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UP TO DATE 
IN 
ORAL BIOLOGY AND EMBRYOLOGY 
Prof. Dr. Nahed A. Khalil 
Head of Oral Biology Department 
& 
Contributing Staff Members 
Faculty of Oral &Dental Medicine 
Cairo University
EENNAAMMEELL 
TThhee hhaarrddeesstt ccaallcciiffiieedd ttiissssuuee iinn tthhee bbooddyy 
ffoorrmmss tthhee pprrootteeccttiivvee ccoovveerriinngg ooff tthhee ccrroowwnn 
:PHYSICAL PROPERTIES * 
COLOR 
THICKNESS 
HARDNESS 
BRITTLENESS 
PERMEABILITY
- 1 
::CCoolloouurr-- 11 
COLOUR 
YYEELLLLOOWWIISSHH WWHHIITTEE TTOO 
GGRRAAYYIISSHH WWHHIITTEE 
:DEPENDS ON 
DEGREE OF - 1 
CALCIFICATION 
HOMOGENISITY OF - 2 
THE ENAMEL 
.CRYSTALS 
:SO 
TRANSLUCENT E. 
YYEELLLLOOWWIISSHH TEETH 
.OPAQUE E 
GGRRAAYYIISSHH TEETH
TH TTIChhiiKccNkknnEeeSssSss ---22 2 
mmmm. at 22..55 –– 22- 
.the cusp tips 
TThhiinnnniinngg ddoowwnn - 
to 
featheredge at 
the cervical 
line of the 
tooth
HARDNESS – 3 
IITT IISS TTHHEE HHAARRDDEESSTT 
CCAALLCCIIFFIIEEDD ENAMEL OF TTIISSSSUUEE 
THE - 
IINN PPEERRMMAANNEENNTT 
TTHHEE BBOODDYY 
:DDUUEE TEETH TTOO 
IS 
HIGH HARDER CONTENT THAN 
OF - 1 
THE THAT MINERAL OF 
SALTS 
ITS DECIDUOUS 
CRYSTALLINE - 2 
.ARRANGEMENT 
’ONES 
IS GREATEST AT - 1 - 
THE SURFACE AND 
DECREASED TOWARD 
.DEJ 
IT IS GREATER AT - 2 
THE CUSPS AND 
INCISAL RIDGE AND 
DECREASES TOWARD 
.THE CERVICAL LINE 
+ 
- 
+ 
+ 
+ 
- 
-
BR::BBITrriTitttLtlleEennNeeEssSssS-- 44 - 4 
Very brittle due to large amount of minerals- 
Dentin, which is less mineralized and less brittle, - 
compensates for enamel and is necessary as a support 
for enamel 
If this supportive layer of dentin is destroyed by caries or - 
improper cavity preparation, the unsupported enamel 
fractures
PERMEABILITY- 5 
Enamel can act as 
a semipermeable 
membrane 
The main pathway is 
from the saliva to the 
outer layer of enamel
GGRROOUUNNDD SSEECCTTIIOONN DDEECCAALLCCIIFFIIEEDD SSEECCTTIIOONN 
MMeetthhooddss ooff SSttuuddyyiinngg 
””hhaarrdd ttiissssuueess””
::CCHHEEMMIICCAALL CCOOMMPPOOSSIITTIIOONN 
9966%% 
CRYSTALLINE CALCIUM PHOSPHATE 
“HYDROXYAPATITE” 
Ca 10(PO4)6 (OH)2 
By weight 
44%% 
AMELOGENINS 
ENAMELINS and Water 
IINNOORRGGAANNIICC 
CCOONNTTEENNTT 
OORRGGAANNIICC 
CCOONNTTEENNTT
(Enamel Rod (prism 
unit 
structure 
of 
enamel
EENNAAMMEELL 
RROODD 
LOWER CENTRAL 
INCISOR 5 
UPPER FMIRILSLTIO NS 
MOLAR 12 
MILLIONS 
NUMBER - 1 
DIRECTION - 2 
DECIDUOUS 
PERMANENT
EENNAAMMEELL 
RROODD 
SIZE–3 
3-4 um in diameter 
Up to 2.5 mm. in 
length
Wavy Course of Enamel Rods
:Cross Section ,Hexagonal, fish scales 
keyhole pattern
HHUUNNTTEERR--SSCCHHRREEGGEERR BBAANNDDSS 
((ooppttiiccaall pphheennoommeennoonn)) ddaarrkk aanndd lliigghhtt bbaannddss
Hunter Schreger bands
Note that Hunter 
Schreger bands 
Start from the ADJ 
an end before 
reaching the outer 
surface of enamel
HHIISSTTOOLLOOGGIICCAALL SSTTRRUUCCTTUURREESS OOFF 
EENNAAMMEELL 
 IInnccrreemmeennttaall lliinneess 
 EEnnaammeell llaammeellllaaee 
 EEnnaammeell ttuuffttss 
 EEnnaammeell ssppiinnddllee 
 DDeennttiinnoo--eennaammeell jjuunnccttiioonn
SSTTRRUUCCTTUURRAALL FFEEAATTUURREESS OOFF EENNAAMMEELL 
Incremental lines: 
 CROSS 
STRAIATIONS 
(short increment) 
 INCREMENTAL LINES 
OF RETZIUS 
(long increment )
 INCREMENTAL LINES OF RETZIUS 
(long increment )
3 2 
1 
3 
1 
A.D.J. 1 
Brown striae of Retzius. 2 
Dentinal tubule. 3
Brown striae of Retzius A.D.J Dentinal tubules
NNEEOONNAATTAALL LLIINNEE 
Postnatal 
Enamel 
Prenatal 
Enamel
EEnnaammeell llaammeellllaa
EEnnaammeell llaammeellllaaee 
In enamel 
only 
Extending in enamel and 
dentin
A: enamel tuft 
B: enamel Lamella
Enaml tufts
EEnnaammeell SSppiinnddlleess
EEnnaammeell SSppiinnddlleess
TTHHEE AAMMEELLOODDEENNTTIINNAALL 
JJUUNNCCTTIIOONN
 SURFACE STRUCTURES 
OF ENAMEL 
* OUTER STRUCTURELESS ENAMEL 
*PERIKYMATA 
*ENAMEL ROD ENDS 
* CRACKs 
*Afibrillar cementum
SSUURRFFAACCEE SSTTRRUUCCTTUURREESS 
OUTER STRUCTURELESS ENAMEL – 1 
REMEMBER: THAT THERE IS AN INNER STRUCTURELESS 
ENAMEL 
um thick 30
Perikymata
Enamel Rod Ends 
SSHHAALLLLOOWWEERR 
CERVICALLY 
DDEEEEPPEERR OCCLUSALLY
CRACKs
AAFFIIBBRRIILLLLAARR 
CCEEMMEENNTTUUMM 
E 
C
SALIVARY PELLICLE
Life history ooff AAmmeelloobbllaassttss 
::PPrreesseeccrreettoorryy ssttaaggee(( 11  
AA.. MMoorrpphhooggeenniicc pphhaassee  
BB.. DDiiffffeerreennttiiaattiioonn pphhaassee  
((SSeeccrreettoorryy ssttaaggee ((FFoorrmmaattiivvee ssttaaggee(( 22  
:: MMaattuurraattiivvee ssttaaggee(( 33  
AA..TTrraannssiittiioonnaall pphhaassee  
BB.. MMaattuurraattiioonn pphhaassee  
PPrrootteeccttiivvee ssttaaggee(( 44  
DDeessmmoollyyttiicc ssttaaggee(( 55 
::PPrreesseeccrreettoorryy ssttaaggee(( 11 
AA.. MMoorrpphhooggeenniicc pphhaassee 
B. Differentiation pphhaassee 
Proximal junctiponal 
complex 
Mitochondria 
Golgi apparatus 
Centriol 
Distal junctional 
complex 
Basal lamina
SSeeccrreettoorryy ssttaaggee(( 22 
Mitochondria 
RER 
Tome‘s process
MMaattuurraattiivvee ssttaaggee(( 33 
AA..TTrraannssiittiioonnaall pphhaassee 
WWiitthhddrraawwaall ooff TToommee''ss 
,, pprroocceesssseess 
RReedduuccttiioonn iinn tthhee hheeiigghhtt 
ooff tthhee aammeelloobbllaassttss 
aanndd ddeeccrreeaassee iinn tthheeiirr 
vvoolluummee aanndd oorrggaanneellllee 
.. ccoonntteenntt
BB.. MMaattuurraattiioonn pphhaassee 
RUFFLED 
ENDED 
SMOOTH 
ENDED 
Leaky 
proximal 
junction 
Tight 
distal 
junction 
Tight 
proximal 
junction 
Leaky 
distal 
junction
Protective stage( 4 
Reduced dental 
epithelium
Amelogenesis 
: 
Matrix 
formation 
Maturation 
primary 
Tertiary 
secondary
Matrix formation 
Stippled material secretion-1
IInniittiiaall rrooddlleessss ((aapprriissmmaattiicc)) eennaammeell llaayyeerr--22 
STRATUM INTERMEDIUM 
AMELOBLASTS 
ENAMEL MATRIX 
MANTLE DENTIN 
Secretory ameloblast 
. 
NO CLEAR CUT BAND OF ORGANIC MATRIX
:Rod (prismatic) enamel layer-3
FFiinnaall rrooddlleessss ((aapprriissmmaattiicc)) - --44 
eennaammeell llaayyeerr 
TThhee aammeelloobbllaassttss  
bbeeccoommee sshhoorrtteerr aanndd 
TToommeess'' pprroocceesssseess aarree 
lloosstt 
End of secretory ameloblast
Dentin 
Rodless 
enamel 
Rodless 
enamel 
Rod 
(Prismatic 
) Enamel 
Ameloblast 
without 
Tomes 
process 
ameloblast 
without 
Tomes 
process 
Ameloblast 
with 
Tomes 
process 
Beginning 
secretory 
Secretory stage End of secretory 
stage
Direction ooff mmaattuurraattiioonn
Age cchhaannggeess ooff EEnnaammeell 
 AAttttrriittiioonn 
 DDeeccrreeaasseedd PPeerrmmeeaabbiilliittyy 
 IInnccrreeaasseedd HHaarrddnneessss ((iioonniicc eexxcchhaannggee)) 
 CCoolloorr cchhaannggeess
AAttttrriittiioonn 
Dentin
ASG 
PPEERRMMEEAABBIILLIITTYY -- 22 
Recently Main path 
Erupted teeth 
Old enamel
CCoolloorr cchhaannggeess
Enamel hypoplasia
2  enamel 2010

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