say?
• Victimization surveys
• The National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS)
• Offending data
• The Uniform Crime Reports (UCR)
• Self-report data
• Intra versus interracial crime
PERCEPTIONS OF CRIME
• Many factors shape how we think about crime and justice
• One factor is media portrayals of crime and offenders
• Media exerts a potentially powerful influence on public perceptions
• Unfortunately, the image the media creates is often wildly distorted
• Portray violent crime more than property crime
• Suggest ever-rising crime rates
• Some types of crimes, offenders, and/or victims capture more attention
• Racial hoaxes
• When someone fabricates a crime or falsely blames someone based on race/ethnicity
• Most racial hoaxes involve whites blaming African Americans
PERCEPTIONS V. EMPIRICAL REALITIES
Media Portrayals
• Typically focused on violent crime
• Often portray crime as an interracial
event with a white victim
• Often emphasize “gang” involvement
Empirical Data
• More than 80% of crimes reported to
the police are property crimes
• A disproportionate number of crime
victims are persons of color
• Crime is predominately intraracial
• Not all group activity is gang activity
DATA LIMITATIONS
• Unfortunately, available data suffer from several limitations
• Limited data on certain groups/types of crime
• Most data compares Whites and Blacks
• Hispanic/Latinx data slowly increasing
• Racial/ethnic categories may vary across jurisdictions
• White versus nonwhite dichotomy
• Lumps all “non-whites” together
• Assumes homogeneity within groups
• Data suited for description, not establishing causality
• Can tell us differences exist, but not why they exist in many cases
RACE,
ETHNICITY, AND
VICTIMIZATION
EXAMINING
DISPARITIES
NATIONAL CRIME VICTIMIZATION SURVEY (NCVS)
• Most systematic source of victimization information in the U.S.
• Household survey designed to be representative of the entire nation
• Persons aged 12 and older are surveyed
• Survey conducted every 6 months; households surveyed for 3 years
• Information collected
• Victim info; victim perceptions of offender characteristics; context of the event
• Data restricted to selected major crimes
• Race and ethnicity self-reported at household and individual level
• White, African American, and “other”
• Hispanic and non-Hispanic
• Captures crime/victimization data not necessarily reported to the police
THE NATURE AND EXTENT OF VICTIMIZATION
• Victimization is widespread
• NCVS estimates roughly 20 million victimizations a year (about 18.6 in 2019)
• 2019 violent victimization rate = 21.0 per 1,000 (7.3 per 1,000 excluding sim ...
Module 7Inside and Out – Women and Abuse in Prison.docxroushhsiu
Module 7
Inside and Out – Women and
Abuse in Prison
Prevalence in Adult Facilities
Graphic by Just Detention International. Source: Bureau of Justice
Statistics, "Sexual Victimization Reported By Former State Prisoners,
2008,“ May 12, 2012.
Prevalence of Sexual Abuse
in Prisons and Jails
Roughly 200,000 people are sexually
abused behind bars every year in the U.S.
Perpetrators in Prisons and Jails
Graphic by Just Detention International. Source: Bureau of Justice Statistics, "Sexual
Victimization in Prisons and Jails Reported by Inmates, 2011-2012,“ May 12, 2013.
Frequency of Sexual Abuse
Source: Bureau of Justice Statistics, "Sexual Victimization
Reported By Former State Prisoners, 2008,“ May 12, 2012.
Prevalence of Sexual Abuse in
Colorado Facilities
Most Colorado
corrections facilities that
were surveyed have
rates of sexual abuse
at, or slightly below,
national levels.
Denver Women’s Correctional Facility (pictured
above) has some of the highest rates of sexual abuse
in the country.
Source: Bureau of Justice Statistics, "Sexual Victimization in Prisons and Jails Reported by
Inmates, 2011-2012,“ May 12, 2013.
What groups of people do
you think are most likely to
be targeted for sexual
abuse in jail?
Perpetrators tend to target:
• Women
• People with mental illness
• Survivors of sexual abuse
• Lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT)
inmates
• People incarcerated for violent sexual offenses
Vulnerable Inmates
• Is an act of violence — even without any
physical force
• Is used to establish and maintain power or
control
• Exists on a continuum of varying degrees
of severity
Sexual Abuse
Consent in a Custody Setting
Consensual Sex Among Inmates
vs. Sexual Assault
Unlawful Sexual
Contact
VICTIM
SUSPECT
Inmate Sex
INMATE
INMATE
FELONY
(PREA)
RULE
VIOLATION
Incidence of Inmate-on-Inmate
Sexual Abuse
• Sexual
harassment
• Protective pairing
• Exchanges/favors
• Ritual/gang abuse
• Sexual abuse in
romantic
relationships
Dynamics of Inmate-on-Inmate
Sexual Abuse
• Sexual harassment
• Voyeurism/flashing
• Exchanges/favors
• Abuse during
searches
• Perceived romantic
relationships
Staff-on-Inmate Sexual Abuse
Common Methods Used by
Perpetrators
• Sexual abuse is one of the most traumatic
forms of criminal victimization.
• Survivors often experience intense fear,
horror, and helplessness.
• Abuse is often perpetrated by someone the
victim knows.
Sexual Trauma
Survivors may experience:
• Numbness
• Shock
• Confusion
• Disbelief
• Helplessness
• Fear
• Anger
• Guilt
• Grief
• Frustration
• Disorientation
• Racing heart beat
and other signs of
physical arousal or
agitation
Initial Reactions to Sexual Abuse
Trauma can impair:
• Basic functioning
• Cognition
• Memory
• Health
• Relationships
Impact of Trauma
Survivors have an increased risk of:
• Depression
• Post-Traumatic
Stress Dis ...
11 Sex Offenders Assessment and TreatmentShahid M. Shahidullah an.docxpaynetawnya
11 Sex Offenders: Assessment and Treatment
Shahid M. Shahidullah and Diane L. GreenINTRODUCTION
There has been a rapid growth and expansion of correctional institutions in America in the1980s and 1990s. Between 1982 and 2003, correctional expenditures for all levels of government, including federal, state, and local, increased 573 percent. In 1982, total correctional expenditures were about $9.1 billion. In 2003, they increased to about $60.9 billion (Bureau of Justice Statistics, 2006). This rapid growth in correctional expenditures was accompanied with rapid growth in incarcerated population. In 2004, there were about 7 million people in America who were in prison, or jail, or in probation. Between 1995 and 2005, the incarcerated population in America grew at an annual rate of about 3.4 percent (Bureau of Justice Statistics, 2005). In 2001, about $38.2 billion was spent by the state authorities for corrections, and out of that about $28.4 billion was spent for adult correctional facilities. In 2001, about 59 percent of the justice expenditures of the states were for corrections alone.
This growth and expansion in corrections has brought, particularly for the states, not only new prisons and prison jobs but also new responsibilities and concerns for offender management. In the context of the emerging policy model of prison reentry, correctional institutions are being increasingly asked to build a bridge between prison and communities, particularly through a model of offender management that can reduce recidivism and strengthen reentry and reintegration. A new managerial paradigm is currently growing in American corrections that emphasizes that offender management should be seen in terms of a more holistic and comprehensive perspective—a perspective that can combine risk assessment and treatment with new goals and planning for their reentry and offender management in the communities (MacKenzie, 2001). This new model has expanded particularly in the area of sex offender management, and its expansion is planned and guided nationally by the Center for Sex Offender Management [CSOM]—a federal program established in 1997 by the Office of Justice Programs, U.S. Department of Justice, in collaboration with the National Institute of Justice, National Institute of Corrections, State Justice Institute, and the American Probation and Parole Association.
The core of the CSOM model is that sex offender management must begin with effective assessment and treatment of sex offenders inside the prison. Reentry and recidivism depend on whether the risk of reoffending was effectively assessed, and suitable treatment plans were made and offered. The postincarceration success of sex offender registration, notification, tracking, and management is now seen as intimately connected with effective sex offender assessment and treatment during incarceration in prison. It is because of this emerging comprehensive approach that correctional institutions are reexamining ...
Predicting Violent Behavior The Psychology of Risk Assessment.docxharrisonhoward80223
Predicting Violent Behavior: The Psychology of Risk Assessment
Chapter 14
Leroy Hendricks and Sexually violent Offenders
Sexually Violent Predator Civil Commitment Law (SVP)
Civil commitment of potentially dangerous sexual offenders
Often in treatment facilities until cleared
In the DA’s custody
As of 2013, 20 states and federal government passed such laws
Includes Texas – exclusively community-based commitment
Nearly 4500 sex offender committed under SVP since 1990, and only 494 released by 2007
Leroy Hendricks: First to be held under SVP
Leroy Hendricks and Sexually Violent Offenders
SVP objectives
Police power to protect citizens
Parens patriae power to protect those not able to care for themselves
Predicting future criminal conduct
Psychologists and psychiatrists
Controversy regarding accuracy
Controversy regarding double jeopardy, ex post facto, substantive due process
SVP Laws in United States
Blue shading indicates states that have SVP laws. Gray shading indicates states that do not have SVP laws.
Figure 14.1
4
Sexually Violent Offenders
Why were the SVP laws enacted?
Re-offense rates not as large as widely believed, but did increase over time to 24% after 15 years.
Sex offenders were thought to be uncontrollable and only stopped through incapacitation
Actual rates may be inaccurate.
Many unreported sexual crimes
Researchers can only sample self-reports, arrests, and convictions
Sexual re-offenses also affected by
Group of offenders followed
Length of time followed
Sexually Violent Offenders
Kansas v. Hendricks (1997) (U.S. Supreme Court)
SPV laws did not violate double jeopardy and ex post constitutional concerns
Laws imposed civil rather than criminal punishment and constitutional restrictions on punishment only applied to criminal matters
Substantive due process was not violated
Risk Assessment and the Law
Involuntary civil commitment
Decision to place someone in a psychiatric facility against his or her will
Mental disorder affecting functioning
Danger to self or others
Tarasoff
Gravely disabled
Risk Assessment and the Law
Sexually Violent Predator civil commitment (SVP)
Protection of community
Hendricks v. Hendricks (1994)
Broadly defined sexual predator
Supreme Court determined parens patriae treatment largely unnecessary (1997)
Kansas v. Crane (2002) explained criteria to commit an individual under SVP laws
Suffer from mental illness
Pose a future danger to society
Have serious difficulty controlling his or her urges
See Table 14.1 for more information
8
Risk Assessment and the Law
DSM-5 Diagnostic Criteria for Antisocial Personality Disorder
Pervasive pattern of violation of rights of others since age 15 as demonstrated by three of seven criteria
Eighteen years of age
Conduct disorder with onset before 15 years
Antisocial behavior not exclusively to actions related to schizophrenia or manic episode
See Table 14.1 for more information
9
Risk Assessment and the Law
Challenges of risk assessment
Protect .
September spotlight: domestic and sexual violence against patients with sever...AVAproject
September Research Spotlight on an new piece of research that highlights the increased prevalence of domestic and sexual violence among people with a severe mental illness
Similar to 2010 Middle District PSN Training (09 30-10) (20)
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Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
Dr Sujoy Dasgupta presented the study on "Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility? – The unexplored stories of non-consummation" in the 13th Congress of the Asia Pacific Initiative on Reproduction (ASPIRE 2024) at Manila on 24 May, 2024.
The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
Anti ulcer drugs and their Advance pharmacology ||
Anti-ulcer drugs are medications used to prevent and treat ulcers in the stomach and upper part of the small intestine (duodenal ulcers). These ulcers are often caused by an imbalance between stomach acid and the mucosal lining, which protects the stomach lining.
||Scope: Overview of various classes of anti-ulcer drugs, their mechanisms of action, indications, side effects, and clinical considerations.
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2010 Middle District PSN Training (09 30-10)
1. North Carolina’s Violent Death
Reporting System (NC-VDRS)
Middle District PSN Training
Workshop
September 30, 2010
2. Agenda
• Background and history of NC-VDRS
• Key findings from NC-VDRS
– Overall Violent Death
– Suicide
– Homicide
• Q&A
3. Violent Deaths in the US
• 50,000 Americans died from violence in 2002
– 40,000 MVTA, 14,000 HIV
– Suicide (32,000) > Assaults (18,000)
• Homicide and suicide affect young persons
– Homicide 2nd leading cause of death – persons 15-24 years
– Suicide 2nd leading cause of death – persons 15-34 years
• Elderly have high suicide rates
• Violence greater impact on some populations
groups
4. …But We Didn’t Know Enough…
• What % of women killed in DV assaults had a
restraining order against the offender?
• How many drug-related homicides are there in the
US each year?
• How often do multiple homicides occur?
• What % of youth suicide victims are intoxicated at
the time they kill themselves?
• How many homicides involves the use of an assault
weapon?
• What life crisis commonly precedes a suicide?
• How many men kill themselves after killing their
partner?
5. What is the National Violent Death
Reporting System (NVDRS)?
1. Population-based, public health reporting system on deaths
from violence managed by the CDC
● Funding through competitive application
● Ultimate goal to fund 50 states and territories
2. Data are collected by states and sent to CDC
● Data on homicides, suicides, and deaths from
unintentional firearm, legal intervention and undetermined
intent obtained from multiple sources
● Personal identifiers are removed
3. Provides timely and detailed data on incidents where someone
is killed by violence, including victims, suspects, weapons,
circumstances and their inter-relationships.
7. Introduction to NC-VDRS
• North Carolina is one of 18 states funded by the
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)
• Housed in the State Health Department
• Collect detailed information on deaths from violence
– Suicide
– Homicide
– Unintentional Firearm
– Deaths of undetermined intent
– Legal Intervention
8. Data Sources
• Data are gathered from multiple
sources
–Death Certificates (SCHS)
–Medical Examiner (OCME)
–Law Enforcement (Local)
–NC-IBRS(SBI)
9. Types of information gathered
• Demographics (victim and suspect)
• Circumstances of the event
• Alcohol/drug use by the victim
• Type of location where the event
happened
• Type of weapon used
• Relationship between the victim and
suspect
10. Flow of Information for NVDRS
Occurrence of a
violent death
Medical
Examiner
State Health Dept
State agencies
Other Fed. agencies
General public
Researchers
Law
enforcement
Case Info
(- identifiers)
Death
certificate
NVDRS
(at CDC)
NC-VDRS
Analysis Files (+)
Data Re-release Policy
Certificate of Confidentiality
IRB approval for research
No restrictions for aggregate data
12. Deaths by Manner/Intent: Resident and Occurrence Deaths
North Carolina Violent Death Reporting System, 2004-2009*
6254
3549
80 94 297
6421
3677
86 97 306
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
Suicide Homicide Unintentional
Firearm
Legal
Intervention
Undetermined
Intent
Number of Deaths
Total resident deaths = 10,274
Total occurrence deaths = 10,587
Solid bars: resident deaths
Striped bars: occurrence deaths
*2009 data are provisional
13. Percent of Deaths Due to Violence by Manner/Intent:
North Carolina Violent Death Reporting System, 2004-2008
Suicide: 61%
Homicide: 35%
Unintentional Firearm: 1%
Legal Intervention: 1%
Undetermined Intent: 3%
14. Deaths Due to Violence by Manner/Intent and Age:
North Carolina Violent Death Reporting System, 2004-2008
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
<1 '1-4 '5-9
'10-1415-1920-2425-3435-4445-5455-6465-7475-84
85+
Number of Deaths
Suicide
Homicide
15. Violent Death Rates by Manner/Intent and Age:
North Carolina Violent Death Reporting System, 2004-2008
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
<1 '1-4 '5-9
'10-1415-1920-2425-3435-4445-5455-6465-7475-84
85+
Rates Per 100,000
Suicide
Homicide
16. Percent of Deaths Due to Violence by Race and Gender:
North Carolina Violent Death Reporting System, 2004-2008
55
41 40
60
90
6
92
8
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Black Male White Male Black Female White Female
Percent of Deaths
Homicide
Suicide
17. Violent Death Rates by Manner/Intent Sex and Race:
North Carolina Violent Death Reporting System, 2004-2008
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
Rates per 100,000
Homicide Suicide
American Indian
Male
American Indian
Female
Black Male
Black Female
White Male
White Female
Other Male
Other Female
18. Percentage of Deaths From Suicides by Place of Injury :
North Carolina Violent Death Reporting System, 2004-2008
82
1 2
5
1
4 4
1 0
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
Suicide
Percent of Deaths by Place of Injury
House/Apartment
Residential
Institution
Highway/Road
Motor Vehicle
Recreational Area
Commercial Area
Natural Area
Other
Unknown
19. Percentage of Deaths From HOMICIDES by Place of Injury :
North Carolina Violent Death Reporting System, 2004-2008
62
1
16
6
1
9
3
1 2
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
Homicide
Percent of Deaths by Place of Injury
House/Apartment
Residential
Institution
Highway/Road
Motor Vehicle
Recreational Area
Commercial Area
Natural Area
Other
Unknown
20. Percent of Deaths by Manner and Method of Fatal Injury:
North Carolina Violent Death Reporting System, 2004-2008
68%
14%
6%
0%
5%
3%4%
60%
1%
0%
17%
0%
3%
Firearm
Sharp
Inst
Blunt
Poison
Hanging
Unarmed
OtherHomicide Suicide
22. Precipitating Circumstances For Suicide
• Recent depressed mood
• Current mental health problem/diagnosis
– If so, what was the diagnosis?
– Was the person under treatment for his/her
MH problem?
– Has the person ever been treated for a MH
problem?
• Alcohol dependence
• Substance abuse problem
23. Precipitating Circumstances For Suicide
• Did the person
– leave a suicide note?
– tell someone about his/her intent to commit
suicide?
– have a history of suicide attempts?
– experience some type of crisis in the past two
weeks?
– have a physical health problem that was
relevant to the suicide?
24. Percent of Suicides By Mental Health Status and Gender:
North Carolina Violent Death Reporting System, 2004-2008
49
42
36
41
47
67
62
66
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Reported
current
depressed
mood
MD Dx'd
current mental
illness
Current
Treatment
Ever Treated
Percent of Deaths
Males
Females
25. Percent of Suicides by Suicide Markers and Gender:
North Carolina Violent Death Reporting System, 2004-2008
12
24
27
39
19
30
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
History Of attempts Disclosed Intent Left a note
Percent of Deaths
Males
Females
26. Percent of Suicides by Life Stressors and Gender:
North Carolina Violent Death Reporting System, 2004-2008
38
21
28
8
12
27
18
21
3 4
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Crisis
within 2
Weeks
Physical
Health
Problem
Intimate
Partner
Problem
Job
Problem
Legal
Problem
Percent of Deaths
Males
Females
27. Percent of Suicides by History of Substance Abuse and Gender:
North Carolina Violent Death Reporting System, 2004-2008
15
1212
16
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Alcohol Other Substance
Percent of Deaths
Males
Females
29. Precipitating Circumstances for
homicide
• Did the homicide
– result from an argument or conflict over money or
property?
– result from jealousy or distress over an
intimate partner’s relationship or suspected
relationship with another person?
– involve a conflict between current or former
intimate partners?
– involve other interpersonal conflict, such as
abuse, insult, grudge, or personal revenge?
30. Precipitating Circumstances for
homicide
• Did the homicide
– Did the homicide result from drug dealing or
illegal drug use?
– Was the homicide gang-related?
– Was the homicide precipitated by another
serious crime (e.g., drug dealing, robbery,
rape)If so, what type of crime?
– Was the other crime in progress when the
homicide occurred?
– Did the death involve justifiable self-defense?
31. Percent Homicides by Crime Related Circumstance and Gender:
North Carolina Violent Death Reporting System, 2004-2008
31
27
14
3
26
22
9
0
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Precipitated By
another Crime
Crime In
Progress
Drug
Involvement
Gang Related
Percent of Deaths
Males
Females
32. Percent Homicides by Conflict Related Circumstance and Gender:
North Carolina Violent Death Reporting System, 2004-2008
61
10
4
12
31
52
2 2
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Argument Initmate
Partner
Violence
Jealousy Victim Used a
Weapon
Percent
Males
Females
33. Percent of Homicides by Crime Related Circumstance:
North Carolina Violent Death Reporting System, 2004-2008
39
16
8
4
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Robbery Drug Trade Rape, Sexual
Assault
Motor Vehicle
Theft
Percent of Deaths
34. Percent of Homicides by Victim Characteristics:
North Carolina Violent Death Reporting System, 2004-2008
10 10
4
12
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Victim Used a
Weapon
Justifiable Self
Defense
Victim Was a
Bystander
Victim was
assisting crime
victim
Percent of Deaths
36. Number of Deaths and Incidents From Violence:
North Carolina Violent Death Reporting System, 2004-2008
1271067
2873
5383
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
Single Suicide
Single HomicideMutiple Suicide
Multiple Homicide
Murder/Suicide
Number of Deaths
37. Percent of Murder/Suicide Victims by Gender:
North Carolina Violent Death Reporting System, 2004-2008
Female(78%)
Male
(22%)
38. Percent of Murder/Suicide Perpetrators by Gender:
North Carolina Violent Death Reporting System, 2004-2008
Female(5%)
Male
(95%)
39. Percent Murder/Suicide Victims by Race:
North Carolina Violent Death Reporting System, 2004-2008
63
26
3
8
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
White Black American
Indian
Hispanic
Percent of Deaths
40. Percent Murder/Suicide Perpetrators by Race:
North Carolina Violent Death Reporting System, 2004-2008
66
21
2
11
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
White Black American
Indian
Hispanic
Percent of Deaths
41. Percent Murder/Suicide Victims/Perp by Race and Gender:
North Carolina Violent Death Reporting System, 2004-2008
22
69
27
62
6 8
3 4
65
0
83
10
17
2 0
22
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
Black Male White Male Black
Female
White
Female
Hispanic
Male
Hispanic
Female
American
Indian Male
American
Indian
Female
Percent of Deaths
Victim
Perp.
47. North Carolina Violent Death
Reporting System (NC-VDRS)
Tammy Norwood, Program Manager
NC Injury & Violence Prevention Branch
1915 Mail Service Center
Raleigh, NC 27699-1915
919-707-5432
Tammy.norwood@dhhs.nc.gov
http://www.injuryfreenc.ncdhhs.gov/
Editor's Notes
Good Morning, I am Tammy Norwood, Program Manager for the North Carolina Violent Death Reporting System. I am very excited to have this opportunity to share some information with you about our program
I will cover the background and history of the North Carolina Violent Death Reporting System as well as the National System. Look at some of the key findings to date, discuss overall violent death, suicide and homicide. Then answer any questions
What did we know prior to the NVDRS, Violence was pervasive in our society. It affects the young and the old, the rich and the poor. Violence can be directed at one’s self, resulting in suicide or directed at others resulting in homicide, legal intervention, or even unintentional deaths from firearm injuries. In 2002, over 50,000 Americans died from violence in the US with 32,000 of those deaths being suicides. Homicide and suicide were affecting younger people at greater rates, homicide was the 2nd leading cause of death for those 15-24 and suicide the second leading cause of death for 15-34.
We could tell you who was dying but we really couldn’t answer the why. We just didn’t have a good understanding of the circumstance leading up to these deaths. The kind of information that is really important when putting prevention programs in place. So, the Centers for Disease Control was challenged with developing a surveillance system with the purpose of capturing information on these deaths.
The CDC developed the National Violent Death Reporting System which would be a population based surveillance system. States receiving funding collect information on all deaths from violence that occur in the state. The goal of the system was to provide more timely detailed data on violent death incidents. The system developed was based on FARS. Fatality Analysis Reporting System (FARS) began collecting crash data back in 1975
The CDC funded the first round of states in 2002. Here is a map showing the 18 states who are currently funding to collect this information.
North Carolina received funding in 2003 and began collecting information on violent deaths in 2004. Information is collected on suicide, homicide, unintentional firearm deaths, deaths of undetermined intent and legal intervention. Our system is housed in the state health department. In the injury and violence prevention branch.
Our primary data sources include death certificates, medical examiner. including autopsy and toxicology findings, law enforcement and NC-IBRS data provided by the SBI. The VDRS is a very unique system. It is a source based system allowing the collection of information from each source to be captured in separate data tables within the system. This allows us to look at information from each source separately as will as collectively. We have often been asked why not just get the information from one source. In order to get a better understanding of these deaths, we need information from all three sources. The death certificate tells us who died, the medical examiner provides information on caused the death, injuries, weapons, toxicology. Law enforcement provides the details of what occurred prior to the death, who was involved, where the incident took place and often why.
We gather various pieces of information from our data sources on both victim and suspects. We look at not only the demographics but where the incident occurred, weapons used, the circumstances leading up to the incident and relationships between those involved in the incident.
This chart demonstrates how information flows into our system. So, a death occurs, is reported to the medical examiner who issues a death certificate that is certify by the state. We receive the information from DC as well as ME, we later contact law enforcement.
Now I would like to share a few of our findings to date. As I stated earlier, we started collecting information in 2004 so most of the results I will talk about today includes 2004-2008. We have preliminary numbers for 2009 and have began data collection for 2010.
I included this slide to give you an idea of the number of violent deaths that have occurred in our state since 2004. Keep in mind the 2009 are preliminary and we have not included 2010. This shows total number of deaths between 2004-2009 by manner., there were over 10,000 deaths that occurred in NC. You will see that we have listed resident deaths as well as occurent deaths. We collected information on every death that occurs in NC regardless of residency. 97% of all victims of violent deaths are residents of our state.
In North Carolina there are over 1800 deaths from violence each year. 61% of those deaths are classified as suicide and 35% homicide. The remaining categories account for a very small percentage. Most people are very shocked to learn that there are about one-and-a-half times more suicides than homicides occurring every year in our state. In the US the patterns are very similar as well as other states.
Deaths from violence differ markedly by manner of death, age, race and sex. The highest number of suicides occurred between the ages of 25-54 while the highest number of homicides occurred between 20-44. When we look at the rate per 100,000 we get a slightly different picture.
When we look at the rate per 100,000 we get a slightly different picture. The 20-24 year old age bracket are more likely than any other age group to die from homicide. On the other hand, people aged 45 years and older are more likely to die from suicide.
Men make up over 70% of all violent deaths and. For homicide men make up almost 80%
55 percent of all male homicide victims were black, while 90 percent of all male suicide victims were white. Overall, 89% of all suicide victims were white while 51% of all homicide victims were black.
Violence affects racial groups differently and when we look at rates we see that although American Indian men made up only 3% of the homicide victims they are at highest risk to die from homicide with a rate of nearly 40 per 100,000. Followed by Black men with a rate of 36. Overall, whites are nearly 3 times more likely than blacks to die from suicide. Blacks are 4 times more likely to die from homicide than whites.
Overall firearms were the method most often used in all violent deaths. However the method used differed by manner. Poison was the second most common method used for suicide while sharp instrument was the second most common method used in homicide. We also see a difference when looking at sex, the method of suicide differed between men and women with poisonings more common in female suicide than male.
When trying to address the precipitating circumstance that lead up to each suicide we capture ….
Did the person leave a note, tell someone his/her intent, was there a history of attempts. Was there a crisis within two weeks, was there a physical health problem relevant to the suicide?
Almost half of the men and women were reported by a family member or friend as having been in a depressed mood prior to their suicide. Two thirds of the women who died by suicide had a medical history of depression or other type of mental illness. Over 60% were receiving treatment.
Here when looking at intent we see that women are more likely than men to have a history of attempts. This most likely goes back the method chosen based on gender.
38% of men who died by suicide were reported to have a crisis within 2 weeks. This could have occurred prior or anticipation of an event. The crisis was most often an intimate partner problem, this could be argument, break up, divorce. We see from 2004-2008 only 8% of men who died by suicide were reported to have job problems. We are very interested in seeing how the numbers for job loss, financial problems, and foreclosure/eviction change in the coming years. We have already noted changes in how often job problems or listed or current occupation listed as unemployed.
Alcohol abuse and substance abuse can be reported by friends and family or self perceived by the victim. Other substance includes prescription medication.
We have the ability to capture
31 percent of homicides involving male victims was precipitated by another crime, and in 27% of the incidents the crime was in progress. We know that our gang data is definitely an undercount.
When looking at conflict related circumstance start seeing clear difference. 61% of incidents involving male victims were related to an argument. Over 52 percent of the homicides involving females were related to intimate partner violence.
When we break down the type of crimes taking place those often were robbery followed by drug trade.
These are just some of the victim characteristics.
Talk a little bit about Murder/Suicide.
I mentioned earlier that our system is a relational database. We are able to look at all victims and suspects. Overall most of the incidents occurring in our state involve a single victim. This give you an idea of what we are capable of capturing. There were 127 incidents classified as murder/suicide.
Of those 125 incidents 81% of the victims were female while 19 percent were male.
When we look at the perpetrator in those 127 incidents 95% were male.
Looking at race, 62% were white
And 62% of the perpetrators were white.
Toxicology
How many victims in each manner were suspected of using alcohol prior to incident. 42% of legal intervention victims were suspected of using alcohol.
When we break down by gender and manner. 38% of all male homicide victims were suspected of using alcohol.
We really have the ability to capture over 300 variables for each violent incident. I shared a small portion of the information with you today. Here are a few of the publications that can be found on our website.
Thanks again. Please feel free to contact me if you additional question.