This document provides information about DNA replication in three parts. It begins by defining some key terms and having students match terms with their definitions. It then describes three experiments (labeled Experiment 1, 2, and 3) that studied DNA structure and replication using data from x-ray crystallography images produced by Rosalind Franklin. The document concludes by proposing a mechanism for protein synthesis based on the relationship between genes and proteins and relationships between mRNA, tRNA, and ribosomes.

1. .‫ٍؾشٗط‬ ٜ‫ّٖبئ‬ ٌٝ٘‫رق‬2ٚ‫األٗى‬ ‫اىذٗسح‬
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‫اىَؼبسف‬ ‫اعزشداد‬(05‫ّقط‬)
‫األٗه‬ ِٝ‫اىزَش‬:
A-‫اىزبىٞخ‬ ‫اىَصطيؾبد‬ ‫ػشف‬:(1ُ)
1)‫ٍضبػفخ‬ADN2)‫خي٘ٝخ‬ ‫دٗسح‬
B-‫اىصؾٞؼ‬ ‫ىالقزشاػ‬ ‫اىَقبثو‬ ْٜٞ‫اىالر‬ ‫اىؾشف‬ ‫صٗط‬ ‫مو‬ ‫داخو‬ ‫امزت‬ ٌ‫ص‬ ‫رؾشٝشك‬ ‫ٗسقخ‬ ٚ‫ػي‬ ‫اٟرٞخ‬ ‫األصٗاط‬ ‫اّقو‬:(2ُ)
(1،....)( -2،....)( -3،....)( -4،....)
2:‫عضٝئخ‬ARN‫اىشع٘ه‬
a)‫ىغضٝئخ‬ ٜ‫اىني‬ ٜ‫اى٘ساص‬ ‫اىخجش‬ ٚ‫ػي‬ ٛ٘‫رؾز‬ADN
b)‫عضٝئخ‬ ‫ّٞنيٞ٘رٞذاد‬ ‫ّفظ‬ ٍِ ُ٘‫رزن‬ADN
c)‫االٗساعٞو‬ ‫ث٘ع٘د‬ ‫رزَٞض‬
d)‫فقط‬ ‫اىْ٘اح‬ ٜ‫ف‬ ‫ر٘عذ‬
1:‫اىؾيٞو‬
a)‫أ‬‫مجش‬ٍِ ‫عضء‬ADN‫ٍؼْٞخ‬ ‫صفخ‬ ‫ٝقبثو‬
b)‫رغٞٞش‬‫ٗساصٞخ‬ ‫صفخ‬ ‫اّزقبه‬ ٜ‫ف‬ ٜ‫فغبئ‬ ٜ‫ٗساص‬
c)‫األٗساعٞو‬ ٍِ ُ٘‫ٝزن‬‫فقط‬
d)ِ‫ػ‬ ‫ثؼضٖب‬ ‫اىَ٘سصخ‬ ‫ّفظ‬ ‫ؽيٞالد‬ ‫رخزيف‬
‫اىْٞنيٞ٘رٞذٝخ‬ ‫ثَززبىٞزٖب‬ ‫ثؼض‬
4:ٕ٘ ‫اىَؾ٘ىخ‬ ‫اىؼيخ‬ ًٖ٘‫ٍف‬ ٚ‫اى‬ ‫ر٘صو‬ ٛ‫اىز‬ ٌ‫اىؼبى‬
a)ٌ‫اىؼبى‬AVERY
b)ٌ‫اىؼبى‬GRIFFITH
c)ٌ‫اىؼبى‬WATSON
d)ٌ‫اىؼبى‬MESELSON
3:ًٗ‫اىشٝج٘ص‬
a)‫ٝؾَو‬‫اىغنشٝبد‬‫اىَ٘قغ‬ ٜ‫ف‬A
b)‫ّغخ‬ ٜ‫ف‬ ٌٕ‫ٝغب‬ADNٚ‫إى‬ARN
c)ِٞ‫اىجشٗر‬ ‫رشمٞت‬ ٜ‫ف‬ ٌٕ‫ٝغب‬
d)‫صغٞشح‬ ‫ٗٗؽذح‬ ِٞ‫مجٞشر‬ ِٞ‫ٗؽذر‬ ٍِ ُ٘‫ٍن‬
C)ً‫االّقغب‬ ‫ٍشاؽو‬ ٍِ ِٞ‫ٍشؽيز‬ ٔ‫عبّج‬ ‫اى٘صٞقخ‬ ‫رَضو‬
‫اىَجبشش‬ ‫غٞش‬
1)ِٞ‫اىشني‬ ٍِ ‫شنو‬ ‫مو‬ ٜ‫ف‬ ‫اىََضيخ‬ ‫اىَشؽيخ‬ ‫ؽذد‬
(1)ٗ(2).‫ػيو‬‫إعبثزل‬(1ُ)
2)‫ٍْبعجخ‬ ‫ثأعَبء‬ ِٞ‫ٍشفق‬ ِٞٞ‫رخطٞط‬ َِٞ‫سع‬ ‫أّغض‬
‫خز‬ ، ِٞ‫اىَشؽيز‬ ِٞ‫ىٖبر‬(2n = 4)(1ُ)
ّٜ‫ٗاىجٞب‬ ٜ‫اىنزبث‬ ‫ٗاىز٘اصو‬ َٜ‫اىؼي‬ ‫االعزذاله‬(15‫ّقط‬)-
ّٜ‫اىضب‬ ِٝ‫اىزَش‬6
☚ٜ‫ٝي‬ ‫ٍب‬ ‫ّقزشػ‬ ‫اى٘ساصٞخ‬ ‫اىَبدح‬ ‫ٗثْٞخ‬ ‫رشمٞت‬ ‫ىذساعخ‬:
.
ٍِ‫اىض‬(h)012361012131618222328
‫مزيخ‬ADN(2-
10g)6.66.66.63.33.33.34.45.16.66.66.63.33.3
‫شنو‬1‫شنو‬2

2. .‫ٍؾشٗط‬ ٜ‫ّٖبئ‬ ٌٝ٘‫رق‬2ٚ‫األٗى‬ ‫اىذٗسح‬
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‫اى٘صٞقخ‬ ً‫رقذ‬ ‫مَب‬1‫اىجبؽضخ‬ ‫دساعخ‬ ‫ّزبئظ‬Rosalin Franklin‫اى٘ساصٞخ‬ ‫اىَبدح‬ ‫ؽ٘ه‬
1
1)‫اىغذٗه‬ ‫اعزغاله‬ ٍِ ‫اّطالقب‬1‫اى٘صٞقخ‬ ٗ1‫ثْٞخ‬ ‫اعزْزظ‬ ،ADN(3ُ)
☚
2
2)‫رغٞش‬ ‫فغش‬Tmِٞ‫اى٘صٞقز‬ ‫ٍؼطٞبد‬ ٍِ ‫اّطالقب‬2ٗ3(2ُ)
3)‫اىغذٗه‬ ٚ‫ػي‬ ‫ثبػزَبدك‬1‫اى٘صٞقخ‬ ٗ2‫اّصٖبس‬ ‫ؽشاسح‬ ‫ؽغت‬ ‫أ‬ ،(Tm)ADNُ‫اإلّغب‬(2ُ)
‫اىش‬ ِٝ‫اىزَش‬‫اىش‬8
‫أعو‬ ٍِ‫إثشاص‬ٜ‫اى٘ساص‬ ‫اىخجش‬ ‫رؼجٞش‬ ‫آىٞخ‬،‫ٍ٘سصخ‬ ‫ٗاىؼالقخ‬-ِٞ‫ثشٗر‬،ٗ‫اىؼالقخ‬ِٞ‫ثشٗر‬-‫ّقزشػ‬ ‫صفخ‬‫اىَؼطٞبد‬‫اٟرٞخ‬:
I-ٌ‫ر‬‫صسع‬‫ة‬ ‫ٗعط‬ ٜ‫ف‬ ‫خالٝب‬ِٓٝ‫األٗسٝذ‬ ‫ٍبدح‬(Uridine)‫ثشٞش‬ ٕ٘ٗ ،‫اىَشغ‬(Précurseur)ٛ‫األٗساعٞو‬ ‫رشمٞت‬ ٜ‫ف‬ ‫دخو‬
(U)ٛ‫اىشٝج٘ص‬ ْٛٗ٘‫اى‬ ‫اىؾَض‬ ‫ٍنّ٘بد‬ ٍِ ‫ٝؼزجش‬ ٛ‫اىز‬(ARN).‫ثؼذ‬ٜ‫ؽ٘اى‬15‫ػْٞخ‬ ‫غغو‬ ٌ‫ر‬ ‫دقٞقخ‬1‫اىخالٝب‬ ٓ‫ٕز‬ ٍِ
ٜ‫اىزار‬ ٜ‫اإلشؼبػ‬ ‫ىيزص٘ٝش‬ ‫ٗرؼشٝضٖب‬،‫اىَزجقٞخ‬ ‫اىخالٝب‬ ‫أٍب‬(‫اىؼْٞخ‬2)‫ف‬‫إ‬ ٌ‫ر‬ ‫قذ‬‫ػبد‬‫ح‬‫ٗعط‬ ٜ‫ف‬ ‫ّٗصف‬ ‫عبػخ‬ ‫ىَذح‬ ‫صسػٖب‬
‫صسع‬‫ٍشغ‬ ِٝ‫أٗسٝذ‬ ُٗ‫ثذ‬‫غغيٖب‬ ٌ‫ص‬ٜ‫ىيزص٘ٝشاإلشؼبػ‬ ‫ٗرؼشٝضٖب‬.‫اى٘صٞقخ‬ ‫شنال‬ ٜ‫ٝؼط‬1‫ىيخالٝب‬ ِٞٞ‫رخطٞط‬ ََِْٞ‫سع‬
‫َظخ‬‫ؽ‬‫اىَال‬.‫اإلشؼبع‬ ‫ٗع٘د‬ ُ‫ٍنب‬ ‫ع٘داء‬ ‫ثقؼخ‬ ‫مو‬ ‫رَضو‬.‫مَب‬‫اى٘صٞقخ‬ ً‫رقذ‬2‫رشمٞت‬ARNm.
‫اى٘صٞقخ‬2‫اى٘صٞقخ‬3
‫اى٘صٞقخ‬1

3. .‫ٍؾشٗط‬ ٜ‫ّٖبئ‬ ٌٝ٘‫رق‬2ٚ‫األٗى‬ ‫اىذٗسح‬
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1-ِٞ‫اىشني‬ ٜ‫ف‬ ‫اىَؾصيخ‬ ‫اىْزبئظ‬ ‫ِش‬‫غ‬‫ف‬(‫أ‬)ٗ(‫ة‬)‫اى٘صٞقخ‬ ٍِ1‫اى٘صٞقخ‬ ‫ٍؼطٞبد‬ ٚ‫ػي‬ ‫ِذا‬َ‫ٍؼز‬2( .2ُ)
II-‫إّغبص‬ ٌ‫ر‬‫ىـ‬ ‫ٍغٖشٝخ‬ ‫ٍالؽظخ‬ARNm‫اىجشٗرْٞبد‬ ‫رشمٞت‬ ‫أصْبء‬ ‫خيٞخ‬ ً‫عٞز٘ثالص‬ ٜ‫ف‬.‫اىشنو‬ ً‫ٝقذ‬-‫أ‬-‫اى٘صٞقخ‬ ٍِ
3‫اىَالؽظخ‬ ٓ‫ىٖز‬ ‫ُّ٘غشافٞخ‬‫ش‬‫إىٞنز‬ ‫ص٘سح‬.‫اىشنو‬ ‫َٗٝضو‬(‫ة‬)‫اىَشؽيخ‬ ٜ‫ف‬ ‫َيخ‬‫ض‬ََ‫اى‬ ‫األؽذاس‬ ‫رفبصٞو‬ ‫اى٘صٞقخ‬ ‫ّفظ‬ ٍِ-
2-‫اىشنو‬ ٍِ(‫أ‬).
‫ٍؼْٞخ‬ ‫ٍ٘سصخ‬
‫غالف‬ّٛٗ٘
ّٛٗ٘ ‫صقت‬
‫ّــــ٘اح‬
ً‫عٞز٘ثالص‬
ARNmٜ‫ف‬
‫اىزشمٞت‬ ‫ط٘س‬
ARN
m
ADN
ARN‫ث٘ىَٞٞشاص‬
C C A C A U U U U C G C
G G T G T A A A A G C
G
A
G
C
G
U
A
ُ‫ــــــ‬‫ـ٘اح‬
ً‫عٞز٘ثالص‬
‫اىشنو‬(‫أ‬):‫اىؼْٞخ‬ ٍِ ‫خيٞخ‬1
‫غشبء‬ً‫عٞز٘ثالص‬ٛ
‫إشؼـبع‬
‫اىشنو‬(‫ة‬):‫اىؼْٞخ‬ ٍِ ‫خيٞخ‬2
ُ‫ــــــــ‬‫ـ٘اح‬
ً‫عٞز٘ثالص‬
‫غشبء‬ً‫عٞز٘ثالص‬ٛ
ّ‫ذ‬‫اى‬ ‫مبٍو‬ ِٞ‫ثشٗر‬‫ـ‬ّ‫ل‬َ‫ش‬‫ـ‬‫ه‬
‫اىَشؽيخ‬-1
-
‫اىَشؽيخ‬-3
-
‫اه‬‫شنو‬(‫أ‬)
‫اىَشؽيخ‬-2-
‫اه‬‫شنو‬(‫ة‬)
Val
HisPro
Met
G U A
C C A C A U
G G U
A U G U A A
‫سٝج٘صٍٗٞخ‬ ‫ٗؽذح‬
ٙ‫صغش‬
‫سٝج٘صٍٗٞخ‬ ‫ٗؽذح‬‫مت‬ٙ‫س‬
‫ثٞـجـزٞـذٝخ‬ ‫ساثطخ‬
ARNm
ARNt
A A A
Phe
U U U C G C
‫الموقع‬P ‫الموقع‬A
‫اىقشاءح‬ ٚ‫ٍْؾ‬
‫الوحدة‬ ‫مضاد‬
‫الرمسية‬
3’5’
‫اى٘صٞقخ‬3
‫اى٘صٞقخ‬1‫اى٘صٞقخ‬2

4. .‫ٍؾشٗط‬ ٜ‫ّٖبئ‬ ٌٝ٘‫رق‬2ٚ‫األٗى‬ ‫اىذٗسح‬
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2-‫اىشنو‬ ٜ‫ف‬ ‫اىََضيخ‬ ‫اىَشاؽو‬ ‫َف‬‫ش‬‫رؼــ‬(‫أ‬)‫اى٘صٞقخ‬ ٍِ3ٍْٜٞ‫األ‬ ‫اىؾَض‬ ‫إدٍبط‬ ٌ‫عٞز‬ ‫مٞف‬ ِ‫ِـ‬ٞ‫ٗث‬ ،Phe‫اىغيغيخ‬ ٜ‫ف‬
‫اىشنو‬ ‫ٍؼطٞبد‬ ٚ‫ػي‬ ‫ٍؼزَذا‬ ‫اىجٞـجـزٞـذٝخ‬(‫ة‬)‫اى٘صٞقخ‬ ‫ّفظ‬ ٍِ.(3ُ)
-ِٞ‫ٍؼ‬ ٜ‫خبسع‬ ‫ٍظٖش‬ ِ‫ػ‬ ‫ٍٗغؤٗال‬ ،ٜ‫اى٘ساص‬ ‫اىخجش‬ ‫ىزؼجٞش‬ ‫ّزبعب‬ ِٞ‫اىجشٗر‬ ‫ٝؼزجش‬.‫اىَظٖش‬ ٚ‫ػي‬ ‫اىطفشح‬ ‫إثشاص‬ ‫قصذ‬
ٜ‫اىخبسع‬،‫اٟرٞخ‬ ‫اىَؼطٞبد‬ ‫ّقزشػ‬:
☚‫األٗه‬ ٚ‫اىَؼط‬:‫اه‬ ‫ّجبد‬ ‫ػْذ‬ ‫اىغنشٝبد‬ ‫ٍذخشاد‬ ‫ر٘عذ‬‫ـ‬‫اىغالىخ‬ ‫ػْذ‬ ‫ّشب‬ ‫شنو‬ ٚ‫ػي‬ ‫ًسح‬ُ‫ر‬A،‫دٝنغزشْٝبد‬ ‫شنو‬ ٚ‫ٗػي‬
(Dextrines)‫اىغالىخ‬ ‫ػْذ‬B.‫اىزفبػالد‬ ‫ؽغت‬ ‫اىنيٞن٘ص‬ ٍِ ‫اّطالقب‬ ِٞ‫اىغالىز‬ ‫ػْذ‬ ‫اىغنشٝخ‬ ‫اىَذخشاد‬ ٓ‫ٕز‬ ‫رزشنو‬
‫اىجٞ٘مَٞٞبئٞخ‬ٌ‫اى‬‫ٍضو‬‫اى٘صٞقخ‬ ٜ‫ف‬ ‫ح‬4.
☚ّٜ‫اىضب‬ ٚ‫اىَؼط‬:ٌٝ‫األّض‬ ‫رشمٞت‬ ٜ‫ف‬ ٌ‫رزؾن‬E3ِٞ‫ؽيٞي‬ ‫شنو‬ ٜ‫ف‬ ‫ر٘عذ‬ ‫ٍ٘سصخ‬:‫اىؾيٞو‬Aٛ‫ر‬ ‫اىزسح‬ ‫ّجبد‬ ‫ػْذ‬ ‫اىَ٘ع٘د‬
‫ٗاىؾيٞو‬ ‫ثبىْشب‬ ‫اىغْٞخ‬ ‫اىجزٗس‬B‫ثبىذٝنغزشْٝبد‬ ‫اىغْٞخ‬ ‫اىجزٗس‬ ٛ‫ر‬ ‫اىزسح‬ ‫ّجبد‬ ‫ػْذ‬ ‫اىَ٘ع٘د‬.‫اى٘صٞقخ‬ ٜ‫رؼط‬5ٍِ ‫عضءا‬
‫اىؾيٞو‬ ‫ػْذ‬ ‫اىْٞنيٞ٘رٞذاد‬ ‫ٍززبىٞخ‬A‫ٗاىؾيٞو‬B.
‫اى٘صٞقخ‬ ‫رَضو‬6ٜ‫اى٘ساص‬ ‫اىشٍض‬ ‫عذٗه‬ ٍِ ‫ٍقزطفب‬.
3-‫اى٘س‬ ٚ‫ػي‬ ‫اػزَبدا‬‫ائق‬4‫؛‬ٗ5‫؛‬ٗ6،‫ٍ٘سصخ‬ ‫اىؼالقخ‬ ْ‫ص‬ِ‫ش‬‫أثـ‬-ِٞ‫ثشٗر‬-‫اىزسح‬ َْٜ‫ز‬‫عالى‬ ‫ػْذ‬ ‫صفخ‬AٗB.(3ُ)
‫ميٞل‬‫ــ‬‫ٗص‬
E1 ٌٝ‫أّض‬ E3 ٌٝ‫أّض‬E2 ٌٝ‫أّض‬
+ + +
+:‫رؾفٞض‬
‫د‬ٛ‫مغزشْٝبد‬ً‫ــ‬‫اىز٘ص‬ ‫ّش‬‫ــ‬‫ا‬
‫اى٘صٞقخ‬4
‫غليسين‬
Gly
‫ليسين‬
Lys
ُٗ‫ثذ‬
ْٚ‫ٍؼ‬
‫ألنيـن‬
Ala
‫ايسولـوسين‬
Ile
‫تيروزين‬
Tyr
‫هيستدين‬
His
‫أرجنين‬
Arg
‫سيرين‬
Ser
‫برولين‬
Pro
‫اىؾَض‬
ٍْٜٞ‫األ‬
GGG AAG UAG GCC AUA UAC CAU CGU
AGA
AGC CCU
CCA
‫اى٘ؽذح‬
‫اىشٍضٝخ‬
‫اى٘صٞقخ‬6
ٍِ ‫عضء‬‫اىَغزْغخ‬ ‫اىخٞٞط‬‫ه‬‫ىؾيٞو‬AGGA-TTC-GCA-TAT-CGG-ATG-GGT-TCT-TCG
ٍِ ‫عضء‬‫اىَغزْغخ‬ ‫اىخٞٞط‬‫ه‬‫ىؾيٞو‬BGGA-TTC-GCA-TAT-CGG-ATC-GGG-TTC-TTC
‫اىقشاءح‬ ٚ‫ٍْؾـ‬
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
‫اىضـالصــٞخ‬ ٌ‫سقـ‬
‫اىضـالصــٞخ‬ ٌ‫سقـ‬
‫اى٘صٞقخ‬5