1) Fan fiction writers create stories based on popular books, movies, and TV shows and post them online. While some see this as creative expression, copyright holders argue it infringes on their intellectual property.
2) The article profiles a fan fiction writer who wrote a 250-page novella continuing the Harry Potter story from the perspective of a character. Fan fiction sites like Sugarquill.net have thousands of Harry Potter stories but screen for inappropriate content.
3) The legal issues around fan fiction are unclear as copyright law protects derivative works but also fair use of material. The explosion of fan fiction online has sparked debate around who owns these stories.
This document summarizes the challenges the author faced in trying to write a biography on Richard Stallman with Stallman's cooperation. The publisher wanted to release it as an e-book but Stallman objected to the encryption and copyright restrictions of e-books. Despite various compromise proposals, Stallman refused to cooperate unless the e-book allowed full copying. When the publisher would not agree, the project fell apart due to the inability to resolve the disagreement over the e-book format and copyright.
Doing Gender in Computer-Mediated Communication: The BlogosphereLois Scheidt
This document summarizes research on gender differences in blogs and computer-mediated communication. It finds that:
1) Women are more likely to write personal diary blogs focusing on personal reflections, while men are more likely to write filter blogs focusing on external events.
2) Discourse analysis finds that women's blog entries and comments tend to be more personal, emotional, and focus on relationships, while men's tend to be more factual, assertive, and focus on displaying knowledge.
3) However, when accounting for blog genre, few linguistic gender differences are found; the genres themselves are gendered. This helps explain disparities in prior research not accounting for genre.
Banned books selected for removal from schools and libraries do to their social content as part of the Banned Books week digital presentation from Christina Van Amerogen's LIT2000 Class
- BeNetSafe.org is a nonprofit organization founded in 2002 that provides internet safety education to students, parents, educators and law enforcement.
- It aims to educate about both benefits and risks of social media and networking sites, and how to stay safe online through open communication and understanding evolving technologies and risks.
- The organization reaches thousands through classroom presentations, videos, and community outreach on topics like cyberbullying, sexting, online predators, and setting privacy controls on social media profiles.
Here are the key terms from the document:
- Passing: The act of presenting oneself as another race, often for social or economic gain. Both "Recitatif" and "Who's Passing for Who?" explore themes of racial passing.
- Performance: Presenting oneself in a particular way depending on the social context or audience, often related to questions of racial or sexual identity. Both stories involve elements of performance and questioning the stability of identity.
- Insider/outsider: Distinguishing between those who are part of a particular social or racial group ("insiders") and those who are not ("outsiders"). Both stories involve characters navigating different social contexts and groups.
- Dramatic irony
This document summarizes the challenges the author faced in trying to write a biography on Richard Stallman with Stallman's cooperation. The publisher wanted to release it as an e-book but Stallman objected to the encryption and copyright restrictions of e-books. Despite various compromise proposals, Stallman refused to cooperate unless the e-book allowed full copying. When the publisher would not agree, the project fell apart due to the inability to resolve the disagreement over the e-book format and copyright.
Doing Gender in Computer-Mediated Communication: The BlogosphereLois Scheidt
This document summarizes research on gender differences in blogs and computer-mediated communication. It finds that:
1) Women are more likely to write personal diary blogs focusing on personal reflections, while men are more likely to write filter blogs focusing on external events.
2) Discourse analysis finds that women's blog entries and comments tend to be more personal, emotional, and focus on relationships, while men's tend to be more factual, assertive, and focus on displaying knowledge.
3) However, when accounting for blog genre, few linguistic gender differences are found; the genres themselves are gendered. This helps explain disparities in prior research not accounting for genre.
Banned books selected for removal from schools and libraries do to their social content as part of the Banned Books week digital presentation from Christina Van Amerogen's LIT2000 Class
- BeNetSafe.org is a nonprofit organization founded in 2002 that provides internet safety education to students, parents, educators and law enforcement.
- It aims to educate about both benefits and risks of social media and networking sites, and how to stay safe online through open communication and understanding evolving technologies and risks.
- The organization reaches thousands through classroom presentations, videos, and community outreach on topics like cyberbullying, sexting, online predators, and setting privacy controls on social media profiles.
Here are the key terms from the document:
- Passing: The act of presenting oneself as another race, often for social or economic gain. Both "Recitatif" and "Who's Passing for Who?" explore themes of racial passing.
- Performance: Presenting oneself in a particular way depending on the social context or audience, often related to questions of racial or sexual identity. Both stories involve elements of performance and questioning the stability of identity.
- Insider/outsider: Distinguishing between those who are part of a particular social or racial group ("insiders") and those who are not ("outsiders"). Both stories involve characters navigating different social contexts and groups.
- Dramatic irony
This episode of the podcast Snapecast previews their coverage of upcoming Harry Potter fan events, including Lumos and J.K. Rowling's visit to New York. The hosts discuss submitting questions to Rowling about Severus Snape and guessing his middle name. They also preview segments about analyzing a chapter of Prisoner of Azkaban and interviewing a fanfiction author.
The document discusses leveraging social media for nonprofit fundraising success. It begins by defining social media as Internet-based tools for sharing information among people, primarily through user-generated content like words, pictures, audio and video. It then discusses how social media is really about powering conversations among people. It provides tips for nonprofits on engaging in these conversations by listening to supporters' interests, participating in discussions, sharing compelling content, generating buzz about their cause, and building communities through social networking. The key is for nonprofits to have conversations with supporters rather than just broadcast messages and to be willing to give up some control of the conversation.
The article discusses whether the Harry Potter book series by J.K. Rowling will stand the test of time and be considered a literary classic. While the books are hugely popular, selling over 350 million copies worldwide, some experts question whether Rowling's writing will be considered high quality literature in the future. However, others argue that the Harry Potter books have many elements of classic fantasy literature and will continue to be read for generations, making them classics in children's literature. The series has also increased children's interest in reading and expanded the market for fantasy books.
This document summarizes an article about whether the Harry Potter series will have lasting influence in academic and literary circles. It discusses how some scholars were initially resistant to studying Harry Potter, seeing it as too popular or commercial. However, the document argues that Harry Potter explores important themes like heroism, community and morality through compelling narrative, and will continue to be studied for its literary qualities and what it reveals about culture, just as works like Lord of the Rings have been. Experts predict Harry Potter will have lasting influence through academic interest, while also remaining beloved by generations of fans.
This document provides background information for a curriculum unit on the Harry Potter book series. It discusses the popularity and impact of the books, defining the fantasy genre and how Harry Potter fits as a modern fantasy story. It also profiles author J.K. Rowling and proposes lessons comparing Harry Potter to similar fantasy works and discussing the books' success and cultural influence.
Fan fiction has changed the literary world by creating a community where authors and readers can interact directly and instantly. It allows fans to engage with stories without judgment from outsiders. The presentation discusses how fan fiction emerged as a form of social storytelling online, with websites like Archive of Our Own and FanFiction.net facilitating the sharing of stories. It also notes that fan fiction writers are often minorities and LGBTQ+ individuals who use the genre for representation and expression.
This document provides an overview of the evolution of young adult fiction. It discusses how the genre emerged in the 1960s with more realistic stories that dealt with darker topics compared to earlier romanticized works. A key turning point was S.E. Hinton's 1967 novel The Outsiders, which was grounded in real teenage experiences. Later authors further expanded the genre by addressing complex issues. The document then examines how the genre has grown, with audiences now including those up to age 25. It analyzes the impact of the Harry Potter series in popularizing fantasy works for young adults and fueling the commercial success of the genre.
This episode of the podcast Snapecast previews their coverage of upcoming Harry Potter fan events, including Lumos and J.K. Rowling's visit to New York. The hosts discuss submitting questions to Rowling about Severus Snape and guessing his middle name. They also preview segments about analyzing a chapter of Prisoner of Azkaban and interviewing a fanfiction author.
The document discusses leveraging social media for nonprofit fundraising success. It begins by defining social media as Internet-based tools for sharing information among people, primarily through user-generated content like words, pictures, audio and video. It then discusses how social media is really about powering conversations among people. It provides tips for nonprofits on engaging in these conversations by listening to supporters' interests, participating in discussions, sharing compelling content, generating buzz about their cause, and building communities through social networking. The key is for nonprofits to have conversations with supporters rather than just broadcast messages and to be willing to give up some control of the conversation.
The article discusses whether the Harry Potter book series by J.K. Rowling will stand the test of time and be considered a literary classic. While the books are hugely popular, selling over 350 million copies worldwide, some experts question whether Rowling's writing will be considered high quality literature in the future. However, others argue that the Harry Potter books have many elements of classic fantasy literature and will continue to be read for generations, making them classics in children's literature. The series has also increased children's interest in reading and expanded the market for fantasy books.
This document summarizes an article about whether the Harry Potter series will have lasting influence in academic and literary circles. It discusses how some scholars were initially resistant to studying Harry Potter, seeing it as too popular or commercial. However, the document argues that Harry Potter explores important themes like heroism, community and morality through compelling narrative, and will continue to be studied for its literary qualities and what it reveals about culture, just as works like Lord of the Rings have been. Experts predict Harry Potter will have lasting influence through academic interest, while also remaining beloved by generations of fans.
This document provides background information for a curriculum unit on the Harry Potter book series. It discusses the popularity and impact of the books, defining the fantasy genre and how Harry Potter fits as a modern fantasy story. It also profiles author J.K. Rowling and proposes lessons comparing Harry Potter to similar fantasy works and discussing the books' success and cultural influence.
Fan fiction has changed the literary world by creating a community where authors and readers can interact directly and instantly. It allows fans to engage with stories without judgment from outsiders. The presentation discusses how fan fiction emerged as a form of social storytelling online, with websites like Archive of Our Own and FanFiction.net facilitating the sharing of stories. It also notes that fan fiction writers are often minorities and LGBTQ+ individuals who use the genre for representation and expression.
This document provides an overview of the evolution of young adult fiction. It discusses how the genre emerged in the 1960s with more realistic stories that dealt with darker topics compared to earlier romanticized works. A key turning point was S.E. Hinton's 1967 novel The Outsiders, which was grounded in real teenage experiences. Later authors further expanded the genre by addressing complex issues. The document then examines how the genre has grown, with audiences now including those up to age 25. It analyzes the impact of the Harry Potter series in popularizing fantasy works for young adults and fueling the commercial success of the genre.
Fanfiction allows fans to freely create new stories using existing characters and worlds from popular books, movies, TV shows and other media. While this creativity can build community and relationships, fanfiction is also often used to indulge in explicit sexual content and erotica. Additionally, the unmonitored review system enables "flaming" where users post hateful comments. However, fanfiction sites also provide tools to filter content and block inappropriate users. With guidelines on labeling content and maturity ratings, the benefits of creative writing and social interaction through fanfiction can be emphasized while curbing its negative aspects.
This document discusses several topics related to fan fiction and authorship within fandom communities:
- It discusses debates around whether fan fiction adds to or is only supplementary to the original fictional universe.
- It describes how some male fans have redefined stereotypes of fans from lonely basement dwellers to powerful visionaries in entertainment.
- It explores how the Harry Potter fandom online allowed youth to participate in non-heteronormative narratives and shape stories.
- It examines how fans attribute or deny authorship based on public personas and how much influence authors should have over textual interpretation.
Fan fiction refers to stories written by fans that borrow characters and settings from popular books, films, television shows and other media. It allows fans to become active participants in the stories they enjoy by writing new tales. The Lord of the Rings is one of the most popular sources for fan fiction stories due to the recent films. Many fan fiction stories involve romantic relationships between characters and the author, while others place characters in vulnerable situations to strengthen emotional bonds between them. Though controversial regarding copyright, fan fiction allows fans to engage with stories in a creative way.
Netflix is expanding its global operations to over 200 countries in the next two years to increase its international revenue. Currently international markets make up 27% of Netflix's revenue but the company expects this to grow to 80% of total revenue. Netflix faces challenges expanding globally due to competition and regulatory issues. Strategic planning will be required to ensure Netflix's global expansion is successful and allows it to maintain its competitive edge in the streaming industry.
New Essays On The Great Gatsby. 008 Essay Example Gatsby Brilliant Ideas Of E...Annie Chen
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This article provides background on Amiri Baraka, a prominent Black poet and political activist. It discusses the controversy sparked by his poem "Somebody Blew Up America," which was criticized for being anti-Semitic. Baraka has faced calls to resign as New Jersey's poet laureate over the poem. The article provides an overview of Baraka's career and accomplishments as a major American literary figure, and his evolution as an artist from the Beat movement to embracing Black nationalism. It also discusses his views on the current state of Black literature and challenges facing Black artists.
Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban: FINALacstewart5
This document discusses Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban and analyzes Harry's psychological development using concepts from adolescent psychology. It describes the plot of the third novel where Sirius Black escapes prison and Harry learns the truth about his parents' murder. The document then analyzes how Harry faces typical struggles with identity, peers, and family that shape adolescent development. It argues that despite being a wizard, Harry experiences the same contexts of adolescence and psychological changes as typical teenagers.
The document provides instructions for creating an account and submitting an assignment request on the HelpWriting.net website. It involves a 5-step process: 1) Create an account with an email and password. 2) Complete a 10-minute order form with instructions, sources, and deadline. 3) Review bids from writers and choose one. 4) Review the completed paper and authorize payment. 5) Request revisions to ensure satisfaction, with refund available for plagiarism.
The document discusses the genre of urban or street literature, also known as hip-hop fiction or gangsta lit. It is characterized by African American characters in gritty, violent urban settings often involving drugs, sex and crime. While some critics say it promotes negative stereotypes, defenders argue it reflects the real-life experiences of readers. The genre is popular among reluctant readers and libraries are encouraged to include some titles to attract new audiences, while evaluating each work individually. Popular authors and publishers in the genre are listed.
270 Amazing Satirical Essay Topics to Deal With. Best Satire Essay Topics ~ Thatsnotus. Calaméo - Satire Essay Example: Excellent and Useful Tips for Students. example of satire essay. Step-by-step Guide On Writing Satirical Essays - EssayMin. How to Write a Satire Essay: Tips & Examples | HandmadeWriting. 105 Best Satirical Essay Topics and Ideas. 008 Topics Write Satirical Essay ~ Thatsnotus. Satirical Essay On Drugs | Long and Short Essay on Satirical Drugs In .... 010 Satirical Essay Topics Essays Descriptive Best For Satire Easy Any .... Update: This Is The Student’s Controversial Essay Emulating The Satire .... 013 Essay Example To Kill Mockingbird Parody Paper Satirical ~ Thatsnotus. How To Write A Satire Essay: Learn The Right Techniques To Cope With It. 002 Writing Satirical Essay P1 ~ Thatsnotus. 203 Best Satire Essay Topics | Total Assignment Help. Essay websites: Examples of satire essays. Good examples of satire essays. Satire definition, the use of irony ....
This document discusses some of the legal and ethical issues that fiction writers may encounter. It notes that authors should avoid harming readers or defaming individuals in their work. Defamation laws vary by location but generally involve damaging someone's reputation without justification. The document analyzes the novel "The Public Burning" and how it portrayed real people from the 1950s in a satirical way. It provides some strategies fiction writers can use to address ethical dilemmas, such as changing names and details. The document also discusses the legal gray area around fan fiction and real person fiction.
004 Essay Example Ideas For Argumentative ThatsEsther Nasus
The document provides instructions for requesting an assignment writing service from HelpWriting.net. It outlines a 5-step process: 1) Create an account with valid email and password. 2) Complete a 10-minute order form providing instructions, sources, and deadline. 3) Review bids from writers and choose one based on qualifications. 4) Receive the paper and authorize payment if pleased. 5) Request revisions until fully satisfied, with a refund option for plagiarized work.
This document summarizes an online fundraising summit that took place on September 24, 2008 in London. The summit covered using technology and online tools to build relationships with donors and raise funds. Key topics included how online conversations can drive donations, using tools to manage donor information and messages, case studies of testing different approaches, and resources for nonprofit fundraising online. Breakout sessions were also part of the agenda to allow for networking and small group work.
This document outlines the steps to create an effective fundraising strategy. It explains that a fundraising strategy is a long-term plan to achieve fundraising goals. The key components of a strategy include defining the fundraising goal and timeline, identifying potential donors including individuals, institutions, and corporations, and determining how to reach each group. The document also recommends assigning roles to trustees, management, and fundraising staff. Creating a fundraising strategy provides a blueprint and framework to guide fundraising efforts over multiple years.
This document provides guidance on fundraising. It explains that fundraising is difficult but a consequence of traction, not an objective. There are only five main reasons to raise funds: having a strong team, a great product, breakthrough technology, social proof, or clear traction. It advises fundraising high and as soon as possible if the team is strong, or waiting until the product/technology is ready otherwise. Traction is emphasized as most important. The rest of the document covers negotiation tactics, term sheet details like valuation and control issues, types of investors, and tips for working with a lawyer.
The Sikh Students Collaboration will offer quarterly grants from Chase Bank upon project completion. They advise tapping into the huge and untapped funding opportunities available at universities, as most money should come from there. The document encourages grant writing by visiting school websites and getting started on the process.
Indus Pharma sales comparison from January to June 2011 shows sales for Tanwir Ahmad in the Multan zone, region, and team. The document also provides steps and templates for establishing a 501(c)3 nonprofit organization including defining goals and budgets, brainstorming fundraisers, creating a calendar of events, and organizing roles for fundraising.
This document discusses private placement and fundraising services offered by InduStreams. It provides an overview of the fundraising opportunity in infrastructure investments. InduStreams has a large network of investors and industrial executives that allows it to effectively introduce investment propositions and facilitate securing agreements. The fundraising process involves understanding the client's needs, formulating a proposition, engaging 50-100 relevant investors to generate interest, and developing deals until agreements are reached with one or more investors. A case example of fundraising in China is also provided.
Using social media data for fundraising successMirzam86
The document discusses how nonprofits can use social media data for fundraising success. It notes that Facebook use is up 30% and Twitter use is up 81% among nonprofits. While funding for social media is growing, only 43% of nonprofits allocate a budget. The top factors for social media success are having a strategy, prioritizing it, and allocating staff. The document advocates integrating social media data with constituent relationship data to better engage supporters and improve fundraising.
This document provides an overview of new media fundraising innovations that charities can utilize in the 21st century. It discusses various online fundraising methods like charity websites, online charity shops through eBay, and mobile phone donations. It also examines digital television fundraising and donations through ATMs. The document presents statistics on how much money charities have raised through these new methods and surveys of charities that have used new media fundraising. It finds that while online donations are growing for major charities, less than half of UK charities currently have websites that can accept online donations. New media presents opportunities but also risks that charities must address to utilize these channels effectively.
- The government deficit and debt of the euro area and EU27 increased in 2009 compared to 2008 due to falling GDP.
- The government deficit as a percentage of GDP increased to 6.3% in the euro area and 6.8% in the EU27. Government debt as a percentage of GDP increased to 78.7% in the euro area and 73.6% in the EU27.
- Several countries had government deficits over 10% of GDP including Ireland, Greece, the UK, Spain, and Portugal. No country had a government surplus in 2009.
The document summarizes the Euro zone crisis, including its background and reasons such as interest rate risk, government default, and lack of a federal treasury. It discusses the state of various Euro zone countries and their future outlook. It also covers the roles of rating agencies, the IMF, and bailout packages provided to Greece, Ireland, Portugal and other economies. The document analyzes causes and lessons learned, and discusses recovery measures and the creation of a 750 billion Euro fund by the EU to address the crisis. It also notes some potential impacts on India.
The document discusses the introduction of the euro currency in Europe in 1999 and its effects. Key points include removing exchange rate risks which makes cross-border investment easier, removing currency conversion fees for electronic payments between eurozone countries, and creating deeper financial markets in Europe. The euro also aims to increase price transparency and competition across borders. Adopting the euro helps provide macroeconomic stability for European countries under the European Central Bank.
How to Fix the Import Error in the Odoo 17Celine George
An import error occurs when a program fails to import a module or library, disrupting its execution. In languages like Python, this issue arises when the specified module cannot be found or accessed, hindering the program's functionality. Resolving import errors is crucial for maintaining smooth software operation and uninterrupted development processes.
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
বাংলাদেশের অর্থনৈতিক সমীক্ষা ২০২৪ [Bangladesh Economic Review 2024 Bangla.pdf] কম্পিউটার , ট্যাব ও স্মার্ট ফোন ভার্সন সহ সম্পূর্ণ বাংলা ই-বুক বা pdf বই " সুচিপত্র ...বুকমার্ক মেনু 🔖 ও হাইপার লিংক মেনু 📝👆 যুক্ত ..
আমাদের সবার জন্য খুব খুব গুরুত্বপূর্ণ একটি বই ..বিসিএস, ব্যাংক, ইউনিভার্সিটি ভর্তি ও যে কোন প্রতিযোগিতা মূলক পরীক্ষার জন্য এর খুব ইম্পরট্যান্ট একটি বিষয় ...তাছাড়া বাংলাদেশের সাম্প্রতিক যে কোন ডাটা বা তথ্য এই বইতে পাবেন ...
তাই একজন নাগরিক হিসাবে এই তথ্য গুলো আপনার জানা প্রয়োজন ...।
বিসিএস ও ব্যাংক এর লিখিত পরীক্ষা ...+এছাড়া মাধ্যমিক ও উচ্চমাধ্যমিকের স্টুডেন্টদের জন্য অনেক কাজে আসবে ...
This presentation includes basic of PCOS their pathology and treatment and also Ayurveda correlation of PCOS and Ayurvedic line of treatment mentioned in classics.
Executive Directors Chat Leveraging AI for Diversity, Equity, and InclusionTechSoup
Let’s explore the intersection of technology and equity in the final session of our DEI series. Discover how AI tools, like ChatGPT, can be used to support and enhance your nonprofit's DEI initiatives. Participants will gain insights into practical AI applications and get tips for leveraging technology to advance their DEI goals.
A workshop hosted by the South African Journal of Science aimed at postgraduate students and early career researchers with little or no experience in writing and publishing journal articles.
A review of the growth of the Israel Genealogy Research Association Database Collection for the last 12 months. Our collection is now passed the 3 million mark and still growing. See which archives have contributed the most. See the different types of records we have, and which years have had records added. You can also see what we have for the future.
1. washingtonpost.com: Harry Potter and the Copyright Lawyer Page 1 of 3
washingtonpost.com
Harry Potter and the Copyright Lawyer
Use of Popular Characters Puts 'Fan Fiction' Writers in Gray Area
By Ariana Eunjung Cha
Washington Post Staff Writer
Wednesday, June 18, 2003; Page A01
SAN FRANCISCO -- While J.K. Rowling was finishing up her latest Harry Potter sequel these past three years, so was
Christina Teresa.
From her third-story apartment here, Teresa typed out a 250-page novella that she posted on the World Wide Web. In the
world she created, the dreaded Professor Severus Snape -- the greasy-haired, big-nosed misfit who is Harry's nemesis --
turns out to actually be a good guy trying to infiltrate the evil forces that threaten the wizarding world. The story, posted
on Sugarquill.net, was an instant hit, attracting thousands of readers from around the world.
As fans await the June 21 release of Rowling's fifth novel about the magical boy with the trademark lightning scar on his
forehead, they can find tens of thousands of stories online about what the boy wizard is up to next.
In the past few years, a curious literary genre known as "fan fiction" has been flourishing. The term refers to all manner of
vignettes, short stories and novels based on the universes described in popular books, TV shows and movies. Similarly
derived works are appearing in music, where fans are using their computers to mix songs from popular artists into new
works that they call "mashups." Movie fans are taking digital copies of films such as the "Star Wars" epics and creating
alternate endings or deleting characters such as the much-maligned Jar Jar Binks.
The explosion of these part-original, part-borrowed works has set authors of fan fiction against some media companies in
a battle to redefine the line between consumers' right to "fair use" and copyright holders' rights to control their intellectual
property.
"We don't grow up hearing stories around the campfire anymore about cultural figures. Instead we get them from books,
TV or movies, so the characters that today provide us a common language are corporate creatures," said Rebecca Tushnet,
an assistant professor of law at New York University who has written extensively on intellectual property.
Fan-fiction creators say their work represents the emergence of an art form that takes advantage of all that the Internet was
built for. They invoke the First Amendment and say that under fair-use laws they have a right to create what they want as
long as they are not trying to profit at the expense of the original material. But some book, music and movie houses argue
that fan fiction is more plagiarism than high art and have demanded that operators of Web sites remove the offending
material.
Rowling has unofficially sanctioned some fan-fiction sites by leaving them alone. To many of those that feature adult
material, however, her agents have sent sharply worded cease-and-desist letters.
The author is "flattered by genuine fan fiction," said Neil Blair, an attorney for the Christopher Little Literary Agency,
which represents Rowling. But she has been alarmed by "pornographic or sexually explicit material clearly not meant for
kids."
Christopher Little began sending out letters last year because it feared "the dangers of, say 7-year-olds, stumbling on the
material as they searched for genuine [Harry Potter] material," Blair said in an e-mail response to questions.
Vicki Dolenga, 31, writes for RestrictedSection.org, which features about 1,200 stories, many of which involve Harry
Potter characters engaging in sexual relations or violence. She said some media companies' aggressive actions against
selected sites is stifling the creativity of writers who want to explore more mature themes.
6/23/03
2. washingtonpost.com: Harry Potter and the Copyright Lawyer Page 2 of 3
In part as a response to publishers' legal entreaties, one Web site, FanFiction.net, removed all NC-17 stories, including
Dolenga's. So in the fall of 2002, she and some friends founded RestrictedSection.org as an outlet for their work. The
cease-and-desist letters followed. Dolenga said the group has hired a lawyer and is not taking any stories down.
"My opinion is that if we aren't making any money off of it, it shouldn't be any of their business," Dolenga said.
Fan fiction has existed for decades but primarily as a fringe hobby among friends who passed along typed or handwritten
manuscripts to one another. But thanks to the ubiquity of the Internet, it has jumped into the popular consciousness with a
following so large that it is now a topic of graduate theses and writing contests and a significant marketing outlet for
media corporations. One of the largest collections of fan fiction is built on Harry Potter. On FanFiction.net alone, the
granddaddy of fan-fiction sites, there are some 75,000 stories about the character.
One well-read story goes back in time to recount how Harry Potter's parents died while trying to save him. Another tells
the same tale as in the first books but from the perspective of Hermione Granger, one of Harry's two best friends, who
recounts her adventures to her talking diary. Some of the stories imitate Rowling's style so well that readers say they were
confused about which facts they read in her books and which they read online. Others purposefully break from Rowling's
world, spinning out characters who take drugs, become killers or engage in sexually explicit acts.
Among the most popular sites is Sugarquill.net. It prides itself on its selectivity and takes only those submissions that it
believes match the tone and spirit of Rowling's first four novels. Sugarquill, founded two years ago by Jennie Levine and
Megan Morrison, two friends from Baltimore, now hosts more than 500 writers and artists who have created 1,300 stories
and 650 illustrations, cartoons and other pieces of art. The site was named after a candy that appears in Rowling's novels.
(In book three, Harry's friend Ron Weasley says, "Really excellent sugar quills, which you can suck in class and just look
like you're thinking what to write next.") The site is run by volunteers and funded by the women's savings.
Levine, 30, a librarian at the University of Maryland at College Park, and Morrison, 27, an instructional assistant in
Howard County, see their site as a sort of school for aspiring authors. They say writing fan fiction is not all that different
from a school assignment requiring one to craft a missing chapter of Homer's "Odyssey" or an alternate ending to Jane
Austen's "Pride and Prejudice."
All works that appear on the site are screened and edited for content, logic, grammar and other things by "professor"
volunteers; only about half the submissions are accepted. The site has forums where people can discuss plot points,
character creation and other story-development issues. Every story has a feedback link where anyone can offer praise or
criticism.
"If you start writing fiction you have to invent everything -- the universe, the characters, the setting. With fan fiction it's
all there for you. . . . We see the ultimate goal for everyone is to be able to write their own original fiction, but this is sort
of a way for people to get started and build up their confidence," Levine said.
Teresa was among the first writers who joined Sugarquill. The thirtysomething history student at San Francisco State
University stumbled on the site two years ago after she read the books and typed "Harry Potter" into an Internet search
engine to find out more. Teresa, who had written as a hobby for many years but had yet to be published, decided she
would give fan fiction a try and explore what interested her most about the books -- the adults, especially the witches and
wizards who teach at Hogwart's Academy, Harry's school.
Good Potter writers walk a fine line. They must be creative, yet they must be masters of the "canon," Rowling's first four
novels. Teresa's hard-bound copies of the Harry Potter books, for instance, are filled with yellow Post-it stickies marking
important facts.
She says she loves writing fan fiction because of the collaborative nature of writing for the Web and the instant feedback.
"You have an automatic fan base," she said. She frequently e-mails paragraphs back and forth to her friends on the site
and takes seriously the comments from the more than 200 people who have posted remarks about her work.
6/23/03