1) O documento apresenta os principais parâmetros estatísticos para descrever dados isolados e agrupados, incluindo média, mediana, moda, amplitude, variância, desvio padrão e coeficiente de variação.
2) Para dados agrupados, descreve como calcular a média, mediana, percentis, moda, variância e desvio padrão considerando as frequências e classes.
3) Apresenta como medir a covariância, coeficiente de correlação de Pearson e regressão linear para caracterizar a relação entre duas variáveis.
O documento descreve a representação de números em sistemas de ponto flutuante em computadores. Explica que os números reais são representados usando uma mantissa e um expoente na base escolhida, geralmente potências de 2. Também mostra exemplos de como números são representados em diferentes sistemas de ponto flutuante e como mudar entre bases numéricas.
The document discusses leveraging social media for nonprofit fundraising success. It begins by defining social media as Internet-based tools for sharing information among people, primarily through user-generated content like words, pictures, audio and video. It then discusses how social media is really about powering conversations among people. It provides tips for nonprofits on engaging in these conversations by listening to supporters' interests, participating in discussions, sharing compelling content, generating buzz about their cause, and building communities through social networking. The key is for nonprofits to have conversations with supporters rather than just broadcast messages and to be willing to give up some control of the conversation.
1) O documento apresenta os principais parâmetros estatísticos para descrever dados isolados e agrupados, incluindo média, mediana, moda, amplitude, variância, desvio padrão e coeficiente de variação.
2) Para dados agrupados, descreve como calcular a média, mediana, percentis, moda, variância e desvio padrão considerando as frequências e classes.
3) Apresenta como medir a covariância, coeficiente de correlação de Pearson e regressão linear para caracterizar a relação entre duas variáveis.
O documento descreve a representação de números em sistemas de ponto flutuante em computadores. Explica que os números reais são representados usando uma mantissa e um expoente na base escolhida, geralmente potências de 2. Também mostra exemplos de como números são representados em diferentes sistemas de ponto flutuante e como mudar entre bases numéricas.
The document discusses leveraging social media for nonprofit fundraising success. It begins by defining social media as Internet-based tools for sharing information among people, primarily through user-generated content like words, pictures, audio and video. It then discusses how social media is really about powering conversations among people. It provides tips for nonprofits on engaging in these conversations by listening to supporters' interests, participating in discussions, sharing compelling content, generating buzz about their cause, and building communities through social networking. The key is for nonprofits to have conversations with supporters rather than just broadcast messages and to be willing to give up some control of the conversation.
This document summarizes an online fundraising summit that took place on September 24, 2008 in London. The summit covered using technology and online tools to build relationships with donors and raise funds. Key topics included how online conversations can drive donations, using tools to manage donor information and messages, case studies of testing different approaches, and resources for nonprofit fundraising online. Breakout sessions were also part of the agenda to allow for networking and small group work.
This document outlines the steps to create an effective fundraising strategy. It explains that a fundraising strategy is a long-term plan to achieve fundraising goals. The key components of a strategy include defining the fundraising goal and timeline, identifying potential donors including individuals, institutions, and corporations, and determining how to reach each group. The document also recommends assigning roles to trustees, management, and fundraising staff. Creating a fundraising strategy provides a blueprint and framework to guide fundraising efforts over multiple years.
This document provides guidance on fundraising. It explains that fundraising is difficult but a consequence of traction, not an objective. There are only five main reasons to raise funds: having a strong team, a great product, breakthrough technology, social proof, or clear traction. It advises fundraising high and as soon as possible if the team is strong, or waiting until the product/technology is ready otherwise. Traction is emphasized as most important. The rest of the document covers negotiation tactics, term sheet details like valuation and control issues, types of investors, and tips for working with a lawyer.
The Sikh Students Collaboration will offer quarterly grants from Chase Bank upon project completion. They advise tapping into the huge and untapped funding opportunities available at universities, as most money should come from there. The document encourages grant writing by visiting school websites and getting started on the process.
Indus Pharma sales comparison from January to June 2011 shows sales for Tanwir Ahmad in the Multan zone, region, and team. The document also provides steps and templates for establishing a 501(c)3 nonprofit organization including defining goals and budgets, brainstorming fundraisers, creating a calendar of events, and organizing roles for fundraising.
This document discusses private placement and fundraising services offered by InduStreams. It provides an overview of the fundraising opportunity in infrastructure investments. InduStreams has a large network of investors and industrial executives that allows it to effectively introduce investment propositions and facilitate securing agreements. The fundraising process involves understanding the client's needs, formulating a proposition, engaging 50-100 relevant investors to generate interest, and developing deals until agreements are reached with one or more investors. A case example of fundraising in China is also provided.
Using social media data for fundraising successMirzam86
The document discusses how nonprofits can use social media data for fundraising success. It notes that Facebook use is up 30% and Twitter use is up 81% among nonprofits. While funding for social media is growing, only 43% of nonprofits allocate a budget. The top factors for social media success are having a strategy, prioritizing it, and allocating staff. The document advocates integrating social media data with constituent relationship data to better engage supporters and improve fundraising.
This document provides an overview of new media fundraising innovations that charities can utilize in the 21st century. It discusses various online fundraising methods like charity websites, online charity shops through eBay, and mobile phone donations. It also examines digital television fundraising and donations through ATMs. The document presents statistics on how much money charities have raised through these new methods and surveys of charities that have used new media fundraising. It finds that while online donations are growing for major charities, less than half of UK charities currently have websites that can accept online donations. New media presents opportunities but also risks that charities must address to utilize these channels effectively.
- The government deficit and debt of the euro area and EU27 increased in 2009 compared to 2008 due to falling GDP.
- The government deficit as a percentage of GDP increased to 6.3% in the euro area and 6.8% in the EU27. Government debt as a percentage of GDP increased to 78.7% in the euro area and 73.6% in the EU27.
- Several countries had government deficits over 10% of GDP including Ireland, Greece, the UK, Spain, and Portugal. No country had a government surplus in 2009.
The document summarizes the Euro zone crisis, including its background and reasons such as interest rate risk, government default, and lack of a federal treasury. It discusses the state of various Euro zone countries and their future outlook. It also covers the roles of rating agencies, the IMF, and bailout packages provided to Greece, Ireland, Portugal and other economies. The document analyzes causes and lessons learned, and discusses recovery measures and the creation of a 750 billion Euro fund by the EU to address the crisis. It also notes some potential impacts on India.
The document discusses the introduction of the euro currency in Europe in 1999 and its effects. Key points include removing exchange rate risks which makes cross-border investment easier, removing currency conversion fees for electronic payments between eurozone countries, and creating deeper financial markets in Europe. The euro also aims to increase price transparency and competition across borders. Adopting the euro helps provide macroeconomic stability for European countries under the European Central Bank.
This document summarizes an online fundraising summit that took place on September 24, 2008 in London. The summit covered using technology and online tools to build relationships with donors and raise funds. Key topics included how online conversations can drive donations, using tools to manage donor information and messages, case studies of testing different approaches, and resources for nonprofit fundraising online. Breakout sessions were also part of the agenda to allow for networking and small group work.
This document outlines the steps to create an effective fundraising strategy. It explains that a fundraising strategy is a long-term plan to achieve fundraising goals. The key components of a strategy include defining the fundraising goal and timeline, identifying potential donors including individuals, institutions, and corporations, and determining how to reach each group. The document also recommends assigning roles to trustees, management, and fundraising staff. Creating a fundraising strategy provides a blueprint and framework to guide fundraising efforts over multiple years.
This document provides guidance on fundraising. It explains that fundraising is difficult but a consequence of traction, not an objective. There are only five main reasons to raise funds: having a strong team, a great product, breakthrough technology, social proof, or clear traction. It advises fundraising high and as soon as possible if the team is strong, or waiting until the product/technology is ready otherwise. Traction is emphasized as most important. The rest of the document covers negotiation tactics, term sheet details like valuation and control issues, types of investors, and tips for working with a lawyer.
The Sikh Students Collaboration will offer quarterly grants from Chase Bank upon project completion. They advise tapping into the huge and untapped funding opportunities available at universities, as most money should come from there. The document encourages grant writing by visiting school websites and getting started on the process.
Indus Pharma sales comparison from January to June 2011 shows sales for Tanwir Ahmad in the Multan zone, region, and team. The document also provides steps and templates for establishing a 501(c)3 nonprofit organization including defining goals and budgets, brainstorming fundraisers, creating a calendar of events, and organizing roles for fundraising.
This document discusses private placement and fundraising services offered by InduStreams. It provides an overview of the fundraising opportunity in infrastructure investments. InduStreams has a large network of investors and industrial executives that allows it to effectively introduce investment propositions and facilitate securing agreements. The fundraising process involves understanding the client's needs, formulating a proposition, engaging 50-100 relevant investors to generate interest, and developing deals until agreements are reached with one or more investors. A case example of fundraising in China is also provided.
Using social media data for fundraising successMirzam86
The document discusses how nonprofits can use social media data for fundraising success. It notes that Facebook use is up 30% and Twitter use is up 81% among nonprofits. While funding for social media is growing, only 43% of nonprofits allocate a budget. The top factors for social media success are having a strategy, prioritizing it, and allocating staff. The document advocates integrating social media data with constituent relationship data to better engage supporters and improve fundraising.
This document provides an overview of new media fundraising innovations that charities can utilize in the 21st century. It discusses various online fundraising methods like charity websites, online charity shops through eBay, and mobile phone donations. It also examines digital television fundraising and donations through ATMs. The document presents statistics on how much money charities have raised through these new methods and surveys of charities that have used new media fundraising. It finds that while online donations are growing for major charities, less than half of UK charities currently have websites that can accept online donations. New media presents opportunities but also risks that charities must address to utilize these channels effectively.
- The government deficit and debt of the euro area and EU27 increased in 2009 compared to 2008 due to falling GDP.
- The government deficit as a percentage of GDP increased to 6.3% in the euro area and 6.8% in the EU27. Government debt as a percentage of GDP increased to 78.7% in the euro area and 73.6% in the EU27.
- Several countries had government deficits over 10% of GDP including Ireland, Greece, the UK, Spain, and Portugal. No country had a government surplus in 2009.
The document summarizes the Euro zone crisis, including its background and reasons such as interest rate risk, government default, and lack of a federal treasury. It discusses the state of various Euro zone countries and their future outlook. It also covers the roles of rating agencies, the IMF, and bailout packages provided to Greece, Ireland, Portugal and other economies. The document analyzes causes and lessons learned, and discusses recovery measures and the creation of a 750 billion Euro fund by the EU to address the crisis. It also notes some potential impacts on India.
The document discusses the introduction of the euro currency in Europe in 1999 and its effects. Key points include removing exchange rate risks which makes cross-border investment easier, removing currency conversion fees for electronic payments between eurozone countries, and creating deeper financial markets in Europe. The euro also aims to increase price transparency and competition across borders. Adopting the euro helps provide macroeconomic stability for European countries under the European Central Bank.
1. 14. SZKIC O DARZE ZJAZD IX
OPRACOWANIE NA PODSTAWIE: M. Mauss, Szkic o darze 24.01.2010
ŚWIADCZENIE. DAR I POTLACZ
System świadczeń całościowych:
wymiana odbywa się nie między jednostkami, lecz zbiorowościami;
przedmiotem wymiany nie są jedynie dobra i bogactwa, ale przede wszystkim uprzejmo-
ści, festyny, obrzędy, usługi wojskowe, kobiety, dzieci, tańce, etc.;
świadczenia i przeciwświadczenia mają formę dobrowolną, choć w istocie są obowiązkowe
pod karą wojny prywatnej lub publicznej.
System świadczeń całościowych w najczystszej formie występuje w plemionach australijskich i
północnoamerykańskich podczas powinowacenia dwóch fratrii – wszystko zostaje podwojone i
zakłada współpracę dwóch połów plemienia.
Potlacz („karmić”, „spożywać”) – rzadka forma świadczeń całościowych w typie agonistycznym.
Cały klan zawiera za pośrednictwem swego wodza umowę za wszystkich, na wszystko co posiada
i wszystko co zrobi. Ze strony wodza świadczenie zaś przybiera formę antagonistyczną – jest li-
chwiarskie i pokazowe. Świadczenie przybiera postać walki możnych między sobą o miejsce w
hierarchii, z czego skorzysta później klan.
Plemiona spędzają zimę na nieprzerwanym święcie (przyjęcia, jarmarki, targi), które w istocie jest
uroczystym zgromadzeniem plemiennym. Plemię jest rozmieszczone według swych bractw hie-
rarchicznych i tajnych stowarzyszeń. Panuje zasada rywalizacji i antagonizmu – dochodzi do bi-
twy, uśmiercania wodzów i mężczyzn, pokazowego aktu niszczenia bogactw wodza, który jest
rywalem i wspólnikiem zarazem (zwykle dziadek, teść lub zięć).
Aspekty świadczenia całościowego i potlaczu:
obowiązek dawania podarunków,
obowiązek przyjmowania ich,
obowiązek odwzajemniania darów otrzymanych.
OBOWIĄZEK ODWZAJEMNIANIA DARÓW OTRZYMANYCH, DAWANIA I PRZYJMOWA-
NIA (POLINEZJA)
Tonga, czyli dobrem kobiecym nazywane jest dziecko, które siostra, szwagier, wuj otrzymują na
wychowanie od ich brata i szwagra. Dziecko jest kanałem, przez który płyną dobra od rodziny
dziecka do drugiej rodziny. Dla rodziców zaś ich własne dziecko jest oloa – środkiem otrzymywa-
nia dóbr o charakterze obcym od rodziców adopcyjnych.
Oloa – przedmioty (narzędzia), ruchomości należące wyłącznie do męża.
1 ANTROPOLOGIA – CWICZENIA
2. 14. SZKIC O DARZE ZJAZD IX
OPRACOWANIE NA PODSTAWIE: M. Mauss, Szkic o darze 24.01.2010
Tonga – jeden z trwałych rekwizytów (plecionki małżeńskie, ozdoby, talizmany), nieruchomości
dziedziczonych przez córkę, które trafiają do nowo utworzonej rodziny przez żonę, z obowiąz-
kiem zwrotu.
W szerszym znaczeniu oznacza wszystko, co jest własnością, co czyni bogatym, potężnym i
wpływowym, co może być przedmiotem kompensaty.
Taonga – nośnik mana, czyli mocy religijnej i magicznej.
Przewodnia idea prawa maoryskiego:
Taonga jest to przedmiot, który osoba x daje jako podarunek osobie y, bez ustalonej ceny i targo-
wania się. Osoba y przekazuje przedmiot osobie z. Po pewnym czasie osoba z postanawia zwrócić
coś osobie y jako zapłatę, czyli utu i daje w podarunku jakiś przedmiot taonga – ten właśnie
przedmiot jest duchem taonga, zwanym hau, który osoba y otrzymała od osoby x. Dlatego osoba y
musi podarować taonga osobie x, od której wymiana się zaczęła.
Rzecz otrzymana – taonga, sprawia, że dawca ma władzę nad obdarowanym. Taonga pragnie po-
wrócić do miejsca urodzenia, do swojej ziemi, dlatego należy ją zwrócić. Hau, czyli duch tej rzeczy,
dosięgnie każdego, kto tę rzecz sobie przywłaszczy. Rzecz ma duszę, dlatego więź przez rzeczy
jest w istocie więzią dusz.
Odmowa podarowania lub przyjęcia podarunku jest równoważna z wypowiedzeniem wojny, jest
to odrzucenie związku lub wspólnoty. Daje się, ponieważ jest się przymuszonym, bo odbiorca ma
prawa do wszystkiego, co posiada dawca. Tak rodzi się więź duchowa.
Absolutnie wszystko podatne jest na przekazywanie i oddawanie. Wszystko porusza się tam i z
powrotem.
ZASIĘG SYSTEMU (TRIOBRIANDY)
Na Triobriandach obowiązuje system wymiany, zwany kula, który jest przeciwieństwem gimwali –
wymiany gospodarczej. Kula ma charakter arystokratyczny – zastrzeżona jest dla wodzów, którzy
są odbiorcami darów od swych wasali. W jej przebiegu nie ma mowy o targowaniu się.
Przedmiotem wymiany są vaygu, które występują w dwóch postaciach:
mwali – naramienniki z muszli, przenoszą się z zachodu na wschód;
soulava – naszyjniki z czerwonych muszli, przenoszą się ze wschodu na zachód.
Obie te rzeczy podlegają procesowi tezauryzacji (nieproduktywne gromadzenie i przechowywa-
nie majątku) – posiada się je, aby napawać się faktem posiadania, są znakiem bogactwa.
Krążenie tych znaków jest nieustanne, można i należy przetrzymywać je od jednego kula do dru-
giego, a cała wspólnota szczyci się z rzeczy, którą otrzymał wódz.
2 ANTROPOLOGIA – CWICZENIA
3. 14. SZKIC O DARZE ZJAZD IX
OPRACOWANIE NA PODSTAWIE: M. Mauss, Szkic o darze 24.01.2010
Vaygu to własność i władanie, zastaw i rzecz wynajęta. Jest dana jednostce jedynie pod warun-
kiem, że uczyniony z niej będzie użytek dla kogoś innego, bądź będzie przekazana osobie trzeciej,
partnerowi odległemu – murimuri.
Formuła oczarowania konchą – koncha jest instrumentem, którym obwieszcza się zawarcie każdej
transakcji, uroczystość czy święto. Formuła służy, po wymienieniu rzeczy, zaczarowaniu ich,
przyciągnięciu do kandydata na partnera rzeczy, o które ma on prosić i które ma otrzymać.
Metafora psa – stosowana w obrzędach kula. Psy bawią się nos w nos. Kosztowności przychodzą
(bawić się) tak samo. Bransolety i naszyjniki spotkają się jak psy, które przyszły się obwąchać.
O kula mówi się też, że jest to małżeństwo mwali (symbol żeński) z soulava (symbol męski), które
dążą do siebie nawzajem.
3 ANTROPOLOGIA – CWICZENIA