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The document outlines various topics related to crime and the law, government and politics in the UK and US, and government in Scotland. It discusses types of crimes and their causes and impacts. It also examines approaches to tackling crime, the criminal justice system, and custodial sentences. For politics, it explores the US system of government, rights and responsibilities, immigration issues, and social and economic inequalities. Regarding government in Scotland, it covers representation in the Scottish Parliament and local councils, political participation, and the influence of pressure groups.
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Writing Activity 4 : Final Draft
Shalanda Moore
ENG 215 - Research & Writing
Dr. Mary Rose Kasraie
September 1, 2019
Prosecutors on aggregate don’t seem to seek the death penalty more for black people than white people, though there are some gaping disparities in a few states and in some counties. Instead, the real racial bias when it comes to the death penalty pertains to the race of the victim. Killers of black people rarely get death sentences. White killers of black people get death sentences even less frequently. And far and away, the type of murder most likely to bring a death sentence is a black man who kills a white woman.
The Bureau of Justice Statistics reports 208,000 people are in state prisons for drug offenses. Of this number, 32 percent are white, and 68 percent are African American or Hispanic.
The link to other forms of profiling suggests that there is something scientific and efficient about racial profiling. The reality is very different. Race is a social construct; not knowable by sight. Racial profiles are both over-inclusive in the sense that many, indeed most, of the people who fit into the category are entirely innocent, and under-inclusive in that many other criminals or terrorists who do not fit the profile will escape police attention. Racial profiling also faces the problems of predictability and evasion; the more predictable police profiles become, the easier it is for perpetrators to adapt to circumvent the profile. The ineffectiveness of racial profiling is illustrated by consistently low hit or arrest rates for policing actions based on racial profiling. There is surprising consistency in data coming out of the USA, the UK and Europe demonstrating similar ‘hit' or arrest rates across racial groups. In several studies, ethnic minorities are less likely to be arrested or have contraband or other ‘seizable' evidence found following a search. This refutes the proposition that minorities are more likely to be involved in crime and illustrates that racial profiling represents an ineffective use of police resources.
Narrow definitions of racial profiling describe situations where actions are based solely on the basis of a person's race or ethnicity. In practice, this has allowed police forces to deny the existence of racial profiling, where activities are legally justifiable but nonetheless racially biased such as the use of pretext traffic stops. Broader definitions recognise that decisions are usually made on a number of factors including race. This wider definition reflects the fact that racial profiling may occur irrespective of whether this is a deliberate policy of targeted minority groups or routine institutional practices. Patterns of profiling can also be seen in discriminatory treatment after a stop has taken place, such decisions to go on to search, more intrusive searches, citations and arrests.
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Study: Victim's Race Influences Death Sentences
By Stephen Manning
Associated Press Writer
Tuesday, January 7, 2003; 1:01 PM
Black offenders who kill white victims are more likely to receive the death penalty in Maryland, according to a University of Maryland study released Tuesday.
The report also concluded geography plays a major role in whether a defendant faces a death sentence, as the decisions by state's attorneys to pursue capital punishment varies widely from county to county.
Outgoing Democratic Gov. Parris Glendening commissioned the report in 2000 in response to concerns that the state's death penalty is unfairly meted out according to race and jurisdiction. Glendening imposed a moratorium on executions last summer while the study was being completed, but Republican Gov.-elect Robert Ehrlich has promised to lift the ban when he takes office Jan. 15.
Criminologist Ray Paternoster found that the race of the defendant was not significant in death penalty-eligible cases, but wrote that the race of the victim proved a major factor in determining whether prosecutors sought the death penalty.
Furthermore, the race of the victim and offender taken together showed significant differences. Prosecutors filed death notices, indicating their intent to seek the death penalty, in almost half of the homicides where a black defendant killed a white victim, but only in about a quarter of all other homicides.
"Black offenders who kill white victims are at greater risk of death sentences than others, primarily because they are substantially more likely to be charged by the state's attorney with a capital offense," the report said.
Paternoster studied 6,000 murder cases between 1978, when the state reinstated a death penalty statute, and the present. Paternoster sifted through police reports, case files, autopsy reports and other records. Researchers evaluated 250 factors, such as the racial characteristics of the victim and how the crimes were committed.
The study also concluded that early decisions made by prosecutors, specifically whether a case is eligible for the death penalty and decisions not to drop the pursuit of a death sentence, were major factors in determining who faced possible execution.
Those decisions varied dramatically between jurisdictions. Prosecutors in Baltimore County, where State's Attorney Sandra O'Connor pursues all death-eligible cases to avoid any allegations of bias, were much more likely to file death notices than other counties � even though the county had considerably fewer death-eligible cases than jurisdictions such as the city of Baltimore.
"The between-county differences that occur at the beginning of the process have effects that propagate the end of the process," the report concludes.
Maryland's death penalty could be a major issue in the General Assembly session that starts Wednesday.
Prosecutors want to strengthen the statute, saying the law is relatively weak compared to othe.
Racial / Ethnic Inequalities in the Criminal Justice System: What Can I Do?
The document discusses racial and ethnic inequalities in the criminal justice system and provides suggestions for actions individuals can take to promote equal justice. It notes that minorities are disproportionately represented in the prison population compared to their percentage of the general population. It then lists several policy reforms and advocacy efforts individuals can support to address racial disparities, such as promoting treatment diversion programs instead of incarceration, ensuring fair consideration of the racial impacts of criminal justice policies, and conducting self-audits to address any unjust contributions of one's own work.
Chapter 2
This document discusses different perspectives on how crime is defined and categorized. It also examines sources of crime data in the US, including the Uniform Crime Report compiled by the FBI and the National Crime Victimization Survey. The document analyzes factors that influence crime rates such as age, gender, race, social class, drugs and alcohol. It explores geographic crime patterns and chronic offending.
Black Leaders’ Unified Statement of Action to Promote Reform and Stop Police ...
Black Leaders’ Unified Statement of Action to Promote Reform and Stop Police ...All That Philly Jazz
As national civil and human rights organizations and leaders committed to the protection of the rights of African Americans and all Americans, we come together as a unified collective to urgently impress upon elected officials, law enforcement, the legal profession, businesses and all those in this nation interested in social justice, that we must not allow the killing of Michael Brown and other unarmed individuals across this nation to be in vain. As organizational leaders we represent millions across this country who are, as the old saying goes – “sick and tired of being sick and tired.”Chapter 1
The document discusses various behaviors that may or may not be considered criminal violations of the law depending on location. Chewing gum is illegal in Singapore but sagging pants laws vary by state in the US. Singing in the bathtub is against the law in Pennsylvania. Fishing laws also differ by gender and marital status depending on the state. The document also examines why certain sex toy bans originated and still exist in some areas.
Political and legal business environment
The document discusses political and legal environments. It describes different political systems ranging from democracy to totalitarianism. Democracy features freedom of expression, elections, term limits and an independent court system. Totalitarianism is defined as a system where a single entity monopolizes all political power. The document also discusses political risk and sources of risk for investments. Regarding legal environments, it outlines different legal systems including common law, civil law, theocratic law and customary law. Countries examples of each system are provided.
[Note To complete this presentation, replace the bracketed text
This document outlines a presentation on how culture impacts communications from criminal justice professionals. It discusses how cultural stereotypes can negatively influence decision making. Examples of stereotypes related to race, ethnicity, gender, socioeconomic status, sexual orientation, age, disability and religion are to be provided, as well as how they can lead to poor outcomes. The relationship between personal bias, both implicit and explicit, and communication issues is also to be explained.
RUNNING HEAD ROUGH DRAFT .docx
RUNNING HEAD: ROUGH DRAFT
19
Rough Draft Comment by Nygel: Please remember to complete the title, date and running head throughout the paper.
Lidia Williams
American Military University
Date:
Abstract
Analysis of research regarding the criminal justice and racial profiling reveals that the system basically targets the African males. Recent research conducted by the African Civil Liberation Union (ACLU) and Mary Whinser from the School of Law in the University of Washington clearly reveal that the Criminal Justice System targets the African males when profiled through the race. The two researchers reveal that there although it is argued that racism has greatly decreased in the United States there still exist some racial disparities in various stages of the criminal justice system. The results of the researchers show that there is a need for reviewing the current criminal justice system in order to minimize racism that exists in the system. The current policies that exist in the criminal justice system need to be changed in order to change the face of the system that is seen to target the African males. Comment by Nygel: This is a good, strong abstract.
Keyword: racism, racial disparity, African Americans, statistics
The United States is the world’s leader in mass incarceration. Approximately 700 out of Comment by Nygel: Please begin each paragraph with an indent about 1/2 inch in from the left margin. This is the typical/default Tab.
100,000 Americans are currently incarcerated serving sentences in federal and state prisons
While mass Incarcerations rates in the United States are alarming, the problem of racial
disproportion of African American males within the rates of mass incarceration is equally if not
more problematic, as it sheds light on the unpleasant side of American Justice System. African Comment by Nygel: American justice system
Americans males are disproportionally incarcerated, making them targets for systematic abuse in
the hands of the American Criminal Justice system by way of the criminal justice process. The Comment by Nygel: This does not need to be capitalized. Comment by Nygel: This is a bold statement. I look forward to reading more.
criminal justice system is therefore racist in its practices and processes; it is institutionally
designed to systematically abuse and oppress African Americans males.
Comment by Nygel: There should not be an extra space between paragraphs. This should only happen with headings or subheadings to separate/divide paper into sections.
The criminal justice system is set in place to mitigate crime in a manner accordance with Comment by Nygel: In accordance… Remove manner
Constitutional rights of citizens. By desig ...
Navigating the Maze - The ALRC's/NSWLRC's Family Violence Inquiry
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Sociology Crime and Deviance 2018
The whole of Sociology Crime and Deviance, This is only for the exam board - OCR, Suitable for all GCSE Students studying Sociology for their exams at the end of year 11. Once finished look through PowerPoint/Document please look through questions and Pass papers on the official OCR Website - This is the Latest available Pass Paper - http://www.ocr.org.uk/Images/412873-question-paper-unit-b672-01-socialisation-culture-and-identity.pdf
Judicial Misconduct Complaint against Clay County Judge Roberts
Judicial Misconduct Complaint against Clay County Judge RobertsKentucky Equality Federation's - Jordan Palmer
This document summarizes a complaint filed with the Kentucky Judicial Conduct Commission against Clay County District Judge Allen B. Roberts. The complaint alleges that Judge Roberts showed prejudice and hostility toward the plaintiffs, Joshua Melton and James Feltner, and toward Jordan Palmer, the Secretary-General of the Kentucky Equality Federation, from the beginning of the trial. The complaint asserts that Judge Roberts ruled contrary to Kentucky law and in favor of his own personal beliefs, denying the plaintiffs a fair hearing. The Kentucky Equality Federation is requesting the Judicial Conduct Commission to review Judge Roberts' handling of the case.ACLU Letter to HPD regarding racial profiling
This letter from the ACLU of Hawaii to the Honolulu Police Department raises concerns about racial disparities in HPD's enforcement of COVID-19 orders and use of force. It cites data showing Micronesians, Black people, Samoans and those experiencing homelessness were disproportionately arrested. It recommends HPD end aggressive enforcement of minor offenses, racial profiling, and using arrest statistics to measure performance. It also calls for implicit bias training, data collection and transparency regarding police stops, searches and arrests.
ACLU Letter to HPD regarding racial profiling
This letter from the ACLU of Hawaii to the Honolulu Police Department raises concerns about racial disparities in HPD's enforcement of COVID-19 orders and use of force. It cites data showing Micronesians, Black people, Samoans and those experiencing homelessness were disproportionately arrested. It recommends HPD end aggressive enforcement of minor offenses, racial profiling, and using arrest statistics to measure performance. It also calls for implicit bias training, data collection and transparency regarding police stops, searches and arrests.
1 Sexual Offenses and Offenders There are few groups of individual.docx
1 Sexual Offenses and Offenders There are few groups of individuals who are more reviled than sexual offenders. Though this has been true for more than a century, the past two decades have brought forth intense scrutiny from the public, politicians, and policymakers. Several emotionally-charged cases of child sexual abuse were highly publicized in the 1980s and 1990s, reigniting public intolerance for sexual offenders. And although the incidence of sexual offenses has been decreasing, sanctions for sex offenders have been constantly increasing over the last two decades. Unfortunately, empirical research does not show that such sanctions significantly deter offenders or reduce recidivism, and yet this legislation creates significant financial strain for local jurisdictions and states that must implement the policies (Zgoba et al., 2008). Despite the questionable efficacy of these laws, there is no sign of reducing the sanctions for this group. This is not the first time historically that society has exhibited a “moral panic” about the dangers of sexual abuse. This panic has waned and ebbed throughout the last century. Jenkins (1998, p. 4) explains that the perception of sex offenders is the effect of “socially constructed realities” influenced by existing social and political ideologies. The public desire to incapacitate sex offenders today is similar to social attitudes in the 1930s, when sexual psychopathy laws emerged to incapacitate those considered to be “unfortunate but dangerous wretches” (Robson, 1999, p. 2). So although empirical research has consistently shown that sex offenders constitute a heterogeneous population of individuals for whom a one-size-fits-all policy will not be effective, such policies regarding the supervision, monitoring, and incapacitation of sexual offenders have gone full circle since the beginning of the century. The purpose of this text is to provide the reader with a general understanding of sex offenders and the societal responses to them. Historically, sex offender research has focused on why sex offenders commit such offenses, and the characteristics of different types of offenders. Sex offender research today is centered around three general topic areas: (1) the factors associated with sexual offending, including personal characteristics as well as situational variables; (2) sex offenders' risk of recidivism; and (3) the efficacy of policies and programs for sex offenders. Before addressing the issue of why people commit sexual offenses and how best to prevent them, however, it is necessary to understand the nature and scope of sex crimes in the United States today. WHAT IS A SEXUAL OFFENSE? More than 100 years ago, Richard von Krafft-Ebing (1886/1965, p. 241) made the following observation about sexual behavior: Nothing is so prone to contaminate—under certain circumstances, even to exhaust—the source of all noble and ideal sentiments, which arise from a normally developed sexual instinct, as the p ...
7Victims’ Rights and the CriminalJustice SystemCHAPTER.docx
7
Victims’ Rights and the Criminal
Justice System
CHAPTER OUTLINE
The Adult Criminal Justice System Versus the
Juvenile Justice System
Toward Greater Formal Legal Rights Within the
Criminal Justice System
The Quest for a Constitutional Amendment
Guaranteeing Victims’ Rights
The Achievements of the Victims’ Rights Movement
Rights Gained at the Expense of Offenders
Rights Gained at the Expense of the System
Rights Gained at the Expense of Offenders, the System,
or Both
Victims and Prosecutors
Assisting Victims and Other Witnesses for the State
Protecting Victims Who Serve as Witnesses for the
Prosecution
Dismissing Charges and Rejecting Cases
Negotiating Pleas
Victims and Defense Attorneys
Postponing Hearings
Cross-Examining Witnesses During Trials
Victims and Judges
Granting Bail
Sentencing Offenders
Appealing to the Supreme Court
Victims and Juries
Victims and Corrections Officials
Keeping Track of Offenders and Receiving
Reimbursement from Them
Influencing Parole Board Decisions
And Justice for All?
Recognizing “Second-Class” Treatment
Summary
Key Terms Defined in the Glossary
Questions for Discussion and Debate
Critical Thinking Questions
Suggested Research Projects
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
To realize that some cases of interpersonal violence
and theft will be handled in the juvenile justice
system.
To become familiar with the legal rights victims have
gained in recent decades.
continued
205
9781337027786, Crime Victims: An Introduction to Victimology, Ninth Edition, Karmen - © Cengage Learning. All rights reserved. No distribution allowed without express authorization.
F
O
S
T
E
R
,
C
E
D
R
I
C
1
6
9
2
T
S
THE ADULT CRIMINAL JUSTICE
SYSTEM VERSUS THE JUVENILE
JUSTICE SYSTEM
This chapter examines what might happen in cases
that the police have solved by arresting an adult. As
the fate of the accused person is determined by the
criminal justice system, victims will interact with
prosecutors, defense attorneys, judges, juries,
and—if the defendant is convicted—corrections
officials. Cooperation is the desired outcome, but
conflict might erupt over certain divisive issues
with these criminal justice professionals and the
agencies that employ them.
Note that this chapter focuses on how cases are
processed by the legal system when adults are
arrested by the police. Each state has the authority
under the constitution to determine at what age
adulthood begins and for which crimes this distinc-
tion applies. For example, in New York, state legis-
lators decided that persons as young as 16 might be
considered as adults, and their cases could be pro-
cessed in the adult system. When the police arrest a
suspect as young as 13 for murder, he could be con-
sidered as sufficiently mature to face adult penalties,
such as a life sentence, if the prosecutor chooses to
pursue this get-tough option. In nearly all the other
states, the age when individuals can be held fully
responsible for their criminal behavior is 18.
In ...
Predicting Violent Behavior The Psychology of Risk Assessment.docx
Predicting Violent Behavior: The Psychology of Risk Assessment
Chapter 14
Leroy Hendricks and Sexually violent Offenders
Sexually Violent Predator Civil Commitment Law (SVP)
Civil commitment of potentially dangerous sexual offenders
Often in treatment facilities until cleared
In the DA’s custody
As of 2013, 20 states and federal government passed such laws
Includes Texas – exclusively community-based commitment
Nearly 4500 sex offender committed under SVP since 1990, and only 494 released by 2007
Leroy Hendricks: First to be held under SVP
Leroy Hendricks and Sexually Violent Offenders
SVP objectives
Police power to protect citizens
Parens patriae power to protect those not able to care for themselves
Predicting future criminal conduct
Psychologists and psychiatrists
Controversy regarding accuracy
Controversy regarding double jeopardy, ex post facto, substantive due process
SVP Laws in United States
Blue shading indicates states that have SVP laws. Gray shading indicates states that do not have SVP laws.
Figure 14.1
4
Sexually Violent Offenders
Why were the SVP laws enacted?
Re-offense rates not as large as widely believed, but did increase over time to 24% after 15 years.
Sex offenders were thought to be uncontrollable and only stopped through incapacitation
Actual rates may be inaccurate.
Many unreported sexual crimes
Researchers can only sample self-reports, arrests, and convictions
Sexual re-offenses also affected by
Group of offenders followed
Length of time followed
Sexually Violent Offenders
Kansas v. Hendricks (1997) (U.S. Supreme Court)
SPV laws did not violate double jeopardy and ex post constitutional concerns
Laws imposed civil rather than criminal punishment and constitutional restrictions on punishment only applied to criminal matters
Substantive due process was not violated
Risk Assessment and the Law
Involuntary civil commitment
Decision to place someone in a psychiatric facility against his or her will
Mental disorder affecting functioning
Danger to self or others
Tarasoff
Gravely disabled
Risk Assessment and the Law
Sexually Violent Predator civil commitment (SVP)
Protection of community
Hendricks v. Hendricks (1994)
Broadly defined sexual predator
Supreme Court determined parens patriae treatment largely unnecessary (1997)
Kansas v. Crane (2002) explained criteria to commit an individual under SVP laws
Suffer from mental illness
Pose a future danger to society
Have serious difficulty controlling his or her urges
See Table 14.1 for more information
8
Risk Assessment and the Law
DSM-5 Diagnostic Criteria for Antisocial Personality Disorder
Pervasive pattern of violation of rights of others since age 15 as demonstrated by three of seven criteria
Eighteen years of age
Conduct disorder with onset before 15 years
Antisocial behavior not exclusively to actions related to schizophrenia or manic episode
See Table 14.1 for more information
9
Risk Assessment and the Law
Challenges of risk assessment
Protect .
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- 1. Revision topics Crime and the Law Types of crime White collar and blue collar; theft; fraud; damage to property; traffic crime; assault; rape; murder; public order; drug/alcohol Causes of crime Poverty; social exclusion; lack of education; geographical location; peer pressure; greed; poor role models Impact of crime Local communities; individuals; victims Tackling crime Role of the police; Policing strategies Drug/Alcohol/Traffic laws Details of laws and their successes Criminal justice system High Court; Sheriff Court; District Court Procedures in court; verdicts in each; Sentences available in each Custodial sentences Arguments for and against these Children’s Hearing System Procedures and actions; strengths and criticisms
- 2. The USA Political issues Type of government How each part of the government works (State and Federal) Powers of the President How people take part in US politics Rights/Responsibilities Rights in the USA Immigration Arguments for and against Government actions to control immigration Social/economic Issues affecting the different ethnic groups in the USA (White, Hispanic, Black, Asian): Employment Wealth inequalities Health Education Housing Crime and the law Government actions to tackle social and economic inequalities
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