2. Heat Transfer3
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Convection heating works by circulating hot air around a room through vents. Warm air rises and cooler air is pulled in through lower vents, creating an airflow that distributes heat evenly throughout the space. Convection heating systems are a popular option that use fans or blowers to efficiently transfer heat from the source to wherever it is needed in the home.
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2 latent heat
This document discusses concepts related to latent heat and specific heat capacity. It defines specific latent heat as the energy needed to change the state of 1 kg of a substance without a change in temperature. Latent heat of fusion refers to the change from solid to liquid, while latent heat of vaporization refers to the change from liquid to gas. Specific heat capacity is defined as the energy needed to raise the temperature of 1 kg of a substance by 1 degree Kelvin. The document provides examples of calculating energy changes using these concepts and measuring specific heat capacities experimentally.
4.2 specific heat capacity 2017
The document discusses specific heat capacity, which is the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of 1 kg of a substance by 1°C. It provides examples showing that substances with higher specific heat capacities, like water, require more heat to increase their temperature compared to substances with lower specific heat capacities. Applications of knowing specific heat capacities include designing cooking pots and understanding weather phenomena like sea breezes and land breezes. The cooling system of a car engine is also explained, where water is used as the coolant due to its high specific heat capacity and boiling point.
Heat Capacity Specific heat-capacity (1)
Heat is the flow of thermal energy from warmer objects to cooler ones. Different materials heat up and cool down at different rates because they have different specific heat capacities. The specific heat capacity is the amount of energy needed to raise the temperature of 1 kg of a material by 1°C. Materials with higher specific heat capacities, like water, require more energy to heat up the same amount compared to materials with lower specific heat capacities.
specific heat capacity
The document defines heat capacity and different types of heat capacity including molar heat capacity and specific heat capacity. It provides formulas for calculating specific heat capacity and examples of using heat capacity to calculate the thermal energy required to change an object's temperature through various processes like mixing liquids and converting potential, kinetic, and electrical energy to thermal energy. Specific examples are worked out showing how to apply the concepts and formulas for heat capacity.
Refrigeration cycle2
The document describes the basic principles and processes of refrigeration. It discusses:
1) Refrigeration involves removing heat from one substance and transferring it to another to lower the temperature of the first substance. Heat energy cannot be destroyed, only transferred.
2) There are three methods of heat transfer - conduction, convection, and radiation. Refrigeration works by using a refrigerant that absorbs heat as it changes phases from a liquid to a vapor in the evaporator, transferring heat from one place to another.
3) One ton of refrigeration is the rate of heat transfer of 12,000 BTU/hr, which is the amount of heat absorbed as 2000 pounds of ice melts over
4.2 Specific Heat Capacity
This document contains examples and exercises involving the use of specific heat capacity to calculate changes in temperature of materials when heat is added or removed. It includes 4 examples calculating the final temperature of various materials like iron rods, water, and glass when given the initial temperature, mass, heat added/removed, and specific heat capacities. It then provides context on how specific heat capacities of land and water impact sea and land breezes. Finally, it lists 5 practice exercises for students to calculate temperature changes using specific heat capacity.
Specific heat capacity ppt
This document discusses specific heat capacity and how it relates to heat transfer and temperature change. Specific heat capacity is the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of 1 gram of a substance by 1 degree Celsius. Water has a relatively high specific heat of 4.184 J/g°C, while other substances like aluminum (0.897 J/g°C) and iron (0.449 J/g°C) have lower specific heat capacities. The specific heat capacity of a substance determines how quickly or slowly it will heat up when heat is added. The document also provides an equation to calculate the heat absorbed or released given the specific heat, mass, and temperature change of a substance.
Quantity of heat
This document discusses various concepts related to heat, including:
[1] Heat capacity and specific heat capacity, which refer to the amount of heat required to change the temperature of a substance. Specific heat capacity is a material's heat capacity per unit mass.
[2] Latent heat of fusion and vaporization, which is the heat absorbed or released during phase changes between solid, liquid, and gas with no change in temperature.
[3] Methods for determining specific heat capacity experimentally, including the mixture method of transferring heat between substances and the electrical method of applying heat from an electrical source.
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This document discusses concepts related to latent heat and specific heat capacity. It defines specific latent heat as the energy needed to change the state of 1 kg of a substance without a change in temperature. Latent heat of fusion refers to the change from solid to liquid, while latent heat of vaporization refers to the change from liquid to gas. Specific heat capacity is defined as the energy needed to raise the temperature of 1 kg of a substance by 1 degree Kelvin. The document provides examples of calculating energy changes using these concepts and measuring specific heat capacities experimentally.
4.2 specific heat capacity 2017
The document discusses specific heat capacity, which is the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of 1 kg of a substance by 1°C. It provides examples showing that substances with higher specific heat capacities, like water, require more heat to increase their temperature compared to substances with lower specific heat capacities. Applications of knowing specific heat capacities include designing cooking pots and understanding weather phenomena like sea breezes and land breezes. The cooling system of a car engine is also explained, where water is used as the coolant due to its high specific heat capacity and boiling point.
Heat Capacity Specific heat-capacity (1)
Heat is the flow of thermal energy from warmer objects to cooler ones. Different materials heat up and cool down at different rates because they have different specific heat capacities. The specific heat capacity is the amount of energy needed to raise the temperature of 1 kg of a material by 1°C. Materials with higher specific heat capacities, like water, require more energy to heat up the same amount compared to materials with lower specific heat capacities.
specific heat capacity
The document defines heat capacity and different types of heat capacity including molar heat capacity and specific heat capacity. It provides formulas for calculating specific heat capacity and examples of using heat capacity to calculate the thermal energy required to change an object's temperature through various processes like mixing liquids and converting potential, kinetic, and electrical energy to thermal energy. Specific examples are worked out showing how to apply the concepts and formulas for heat capacity.
Refrigeration cycle2
The document describes the basic principles and processes of refrigeration. It discusses:
1) Refrigeration involves removing heat from one substance and transferring it to another to lower the temperature of the first substance. Heat energy cannot be destroyed, only transferred.
2) There are three methods of heat transfer - conduction, convection, and radiation. Refrigeration works by using a refrigerant that absorbs heat as it changes phases from a liquid to a vapor in the evaporator, transferring heat from one place to another.
3) One ton of refrigeration is the rate of heat transfer of 12,000 BTU/hr, which is the amount of heat absorbed as 2000 pounds of ice melts over
4.2 Specific Heat Capacity
This document contains examples and exercises involving the use of specific heat capacity to calculate changes in temperature of materials when heat is added or removed. It includes 4 examples calculating the final temperature of various materials like iron rods, water, and glass when given the initial temperature, mass, heat added/removed, and specific heat capacities. It then provides context on how specific heat capacities of land and water impact sea and land breezes. Finally, it lists 5 practice exercises for students to calculate temperature changes using specific heat capacity.
Specific heat capacity ppt
This document discusses specific heat capacity and how it relates to heat transfer and temperature change. Specific heat capacity is the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of 1 gram of a substance by 1 degree Celsius. Water has a relatively high specific heat of 4.184 J/g°C, while other substances like aluminum (0.897 J/g°C) and iron (0.449 J/g°C) have lower specific heat capacities. The specific heat capacity of a substance determines how quickly or slowly it will heat up when heat is added. The document also provides an equation to calculate the heat absorbed or released given the specific heat, mass, and temperature change of a substance.
Quantity of heat
This document discusses various concepts related to heat, including:
[1] Heat capacity and specific heat capacity, which refer to the amount of heat required to change the temperature of a substance. Specific heat capacity is a material's heat capacity per unit mass.
[2] Latent heat of fusion and vaporization, which is the heat absorbed or released during phase changes between solid, liquid, and gas with no change in temperature.
[3] Methods for determining specific heat capacity experimentally, including the mixture method of transferring heat between substances and the electrical method of applying heat from an electrical source.
Heat
The document discusses the definitions and differences between temperature and heat. Temperature is a measure of how hot an object is using degrees Celsius, while heat is a form of energy transferred between objects due to a difference in temperature. Specific heat refers to the amount of heat needed to change an object's temperature by 1 degree per unit of mass, while heat capacity is the total amount of heat needed to change an object's temperature regardless of mass. Heat and temperature are related because gaining or losing heat causes an object's temperature to increase or decrease.
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Insulating homes can reduce heat loss and energy costs. Effective insulation methods include installing loft insulation made of fiberglass, cavity wall insulation using foam between bricks, and jackets around hot water tanks. These reduce heat transfer through conduction and convection. Calculating a product's U-value and a renovation's payback period can determine cost effectiveness.
Specific heat capacity & heat capacity
Specific heat capacity and heat capacity are different but related concepts. Specific heat capacity is the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of 1kg of a substance by 1K, while heat capacity does not consider mass and is the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of a substance by 1K. Specific heat capacity includes mass in its calculation and has a consistent, fixed value for a particular substance, while heat capacity can vary for a substance and have the same value for different substances.
Specific heat-capacity
This document discusses specific heat capacity, which is the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of 1 gram of a substance by 1 degree Celsius. It explains that different substances have different specific heat capacities due to differences in their molecular structure. For example, water has a higher specific heat capacity than metals like iron because its molecules can absorb heat through rotation, vibration, and stretching of bonds between molecules. This allows water to resist temperature changes more than substances like iron or sand.
2 specific heat cap
Different objects have different heat capacity. Sand has a low heat capacity and gets hot quickly while sea water has a high heat capacity and gets hot slowly. Heat capacity of an object increases when the mass of the object increases. For example, the water in a full kettle takes a longer time to boil compared to the water in a half-fi lled kettle. This shows that water of bigger mass has a higher heat capacity compared to water of smaller mass.
Several daily situations involving heat capacity also discussed.
4.2 Specific Heat Capacity
4.2.1 Explain heat capacity, C.
4.2.2 Define specific heat capacity of a material, c
4.2.3 Experiment to determine:
(i) the specific heat capacity of water
(ii) the specific heat capacity of aluminium
4.2.4 Communicate to explain the applications of specific heat capacity in daily life, material engineering and natural phenomena.
4.2.5 Solve problems involving specific heat capacity
2.2.3 Thermal capacity (heat capacity)
Core
Relate a rise in the temperature of a body to an increase in its internal energy
Show an understanding of what is meant by the thermal capacity of a body
Supplement
• Give a simple molecular account of an increase in internal energy
• Recall and use the equation thermal capacity = mc
• Define specific heat capacity
• Describe an experiment to measure the specific heat capacity of a substance
• Recall and use the equation change in energy = mcΔT
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During a change of state, such as melting or boiling, heat is absorbed or released without a change in temperature. Specific latent heat is defined as the amount of heat required to change the state of one unit of mass of a substance. The specific latent heat of fusion is the amount of heat required to melt one unit of mass of a solid into a liquid, while the specific latent heat of vaporization is the amount of heat required to vaporize one unit of mass of a liquid into a gas. Latent heat is used in applications like autoclaving hospital equipment and cooking fish quickly using steam.
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The document discusses thermal properties of matter, specifically heat capacity and specific heat capacity. It defines heat capacity as the amount of energy needed to change an object's temperature by 1 degree. Specific heat capacity is the amount of energy needed to change 1 kg of a material by 1 degree. Materials have different specific heat capacities because their molecules contain different numbers and masses of atoms. The document also describes methods to determine specific heat capacity, including direct calorimetry of liquids and solids, and the indirect method of mixtures.
Heat energy concept
1. Heat energy is required to increase the temperature of a substance and increase its internal energy. The amount of heat needed depends on the substance, its mass, and the temperature change.
2. The heat capacity of an object is the heat needed to raise its temperature by 1K. The specific heat capacity is the heat needed to raise the temperature of 1kg of a substance by 1K. Substances with higher specific heat capacities require more energy to heat up or cool down.
3. Mechanical energy can be converted to heat energy. For example, the gravitational potential energy of falling water is converted to a small increase in temperature as friction produces heat.
Thermal Properties of Matter
Specific Heat Capacity
Melting and Boiling
Evaporation
Thermal Expansion of Solids, Liquids and Gases
Heat capacity and transfer of heat
1. Heat transfer occurs through conduction, convection and radiation.
2. A vacuum flask reduces heat loss through conduction, convection and evaporation by having a vacuum between its double walls of glass.
3. It also minimizes radiative heat loss by having one of the glass walls silvered to reflect radiant heat back into the liquid inside the flask.
Thermal properties of matter
1) Evaporation occurs when molecules near the surface of a liquid gain enough kinetic energy to escape, reaching an equilibrium when an equal number return. The boiling point of a liquid is reached when its vapor pressure equals atmospheric pressure.
2) The boiling point of water is 100°C at sea level but varies with altitude and pressure. Raising or lowering pressure by 28 mmHg changes the boiling point 1°C.
3) Thermal expansion causes the volumes of materials to increase with temperature. The degree of expansion varies between materials like brass and steel.
Heat and temperature
This document discusses heat and temperature. It begins by explaining early theories of heat, including the caloric fluid theory which was later disproven. It then discusses sources of heat, both natural like the sun and artificial like chemical reactions. Key terms are defined, like conduction, convection and radiation as methods of heat transfer. Common temperature scales are explained including Celsius, Fahrenheit and Kelvin. Effects of heat like expansion and phase changes are covered. The document concludes with a short quiz to test the reader's understanding.
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This document provides definitions and explanations of common steam plant terms:
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- Saturation temperature is the temperature at which water boils at a given pressure. Water boils at different temperatures depending on pressure.
- Heat of vaporization is the amount of heat required to convert a liquid into a vapor without changing temperature. For water boiling at 100°C, the heat of vaporization is 2260 J/g.
- Enthalpy is a concept used to calculate heat and work, accounting for energy used when a substance expands or contracts during a
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The document discusses different topics relating to temperature and heat transfer. It defines temperature as a measure of the average kinetic energy of molecules. It describes how thermometers work using properties like thermal expansion. Common temperature scales like Celsius, Fahrenheit and Kelvin are presented along with equations to convert between them. The document also discusses concepts such as heat, specific heat, latent heat and the phases of matter. It explains different methods of heat transfer including conduction, convection and radiation.
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The document discusses bomb calorimetry, which is used to calculate the energy value of foods from enthalpy of combustion data. Bomb calorimetry involves combusting a food sample in a steel bomb surrounded by water. The temperature increase of the water is then used in the equation Q = mcΔT to calculate the energy released by the food, where Q is energy, m is mass, c is the specific heat of water, and ΔT is the temperature change. The energy value calculated can be reported in units such as J/g or kcal/g. Examples are provided to demonstrate calculations.
Heat
1) Heat is a form of energy that is transferred from hotter objects to colder objects. Temperature is a measure of how hot or cold an object is.
2) When two objects at different temperatures come into contact, heat will flow from the hotter object to the cooler object until they reach thermal equilibrium, where their temperatures are equal and there is no more net heat transfer between them.
3) The amount of heat an object contains depends on its mass, material, and temperature - an object with greater mass or at a higher temperature contains more heat.
Einestein model density of states
1) The document discusses quantum mechanical models of heat conduction in solids, specifically the Einstein and Debye models.
2) The Einstein model treats the solid as independent harmonic oscillators all with the same frequency. This crude model gives the correct high temperature limit but fails at low temperatures.
3) The Debye model accounts for the actual distribution of vibration frequencies in solids, better predicting the temperature dependence of heat capacity. This model agrees with experimental data over a wider range of temperatures.
Latent heat
1) Latent heat refers to the quantity of heat absorbed or released by a substance during a change of state, such as ice melting to water. For example, 1 gram of ice at 0°C requires 336 joules of energy to convert it to 1 gram of water at 0°C.
2) Paraffin wax is commonly used to apply heat to tissues through its latent heat properties. When melted wax solidifies on the skin, it releases a significant amount of heat and provides a warming effect.
3) The application of paraffin wax increases skin temperature and stimulates superficial blood vessels, causing localized redness and vasodilation. It also has a mild sedative effect on sensory nerves.
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The document discusses the definitions and differences between temperature and heat. Temperature is a measure of how hot an object is using degrees Celsius, while heat is a form of energy transferred between objects due to a difference in temperature. Specific heat refers to the amount of heat needed to change an object's temperature by 1 degree per unit of mass, while heat capacity is the total amount of heat needed to change an object's temperature regardless of mass. Heat and temperature are related because gaining or losing heat causes an object's temperature to increase or decrease.
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Specific heat capacity & heat capacity
Specific heat capacity and heat capacity are different but related concepts. Specific heat capacity is the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of 1kg of a substance by 1K, while heat capacity does not consider mass and is the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of a substance by 1K. Specific heat capacity includes mass in its calculation and has a consistent, fixed value for a particular substance, while heat capacity can vary for a substance and have the same value for different substances.
Specific heat-capacity
This document discusses specific heat capacity, which is the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of 1 gram of a substance by 1 degree Celsius. It explains that different substances have different specific heat capacities due to differences in their molecular structure. For example, water has a higher specific heat capacity than metals like iron because its molecules can absorb heat through rotation, vibration, and stretching of bonds between molecules. This allows water to resist temperature changes more than substances like iron or sand.
2 specific heat cap
Different objects have different heat capacity. Sand has a low heat capacity and gets hot quickly while sea water has a high heat capacity and gets hot slowly. Heat capacity of an object increases when the mass of the object increases. For example, the water in a full kettle takes a longer time to boil compared to the water in a half-fi lled kettle. This shows that water of bigger mass has a higher heat capacity compared to water of smaller mass.
Several daily situations involving heat capacity also discussed.
4.2 Specific Heat Capacity
4.2.1 Explain heat capacity, C.
4.2.2 Define specific heat capacity of a material, c
4.2.3 Experiment to determine:
(i) the specific heat capacity of water
(ii) the specific heat capacity of aluminium
4.2.4 Communicate to explain the applications of specific heat capacity in daily life, material engineering and natural phenomena.
4.2.5 Solve problems involving specific heat capacity
2.2.3 Thermal capacity (heat capacity)
Core
Relate a rise in the temperature of a body to an increase in its internal energy
Show an understanding of what is meant by the thermal capacity of a body
Supplement
• Give a simple molecular account of an increase in internal energy
• Recall and use the equation thermal capacity = mc
• Define specific heat capacity
• Describe an experiment to measure the specific heat capacity of a substance
• Recall and use the equation change in energy = mcΔT
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U values measure how effective materials are as insulators, with lower U-values indicating better insulation. The specific heat capacity of a substance is the amount of energy needed to change its temperature by 1 degree Celsius per kilogram, and can be calculated using measurements of a substance's initial and final temperatures, mass, time, current, voltage and power from a practical experiment where it is heated.
170311 MBD-Case_Room and MBD and I Ver1
This document discusses minimizing heat loss from an outdoor area to the external air temperature. It notes that with a 30K temperature difference, 10kW of heat is lost through a wall. It also mentions the heat capacity of a room and the amount of heat added to the room.
latent heat and specific latent heat
During a change of state, such as melting or boiling, heat is absorbed or released without a change in temperature. Specific latent heat is defined as the amount of heat required to change the state of one unit of mass of a substance. The specific latent heat of fusion is the amount of heat required to melt one unit of mass of a solid into a liquid, while the specific latent heat of vaporization is the amount of heat required to vaporize one unit of mass of a liquid into a gas. Latent heat is used in applications like autoclaving hospital equipment and cooking fish quickly using steam.
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The document discusses thermal properties of matter, specifically heat capacity and specific heat capacity. It defines heat capacity as the amount of energy needed to change an object's temperature by 1 degree. Specific heat capacity is the amount of energy needed to change 1 kg of a material by 1 degree. Materials have different specific heat capacities because their molecules contain different numbers and masses of atoms. The document also describes methods to determine specific heat capacity, including direct calorimetry of liquids and solids, and the indirect method of mixtures.
Heat energy concept
1. Heat energy is required to increase the temperature of a substance and increase its internal energy. The amount of heat needed depends on the substance, its mass, and the temperature change.
2. The heat capacity of an object is the heat needed to raise its temperature by 1K. The specific heat capacity is the heat needed to raise the temperature of 1kg of a substance by 1K. Substances with higher specific heat capacities require more energy to heat up or cool down.
3. Mechanical energy can be converted to heat energy. For example, the gravitational potential energy of falling water is converted to a small increase in temperature as friction produces heat.
Thermal Properties of Matter
Specific Heat Capacity
Melting and Boiling
Evaporation
Thermal Expansion of Solids, Liquids and Gases
Heat capacity and transfer of heat
1. Heat transfer occurs through conduction, convection and radiation.
2. A vacuum flask reduces heat loss through conduction, convection and evaporation by having a vacuum between its double walls of glass.
3. It also minimizes radiative heat loss by having one of the glass walls silvered to reflect radiant heat back into the liquid inside the flask.
Thermal properties of matter
1) Evaporation occurs when molecules near the surface of a liquid gain enough kinetic energy to escape, reaching an equilibrium when an equal number return. The boiling point of a liquid is reached when its vapor pressure equals atmospheric pressure.
2) The boiling point of water is 100°C at sea level but varies with altitude and pressure. Raising or lowering pressure by 28 mmHg changes the boiling point 1°C.
3) Thermal expansion causes the volumes of materials to increase with temperature. The degree of expansion varies between materials like brass and steel.
Heat and temperature
This document discusses heat and temperature. It begins by explaining early theories of heat, including the caloric fluid theory which was later disproven. It then discusses sources of heat, both natural like the sun and artificial like chemical reactions. Key terms are defined, like conduction, convection and radiation as methods of heat transfer. Common temperature scales are explained including Celsius, Fahrenheit and Kelvin. Effects of heat like expansion and phase changes are covered. The document concludes with a short quiz to test the reader's understanding.
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This document provides definitions and explanations of common steam plant terms:
- A British Thermal Unit (BTU) is a basic measurement of heat, defined as the amount required to raise one pound of water by one degree Fahrenheit.
- Saturation temperature is the temperature at which water boils at a given pressure. Water boils at different temperatures depending on pressure.
- Heat of vaporization is the amount of heat required to convert a liquid into a vapor without changing temperature. For water boiling at 100°C, the heat of vaporization is 2260 J/g.
- Enthalpy is a concept used to calculate heat and work, accounting for energy used when a substance expands or contracts during a
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The document discusses different topics relating to temperature and heat transfer. It defines temperature as a measure of the average kinetic energy of molecules. It describes how thermometers work using properties like thermal expansion. Common temperature scales like Celsius, Fahrenheit and Kelvin are presented along with equations to convert between them. The document also discusses concepts such as heat, specific heat, latent heat and the phases of matter. It explains different methods of heat transfer including conduction, convection and radiation.
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The document discusses bomb calorimetry, which is used to calculate the energy value of foods from enthalpy of combustion data. Bomb calorimetry involves combusting a food sample in a steel bomb surrounded by water. The temperature increase of the water is then used in the equation Q = mcΔT to calculate the energy released by the food, where Q is energy, m is mass, c is the specific heat of water, and ΔT is the temperature change. The energy value calculated can be reported in units such as J/g or kcal/g. Examples are provided to demonstrate calculations.
Heat
1) Heat is a form of energy that is transferred from hotter objects to colder objects. Temperature is a measure of how hot or cold an object is.
2) When two objects at different temperatures come into contact, heat will flow from the hotter object to the cooler object until they reach thermal equilibrium, where their temperatures are equal and there is no more net heat transfer between them.
3) The amount of heat an object contains depends on its mass, material, and temperature - an object with greater mass or at a higher temperature contains more heat.
Einestein model density of states
1) The document discusses quantum mechanical models of heat conduction in solids, specifically the Einstein and Debye models.
2) The Einstein model treats the solid as independent harmonic oscillators all with the same frequency. This crude model gives the correct high temperature limit but fails at low temperatures.
3) The Debye model accounts for the actual distribution of vibration frequencies in solids, better predicting the temperature dependence of heat capacity. This model agrees with experimental data over a wider range of temperatures.
Latent heat
1) Latent heat refers to the quantity of heat absorbed or released by a substance during a change of state, such as ice melting to water. For example, 1 gram of ice at 0°C requires 336 joules of energy to convert it to 1 gram of water at 0°C.
2) Paraffin wax is commonly used to apply heat to tissues through its latent heat properties. When melted wax solidifies on the skin, it releases a significant amount of heat and provides a warming effect.
3) The application of paraffin wax increases skin temperature and stimulates superficial blood vessels, causing localized redness and vasodilation. It also has a mild sedative effect on sensory nerves.
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8-1
The document discusses phase relations in transformers, including the general format of the sine wave and how the trigonometric functions of cosine and sine are related based on phase shifts of 90 degrees, 180 degrees, and 270 degrees. Several examples are provided to illustrate phase relations between cosine and sine.
7-1
This document discusses paralleling single and three-phase transformers to increase capacity and reliability. It covers connecting transformers in parallel in both star and delta configurations and how load is divided between the transformers when they are run in parallel. Parallel operation allows for increased capacity when demand is high and continuity of supply if one transformer fails or is taken offline.
6-2
This document discusses various types of single and three phase transformers, including star delta and delta-delta connections, name plate designations for phase shift transformers, open delta transformers, providing three-phase supply from three-phase transformers, and performing polarity tests on three-phase transformers using lamps or a voltmeter.
5-2
This document discusses safe working procedures for single and three phase transformers, potential transformers, and current transformers used for Energex metering. It provides guidance on safely working with different types of transformers.
4-2
The document outlines temperature settings and signals for cooling devices like oil pumps and fans on single and three phase transformers. It provides temperature thresholds for when cooling devices turn on and off, when alarm and trip signals activate based on oil and winding temperature, and discusses different types of transformer tappings including off-circuit and on-load tap changing.
4-1
This document discusses transformer auxiliary equipment, including the conservator, breather, explosion vent, pressure relief device, Buchholtz relay, and temperature indicators. These components help monitor and regulate things like pressure, temperature, gas accumulation, and moisture levels within the transformer to protect it from damage.
3-2
This document discusses different types of transformers used in single and three phase systems, including dry type transformers and Abb resibloc transformers. It also covers different cooling methods for transformers like transformer oil cooling, and discusses the properties, testing, and replacement of transformer oil. Synthetic liquid cooling is also mentioned.
3-1
This document discusses insulation classes and temperature rise in transformers. It provides a table showing insulation classes A, B, F and H and their corresponding ambient temperature, rise by resistance, hot spot allowance, and maximum hottest spot temperature. The document also mentions reading a chapter on insulation classes and temperature rise in Jenneson's book, and covers transformer heat dissipation and methods of natural and forced cooling.
2-3
This document discusses calculating voltage regulation from short circuit tests, determining prospective fault current for single and three phase transformers, and all day efficiency of transformers. It provides information on testing and evaluating the performance of single and three phase transformer systems.
2-2
This document discusses single and three phase transformers and how to determine their equivalent circuit values. It covers the demagnetizing effect, voltage drops due to load current, and describes tests like the d.c. resistance test, open circuit test, and short circuit test which are used to find the equivalent circuit values for transformers. An example is also provided.
2-1
This document discusses the equivalent circuit of single and three phase transformers, including transformer losses from magnetic flux and core losses. It also covers the effect that different loads have on the secondary winding of a transformer.
1-1
This document provides an overview of key topics related to single and three phase transformers, including their construction and operation, the EMF equation, voltage and turns ratios, power equations, and significance of nameplate data items. Learners are directed to read specific chapters in a Jenneson textbook to learn more about transformers, transformer equations, and how to interpret nameplate information.
51 53
Proper maintenance and inspection is required to ensure emergency lighting systems function properly in the event of a power outage. Fire alarm systems must meet certain principles, terms and requirements to effectively detect fires and notify occupants. Radioactive smoke alarms that are no longer functional must be disposed of following applicable regulations due to their hazardous materials.
47 50
Security lighting uses infrared scanning to detect movement and activate lights, while emergency evacuation lighting provides illumination in case of emergency exits. There are different types of emergency lighting systems that can provide illumination for evacuating a building when there is no main power.
45 46
This document provides instructions for calculating the lighting requirements for flood lighting an area. It explains that the total lumens required can be calculated by multiplying the area in square meters by the desired lux level. It then states that the number of lamps needed is equal to the total lumens divided by the lumen output of the selected lamp type.
41 44
This document discusses neon lighting and provides information on electromagnetic compatibility, Queensland energy efficient lighting requirements, and the installation and maintenance of neon lights. It covers regulations for neon signs as well as guidelines for setting up and servicing neon lighting systems in order to ensure compliance with standards.
37 40
Metal halide lamps, high pressure sodium lamps, low pressure sodium lamps, and LEDs are the main types of lighting used today. Metal halide and high pressure sodium lamps are high-intensity discharge lamps commonly used in industrial and outdoor lighting. LEDs are solid-state lamps that have become a popular replacement for other types of lamps due to their energy efficiency and long lifetime.
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按照学校原版(UofT文凭证书)多伦多大学毕业证快速办理
快速办理【(UofT毕业证书)多伦多大学毕业证】【176555708微信号】硕士毕业证成绩单、外壳、offer、留信学历认证（永久存档真实可查）采用学校原版纸张、特殊工艺完全按照原版一比一制作（包括：隐形水印，阴影底纹，钢印LOGO烫金烫银，LOGO烫金烫银复合重叠，文字图案浮雕，激光镭射，紫外荧光，温感，复印防伪）行业标杆！精益求精，诚心合作，真诚制作！多年品质 ,按需精细制作，24小时接单,全套进口原装设备，十五年致力于帮助留学生解决难题，业务范围有加拿大、英国、澳洲、韩国、美国、新加坡，新西兰等学历材料，包您满意。
【我们承诺采用的是学校原版纸张（纸质、底色、纹路），我们拥有全套进口原装设备，特殊工艺都是采用不同机器制作，仿真度基本可以达到100%，所有工艺效果都可提前给客户展示，不满意可以根据客户要求进行调整，直到满意为止！】
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二、回国进私企、外企、自己做生意的情况，这些单位是不查询毕业证真伪的，而且国内没有渠道去查询国外文凭的真假，也不需要提供真实教育部认证。鉴于此，办理一份毕业证【微信176555708】即可
三、进国企，银行，事业单位，考公务员等等，这些单位是必需要提供真实教育部认证的，办理教育部认证所需资料众多且烦琐，所有材料您都必须提供原件，我们凭借丰富的经验，快捷的绿色通道帮您快速整合材料，让您少走弯路。
留信网认证的作用:
1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份
2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
6:个人职称评审加20分
7:个人信誉贷款加10分
8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才
留信网服务项目：
1、留学生专业人才库服务（留信分析）
2、国（境）学习人员提供就业推荐信服务
3、留学人员区块链存储服务
→ 【关于价格问题（保证一手价格）】
我们所定的价格是非常合理的，而且我们现在做得单子大多数都是代理和回头客户介绍的所以一般现在有新的单子 我给客户的都是第一手的代理价格，因为我想坦诚对待大家 不想跟大家在价格方面浪费时间
对于老客户或者被老客户介绍过来的朋友，我们都会适当给一些优惠。
选择实体注册公司办理，更放心，更安全！我们的承诺：客户在留信官方认证查询网站查询到认证通过结果后付款，不成功不收费！
Connect to Grow: The power of building networks
In the intricate tapestry of life, connections serve as the vibrant threads that weave together opportunities, experiences, and growth. Whether in personal or professional spheres, the ability to forge meaningful connections opens doors to a multitude of possibilities, propelling individuals toward success and fulfillment.
Eirini is an HR professional with strong passion for technology and semiconductors industry in particular. She started her career as a software recruiter in 2012, and developed an interest for business development, talent enablement and innovation which later got her setting up the concept of Software Community Management in ASML, and to Developer Relations today. She holds a bachelor degree in Lifelong Learning and an MBA specialised in Strategic Human Resources Management. She is a world citizen, having grown up in Greece, she studied and kickstarted her career in The Netherlands and can currently be found in Santa Clara, CA.
在线办理(UOIT毕业证书)安大略省理工大学毕业证在读证明一模一样
原件一模一样【微信：bwp0011】《(UOIT毕业证书)安大略省理工大学毕业证》【微信：bwp0011】学位证，留信认证（真实可查，永久存档）原件一模一样纸张工艺/offer、雅思、外壳等材料/诚信可靠,可直接看成品样本，帮您解决无法毕业带来的各种难题！外壳，原版制作，诚信可靠，可直接看成品样本。行业标杆！精益求精，诚心合作，真诚制作！多年品质 ,按需精细制作，24小时接单,全套进口原装设备。十五年致力于帮助留学生解决难题，包您满意。
本公司拥有海外各大学样板无数，能完美还原。
1:1完美还原海外各大学毕业材料上的工艺：水印，阴影底纹，钢印LOGO烫金烫银，LOGO烫金烫银复合重叠。文字图案浮雕、激光镭射、紫外荧光、温感、复印防伪等防伪工艺。材料咨询办理、认证咨询办理请加学历顾问微bwp0011
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一.毕业证【微bwp0011】成绩单、使馆认证、教育部认证、雅思托福成绩单、学生卡等！
二.真实使馆公证(即留学回国人员证明,不成功不收费)
三.真实教育部学历学位认证（教育部存档！教育部留服网站永久可查）
四.办理各国各大学文凭(一对一专业服务,可全程监控跟踪进度)
如果您处于以下几种情况：
◇在校期间，因各种原因未能顺利毕业……拿不到官方毕业证【微bwp0011】
◇面对父母的压力，希望尽快拿到；
◇不清楚认证流程以及材料该如何准备；
◇回国时间很长，忘记办理；
◇回国马上就要找工作，办给用人单位看；
◇企事业单位必须要求办理的
◇需要报考公务员、购买免税车、落转户口
◇申请留学生创业基金
留信网认证的作用:
1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份
2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
6:个人职称评审加20分
7:个人信誉贷款加10分
8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才
官方认证美国旧金山州立大学毕业证学位证书案例原版一模一样
原版一模一样【微信：741003700 】【美国旧金山州立大学毕业证学位证书】【微信：741003700 】学位证，留信认证（真实可查，永久存档）offer、雅思、外壳等材料/诚信可靠,可直接看成品样本，帮您解决无法毕业带来的各种难题！外壳，原版制作，诚信可靠，可直接看成品样本。行业标杆！精益求精，诚心合作，真诚制作！多年品质 ,按需精细制作，24小时接单,全套进口原装设备。十五年致力于帮助留学生解决难题，包您满意。
本公司拥有海外各大学样板无数，能完美还原海外各大学 Bachelor Diploma degree, Master Degree Diploma
1:1完美还原海外各大学毕业材料上的工艺：水印，阴影底纹，钢印LOGO烫金烫银，LOGO烫金烫银复合重叠。文字图案浮雕、激光镭射、紫外荧光、温感、复印防伪等防伪工艺。材料咨询办理、认证咨询办理请加学历顾问Q/微741003700
留信网认证的作用:
1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份
2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
6:个人职称评审加20分
7:个人信誉贷款加10分
8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才
办理阿卡迪亚大学毕业证（uvic毕业证）本科文凭证书原版一模一样
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本公司拥有海外各大学样板无数，能完美还原海外各大学 Bachelor Diploma degree, Master Degree Diploma
1:1完美还原海外各大学毕业材料上的工艺：水印，阴影底纹，钢印LOGO烫金烫银，LOGO烫金烫银复合重叠。文字图案浮雕、激光镭射、紫外荧光、温感、复印防伪等防伪工艺。材料咨询办理、认证咨询办理请加学历顾问Q/微741003700
留信网认证的作用:
1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份
2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
6:个人职称评审加20分
7:个人信誉贷款加10分
8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才
All Of My Java Codes With A Sample Output.docx
Contains All of the Java Programs from Beginning to the Advanced Concepts that I had Practiced While Learning Java
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本公司拥有海外各大学样板无数，能完美还原海外各大学 Bachelor Diploma degree, Master Degree Diploma
1:1完美还原海外各大学毕业材料上的工艺：水印，阴影底纹，钢印LOGO烫金烫银，LOGO烫金烫银复合重叠。文字图案浮雕、激光镭射、紫外荧光、温感、复印防伪等防伪工艺。材料咨询办理、认证咨询办理请加学历顾问Q/微741003700
留信网认证的作用:
1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份
2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
6:个人职称评审加20分
7:个人信誉贷款加10分
8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才
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Joyce M Sullivan, Founder & CEO of SocMediaFin, Inc. shares her "Five Questions - The Story of You", "Reflections - What Matters to You?" and "The Three Circle Exercise" to guide those evaluating what their next move may be in their careers.
Community Skills Building Workshop | PMI Silver Spring Chapter | June 12, 2024
Community Skills Building Workshop | PMI Silver Spring Chapter | June 12, 2024Hector Del Castillo, CPM, CPMM
Time for an overhaul. Trainers and trainees unite!
The Silver Spring Leadership has spent the last six months collecting thoughts, ideas, and feedback on what our membership wants from the Chapter to help them on their PMI journey.
We've listened and now we're hosting a workshop during our June virtual meeting to give you our pitch and collect final feedback. Before we design our new page of resources we want to hear from:
Local, certified PMI trainers who teach PMI courses. We want to highlight you and provide your resources to our members.
Members and non-members who are new to PMI course work for certifications, or looking to start. We want to hear if our solution tackle the challenges we've heard you're facing.
Three of PMISSC's membership advocates will lead three discussions on the offerings we're rolling out and facilitate a discussion on your thoughts and desires in these areas. Register for the topic you would like to participate in.
About PMI Silver Spring Chapter
We are a branch of the Project Management Institute. We offer a platform for project management professionals in Silver Spring, MD, and the DC/Baltimore metro area. Monthly meetings facilitate networking, knowledge sharing, and professional development. For more, visit pmissc.org.体育博彩论坛-十大体育博彩论坛-体育博彩论坛|【网址🎉ac55.net🎉】
在体育博彩论坛，你会发现数之不尽的在线博彩机会，包括世界各地的精彩体育赛事以及绝佳的赔率。此外，体育博彩论坛还会为你提供诸如赌场、宾果和扑克等在线游戏以及各种各样的奖金优惠，包括体育博彩论坛的免费投注。无论你是忠实的足球迷，或者是二十一点的专业玩家，在这里都可以找到你最感兴趣的投注市场或游戏。
Leadership Ambassador club Adventist module
Aims to equip people who aspire to become leaders with good qualities,and with Christian values and morals as per Biblical teachings.The you who aspire to be leaders should first read and understand what the ambassador module for leadership says about leadership and marry that to what the bible says.Christians sh
Learnings from Successful Jobs Searchers
Are you interested to know what actions help in a job search? This webinar is the summary of several individuals who discussed their job search journey for others to follow. You will learn there are common actions that helped them succeed in their quest for gainful employment.
一比一原版布拉德福德大学毕业证（bradford毕业证）如何办理
一模一样【微信：A575476】【布拉德福德大学毕业证（bradford毕业证）成绩单Offer】【微信：A575476】（留信学历认证永久存档查询）采用学校原版纸张、特殊工艺完全按照原版一比一制作（包括：隐形水印，阴影底纹，钢印LOGO烫金烫银，LOGO烫金烫银复合重叠，文字图案浮雕，激光镭射，紫外荧光，温感，复印防伪）行业标杆！精益求精，诚心合作，真诚制作！多年品质 ,按需精细制作，24小时接单,全套进口原装设备，十五年致力于帮助留学生解决难题，业务范围有加拿大、英国、澳洲、韩国、美国、新加坡，新西兰等学历材料，包您满意。
【业务选择办理准则】
一、工作未确定，回国需先给父母、亲戚朋友看下文凭的情况，办理一份就读学校的毕业证【微信：A575476】文凭即可
二、回国进私企、外企、自己做生意的情况，这些单位是不查询毕业证真伪的，而且国内没有渠道去查询国外文凭的真假，也不需要提供真实教育部认证。鉴于此，办理一份毕业证【微信：A575476】即可
三、进国企，银行，事业单位，考公务员等等，这些单位是必需要提供真实教育部认证的，办理教育部认证所需资料众多且烦琐，所有材料您都必须提供原件，我们凭借丰富的经验，快捷的绿色通道帮您快速整合材料，让您少走弯路。
留信网认证的作用:
1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份
2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
6:个人职称评审加20分
7:个人信誉贷款加10分
8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才
→ 【关于价格问题（保证一手价格）
我们所定的价格是非常合理的，而且我们现在做得单子大多数都是代理和回头客户介绍的所以一般现在有新的单子 我给客户的都是第一手的代理价格，因为我想坦诚对待大家 不想跟大家在价格方面浪费时间
对于老客户或者被老客户介绍过来的朋友，我们都会适当给一些优惠。
选择实体注册公司办理，更放心，更安全！我们的承诺：可来公司面谈，可签订合同，会陪同客户一起到教育部认证窗口递交认证材料，客户在教育部官方认证查询网站查询到认证通过结果后付款，不成功不收费！
一比一原版美国西北大学毕业证(NWU毕业证书)学历如何办理
原版办理【微信号:BYZS866】【美国西北大学毕业证(NWU毕业证书)】【微信号:BYZS866】《成绩单、外壳、雅思、offer、真实留信官方学历认证（永久存档/真实可查）》采用学校原版纸张、特殊工艺完全按照原版一比一制作（包括：隐形水印，阴影底纹，钢印LOGO烫金烫银，LOGO烫金烫银复合重叠，文字图案浮雕，激光镭射，紫外荧光，温感，复印防伪）行业标杆！精益求精，诚心合作，真诚制作！多年品质 ,按需精细制作，24小时接单,全套进口原装设备，十五年致力于帮助留学生解决难题，业务范围有加拿大、英国、澳洲、韩国、美国、新加坡，新西兰等学历材料，包您满意。
【我们承诺采用的是学校原版纸张（纸质、底色、纹路）我们拥有全套进口原装设备，特殊工艺都是采用不同机器制作，仿真度基本可以达到100%，所有工艺效果都可提前给客户展示，不满意可以根据客户要求进行调整，直到满意为止！】
【业务选择办理准则】
一、工作未确定，回国需先给父母、亲戚朋友看下文凭的情况，办理一份就读学校的毕业证【微信号BYZS866】文凭即可
二、回国进私企、外企、自己做生意的情况，这些单位是不查询毕业证真伪的，而且国内没有渠道去查询国外文凭的真假，也不需要提供真实教育部认证。鉴于此，办理一份毕业证【微信号BYZS866】即可
三、进国企，银行，事业单位，考公务员等等，这些单位是必需要提供真实教育部认证的，办理教育部认证所需资料众多且烦琐，所有材料您都必须提供原件，我们凭借丰富的经验，快捷的绿色通道帮您快速整合材料，让您少走弯路。
留信网认证的作用:
1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份
2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
6:个人职称评审加20分
7:个人信誉贷款加10分
8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才
留信网服务项目：
1、留学生专业人才库服务（留信分析）
2、国（境）学习人员提供就业推荐信服务
3、留学人员区块链存储服务
【关于价格问题（保证一手价格）】
我们所定的价格是非常合理的，而且我们现在做得单子大多数都是代理和回头客户介绍的所以一般现在有新的单子 我给客户的都是第一手的代理价格，因为我想坦诚对待大家 不想跟大家在价格方面浪费时间
对于老客户或者被老客户介绍过来的朋友，我们都会适当给一些优惠。
选择实体注册公司办理，更放心，更安全！我们的承诺：客户在留信官方认证查询网站查询到认证通过结果后付款，不成功不收费！
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