7, effects of gorbachev poland
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The document summarizes the key factors that led to the fall of communism in Poland, including Poland's strong national identity and Catholic traditions, the election of Pope John Paul II, economic struggles that caused widespread strikes in the 1980s, the imposition of martial law in 1981, and Mikhail Gorbachev's policies of glasnost and perestroika in the Soviet Union in the late 1980s that weakened Soviet control over Eastern Europe and allowed free elections to take place in Poland in 1989, leading to the collapse of communist rule there.
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The cold war 3
The Cold War ended in the late 20th century as reform in the Soviet Union under Gorbachev and the collapse of Communist regimes in Eastern Europe weakened the Eastern Bloc. Gorbachev's policies of perestroika and glasnost failed to solve economic problems and led to increased dissent. Popular protests emerged demanding democratic change. The USSR dissolved in 1991 and split into independent states, bringing an end to the Cold War. However, Communist rule remained in China and a few other nations, although they adopted some capitalist economic reforms.
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The USSR was a socialist state that existed from 1922 to 1991, made up of 15 Soviet republics. It was established after the Russian Empire was overthrown in 1917. During World War II, the USSR helped the Allies with soldiers, artillery, and airplanes against Germany and its allies. After WWII, the USSR and US entered the Cold War period of global political and economic tension. In the late 1980s, the USSR experienced an economic crisis and the republics began declaring independence. In 1991, Russia, Ukraine, and Belarus signed an agreement dissolving the Soviet Union, officially ending its existence.
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The document provides a history of the Soviet Union from its origins after the Russian Revolution through its dissolution in 1991. It describes the establishment of communist rule under Lenin and the Bolsheviks, the early civil war period, Lenin's New Economic Policy and Stalin's rise to power. It then discusses Stalin's industrialization policies, purges, rule as a dictator, and leadership during World War II. Later sections cover Khrushchev's reforms, the rule of subsequent leaders, and Gorbachev's perestroika and glasnost reforms which ultimately led to the dissolution of the Soviet Union under Yeltsin and the establishment of the Russian Federation under Putin.
Ussr.ppt
The USSR was a socialist state that existed from 1922 to 1991, comprising 15 Soviet republics. It was established following the Russian Revolution and adopted a centrally planned economy and one-party rule under the Communist Party. In the late 1980s, Mikhail Gorbachev introduced policies of glasnost (openness) and perestroika (restructuring) that contributed to nationalist movements in the republics seeking independence. This led to the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991, with Russia and 14 other republics becoming independent states.
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The Cold War ended in the late 20th century as reform in the Soviet Union under Gorbachev and the collapse of Communist regimes in Eastern Europe weakened the Eastern Bloc. Gorbachev's policies of perestroika and glasnost failed to solve economic problems and led to increased dissent. Popular protests emerged demanding democratic change. The USSR dissolved in 1991 and split into independent states, bringing an end to the Cold War. However, Communist rule remained in China and a few other nations, although they adopted some capitalist economic reforms.
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The New Economic Policy (NEP) was introduced in 1921 by Lenin to transition away from war communism by allowing small businesses and private farming. Major industries remained under government control. The NEP improved the economy and benefited wealthy farmers. After Lenin's death in 1924, a power struggle emerged between Stalin and Trotsky for control of the Soviet Union. Stalin used his position as General Secretary to gain power by putting his supporters in key positions. He exiled Trotsky in 1929 and had him murdered. Stalin established a totalitarian state through policies like collectivization of agriculture and five-year plans, which rapidly industrialized the Soviet Union but had negative social impacts.
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Central planning agencies in the Soviet Union found it increasingly difficult to assert authority as political changes weakened the economics of perestroika. Major economic disturbances like miners' strikes spread across the country in the late 1980s and early 1990s. By 1990, it was clear there was a major economic crisis and reforms were needed to the Soviet system to prevent disaster. A team led by Stanislav Shatalin proposed economic reforms, but Gorbachev rejected the Shatalin Plan and instead implemented a compromise package in October 1990 that satisfied few people.
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1. Imre Nagy replaced Matyas Rakosi as Prime Minister in Hungary.
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Disintegration of yugoslavia
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The document provides background information on the Russian Revolution. It describes the authoritarian rule of the Russian monarchy up until 1917, with the Czars having unlimited power. World War I was unpopular in Russia and led to unrest and protests against the monarchy. In March 1917, the Czar abdicated his throne under pressure and a provisional government took over, but it too proved unpopular. In October 1917, the Bolsheviks, led by Vladimir Lenin, seized power in the October Revolution promising peace, land, and bread. Lenin established a communist totalitarian state in Russia and his successor, Joseph Stalin, took control in 1924 and created an even more repressive totalitarian regime.
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The document summarizes several reasons for the collapse of the Soviet Union in 3 stages:
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2) Attempts at economic reform failed to address political issues and nationalist conflicts increased.
3) As nationalist republics gained sovereignty, political changes could not save the USSR and it ultimately collapsed.
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The document provides an overview of major events and policies in Russia from 1917 to 1924, including the Bolshevik seizure of power, the Russian Civil War, Lenin's leadership and establishment of communist rule, and his death in 1924. Some key points include the Bolsheviks banning private land ownership in 1917, signing a peace treaty to exit WWI in 1918, introducing war communism from 1918-1921, and enacting the New Economic Policy from 1921-1924 to help the struggling economy after civil war and famine. The document also outlines Lenin's accomplishments in power and arguments for both his success and failure in implementing Marxist ideology and establishing a socialist government in Russia.
LENIN PART 2: New Economic Policy
The New Economic Policy (NEP) was introduced by Lenin in 1921 as a temporary retreat from extreme socialist policies to help stabilize Russia's struggling economy in the aftermath of World War I and the Russian Civil War. The NEP allowed for some private enterprise and free trade of agricultural goods to encourage economic growth while the Communist party consolidated power. While it helped recovery by reintroducing economic incentives, the NEP was criticized by some socialists for permitting capitalist practices and failing to rapidly industrialize the Soviet Union. Overall, the NEP was a pragmatic solution that addressed immediate economic needs but was not meant as a long-term departure from Communist principles.
Perestroika 1989 1991
The economic situation in the Soviet Union was deteriorating due to political reforms weakening central planning agencies' authority. Major strikes by miners and railway workers occurred in the late 1980s and early 1990s due to low pay. By summer 1990, it was clear there was a major economic crisis and reforms were needed to the economic system to prevent disaster. An economic reform team led by Stanislav Shatalin proposed rapid market reforms (the Shatalin Plan), but Gorbachev rejected it due to concerns it went too far. The compromise package implemented in October 1990 satisfied few and the planned economy continued to break down.
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The document discusses the rise of nationalism within the Soviet Republics and its role in the ultimate dissolution of the USSR. It examines how Gorbachev's reforms of glasnost and perestroika weakened central control from Moscow and emboldened minority groups to voice discontent. While Gorbachev's focus was initially on domestic political and economic issues, nationalism emerged as a serious threat to Soviet unity. The document also analyzes Brezhnev's policies toward the Republics and how they contributed to nationalist tensions.
LENIN PART 2: War Communism
War Communism was an economic policy implemented in Soviet Russia from 1918 to 1921 during the Russian Civil War. It involved the nationalization of industry, requisitioning of agricultural surplus, and a state monopoly on distribution. This aimed to supply the Red Army and bolster socialism. However, it severely damaged the economy through hyperinflation, widespread famine, and unrest. Peasants withheld food and workers fled cities. The Kronstadt rebellion prompted the New Economic Policy, signaling War Communism's failure to bring stability and feed the population.
HY Ch 1 (Summary)
World War I involved many major countries divided between the Allied Powers including Britain, France, Russia, and later Italy and the United States, and the Central Powers including Germany, Austria-Hungary and the Ottoman Empire. The war was caused by competition for colonies, military buildups, and a tangled system of alliances that drew more countries into the war. The war had massive political, economic, and social impacts including the breakup of old empires, the creation of new nations and borders that caused ethnic tensions, destroyed infrastructure and farmland disrupting trade, massive debts and unemployment, and changes to social hierarchies and the emergence of new ideologies.
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Nicholas II was an autocratic ruler who opposed political reform and upset nationalist groups with his policy of Russification. Russia's defeat in the 1904-1905 war with Japan damaged the tsar's prestige and highlighted weaknesses in the military. The 1905 Revolution was sparked by Bloody Sunday when peaceful protesters were violently dispersed, and was fueled by poor economic conditions, unemployment, and autocratic rule. Nicholas II was forced to concede to creating an elected Duma and allowing free speech with the October Manifesto, though he did not fully enforce reforms and the causes of unrest remained.
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War Communism was the initial economic system implemented in Russia after the 1917 revolution to combat problems caused by civil war. It involved strict state control over production, labor, and distribution of resources. However, War Communism was a disaster that devastated the Russian economy and population. In 1921, Lenin replaced it with the New Economic Policy (NEP) which took a more capitalist approach and allowed private enterprise and market forces to spur economic growth, while maintaining state control over key industries. However, the NEP did not fully solve Russia's economic problems following the devastation of World War I and the civil war.
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The disintegration of yugoslavia and the ensuing civil war in the balkans
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Gennady Perviy: The reasons for the collapse of the soviet union
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Similar to 7, effects of gorbachev poland
Timeline history of poland
At the Yalta Conference in 1945, Poland was placed under Soviet control, though free elections were promised but never held. Protests in 1956 led to greater autonomy under Władysław Gomułka, though his rule also became oppressive. Large protests in 1970 and imposition of martial law in 1981 were attempts by the communist government to crush political opposition like the labor union Solidarity. This led to Round Table Talks in 1989 and democratic elections, ending communist rule in Poland.
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The document summarizes political and economic developments in the Soviet Union and Eastern Bloc countries between 1964-1981. Key events include:
- Khrushchev was ousted in 1964 and replaced by Brezhnev and Kosygin in the USSR. They faced economic and social problems domestically.
- Czechoslovakia experienced liberal reforms under Dubcek during the Prague Spring of 1968, but this was crushed by a Soviet invasion.
- In Poland in 1980, labor strikes erupted and the independent labor union Solidarity was formed led by Lech Wałęsa, though it was later suppressed by the government.
Russian Revolution 1905
Nicholas II's weak leadership and failure to enact meaningful reforms led to growing unrest in Russia. Economic issues like increased taxes hurt peasants while workers faced poor conditions. Socially, ethnic groups faced oppression and workers had no rights. The Bloody Sunday massacre in 1905 further radicalized opposition. Nicholas issued the October Manifesto granting civil liberties and limited parliament, but it did little to resolve issues and revolution continued to simmer until the outbreak of World War I.
FAMOUS PEOPLE WHO CONTRIBUTED TO THE FALL OF COMMUNISM IN POLAND
John Paul II, Anna Walentynowicz, Jacek Kuroń, Lech Wałęsa, and Henryka Krzywonos-Strycharska all contributed to the fall of communism in Poland. John Paul II gave support to the Polish people and inspired them to believe they could change the political system. Anna Walentynowicz's firing ignited strikes at the Lenin Shipyard in Gdansk that grew into the Solidarity movement. Jacek Kuroń helped theorize the democratic opposition movement. Lech Wałęsa led the strikes in Gdansk and became the leader of the Solidarity trade union. Henryka Krzywonos-Stry
Soviet Economy before and after Gorbachev
the very first Presentation done in IIT by me along with Vibhu Tewary and Vishnu M.J.
The source is wiki and wiki only :)
Polish+and+hungarian+revolutions
This document summarizes the political events in Poland and Hungary in the 1980s that led to the revolutions against communist rule. In Poland, the Solidarity trade union movement was formed in 1980 but banned by General Jaruzelski in 1981 when he declared martial law. Political reforms in the late 1980s failed to satisfy Solidarity and led to negotiations that established the first non-communist government in Poland in 1989. In Hungary, political reforms started earlier and prevented tensions from rising as high as in Poland, culminating in a bloodless revolution and transition to a non-communist government by 1990.
Lecture3 communism to_postcommunism
The document summarizes major mass uprisings against communist systems in Eastern Europe between 1945-1988. It provides a table with information about uprisings in Hungary, Czechoslovakia, Poland, and Romania including where they took place, when, what sparked them, and the outcomes which generally involved intervention by Soviet troops and rollbacks of reforms. It then lists themes common to the uprisings such as workers' desire for independent trade unions and resistance to liberalization proposals. The document continues with a timeline of events leading to the fall of communism in Eastern Europe in 1989. Finally, it discusses theories for the social change in 1989 including that Reagan won the Cold War and Gorbachev's liberalization policies led to failures of socialist
Decline Of Communism In Eastern Europe And The
The document summarizes the decline of communism in Eastern Europe and the Soviet Union in the late 1980s and early 1990s. It describes Mikhail Gorbachev's reforms of perestroika and glasnost in the Soviet Union in the 1980s. It also discusses the rise of the Solidarity movement in Poland led by Lech Wałęsa and the non-violent revolutions that swept across Eastern Europe in 1989, ultimately leading to the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991.
30.5 the end of the cold war
The Cold War between the US and Soviet Union ended in the early 1990s. The Soviet Union's economy was inefficient and unable to compete with Western economies, contributing to its decline. Mikhail Gorbachev's reforms of glasnost and perestroika further weakened Soviet control. Eastern European nations took advantage of this to gain independence. The Soviet Union ultimately collapsed, and the US emerged as the sole superpower with the end of the Cold War.
Education, youth and labor market in the era of globalization. Baltic States.
The document provides an overview of the history, politics, economics, and education of the Baltic states - Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania. It discusses that the Baltic states gained independence after WWI but were occupied by the Soviet Union from 1939-1990. Since re-gaining independence, the Baltic states have transitioned to market economies and parliamentary democracies. They experienced economic growth in the early 2000s but went into recession in 2008-2009 during the global financial crisis.
Difference in MAKING of democracy between POLAND and CHILE by- YASHU
THE PRESENTATION IS ABOUT THE Difference in MAKING of democracy between POLAND and CHILE. THAT HOW THESE 2 COUNTRIES ESTABLISHED DEMOCRACY. AND STRUGGLE AND CONTRIBUTION OF THE PEOPLE IN IT.
End Of The Cold War[1]
The document summarizes major global events from the late 1970s to the early 1990s, including the end of the Cold War and dissolution of the Soviet Union. It discusses Gorbachev's reforms of glasnost and perestroika in the Soviet Union, growing economic troubles, and the rise of pro-democracy and independence movements across Eastern Europe. It also notes the international trend toward democracy during this period and emergence of ethnic conflicts following the loss of totalitarian control in some nations.
20th Century History : Core content : How secure was the USSR’s control over ...
The document discusses Soviet control over Eastern Europe from 1948 to 1989. It provides background information on how countries like Hungary, Poland, Czechoslovakia lost democratic rights and freedoms after World War 2 and came under strict Soviet control. It then discusses some key events that challenged this control, like the Hungarian uprising in 1956 and Prague Spring reforms in Czechoslovakia in 1968. The Soviet Union used military force to assert its dominance each time. The rise of the Solidarity trade union movement in Poland in the 1980s further declined Soviet influence in the region.
20th century history core content: How secure was the USSR’s control over Eas...
The document discusses Soviet control over Eastern Europe from 1948 to 1989. It provides background on how countries like Hungary and Czechoslovakia lost democratic rights and freedoms after World War 2 and came under strict Soviet control. It then discusses some key events that showed opposition to Soviet dominance, such as the 1956 Hungarian Uprising and the 1968 Prague Spring, and how the Soviet Union reacted with military force to maintain control each time. The building of the Berlin Wall in 1961 was also explained as an attempt to stop the flow of people from East to West Germany. Finally, the rise of the Solidarity trade union movement in communist Poland in the 1980s increased dissent and had significance for the eventual decline of Soviet influence in Eastern Europe.
Solidarity in Poland 2017
Solidarity was a Polish trade union established in 1980 in Gdansk that opposed Communist rule. It demanded free trade unions and the right to strike. In 1980, the Polish government agreed to Solidarity's demands due to its popularity among important industries. However, in 1981 the government declared martial law and suppressed Solidarity when it became a political movement undermining Communist rule. Solidarity's influence grew the Polish economy declined in the late 1980s, leading the government to negotiate with Solidarity in 1988. This led to democratic elections in 1989 and the fall of Communist rule in Poland.
Collapse of the USSR
An History 12 lesson discussing the collapse of the communist regimes in USSR, DDR, Poland and Czechoslovakia
Lesson 2.pptx
This is a complex issue with reasonable arguments on both sides. Ultimately, there is no clear right or wrong answer as reasonable people can disagree on how to balance competing priorities.
Economic planning in poland
This document provides an overview of the economic development and institutional changes in Poland from 1944 to 2019. It discusses the evolution from a centrally planned communist economy to a market-based system after 1989. Key events and policies introduced by different governments that shaped the economy are analyzed, including the "shock therapy" reforms in 1990, EU accession in 2004, and the current state-led capitalist model under the Law and Justice government. The performance and effects of the various economic approaches are also considered, though economists have differing views on some issues. The document is divided into three chapters covering the pre-1989 period, transition era, and most recent 15 years.
Soviet union & Communism
The Bolsheviks led by Lenin overthrew the provisional Russian government in 1917 and established the Soviet Union, the world's first communist state. After Lenin's death in 1924, Joseph Stalin became dictator and instituted harsh authoritarian rule. During World War II, the Soviet Union fought against Nazi Germany and its allies before emerging as a global superpower after the war. In the postwar period, the Soviet Union exerted control over Eastern Europe and competed for global influence with the Western capitalist countries during the Cold War. In the 1980s, Mikhail Gorbachev introduced reforms like glasnost and perestroika in an attempt to restructure and liberalize the Soviet system, which ultimately led to the dissolution of the Soviet Union in
Ch 19.5
1. After the Bolshevik revolution, the Soviet Union was led by a series of dictators including Lenin and Stalin who established totalitarian rule.
2. The early Soviet economy collapsed under war communism, leading to famine, so Lenin implemented the New Economic Policy which allowed some private enterprise and increased agricultural output.
3. Stalin emerged as the Soviet leader after Lenin's death and instituted five-year plans and brutal purges to rapidly industrialize the Soviet Union through centralized control, though living standards declined and millions died from famine or executions.
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FAMOUS PEOPLE WHO CONTRIBUTED TO THE FALL OF COMMUNISM IN POLAND
FAMOUS PEOPLE WHO CONTRIBUTED TO THE FALL OF COMMUNISM IN POLAND
Education, youth and labor market in the era of globalization. Baltic States.
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Difference in MAKING of democracy between POLAND and CHILE by- YASHU
Difference in MAKING of democracy between POLAND and CHILE by- YASHU
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20th century history core content: How secure was the USSR’s control over Eas...
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Greenhouse
Climates have changed constantly throughout history due to various natural factors such as variations in solar energy, astronomical relationships between the Earth and sun, ocean circulation changes, volcanic eruptions, and shifts in atmospheric composition. Scientists have found extensive evidence of past climate shifts in geological rock and fossil records, tree ring data, historical documents showing elephants in the Sahara and grape vines growing in northern England, and indicators like glacial advances and retreats. While climate is naturally variable, the current changes are accelerated by human emissions altering the carbon cycle.
3, results of the gulf war
The Gulf War resulted in a successful military operation that removed Iraqi forces from Kuwait and restored the Al-Sabah family to power. However, it did little to bring stability to the Middle East. While allied casualties were low, Iraqi casualties were estimated to be between 20,000-200,000 deaths. Iraq's infrastructure and environment suffered extensive damage. The war strengthened US influence in the region but also increased anti-American sentiment in some Muslim communities. It failed to remove Saddam Hussein from power in Iraq.
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The document discusses the rule of Leonid Brezhnev as leader of the Soviet Union from 1964 to 1982. Some key characteristics of Brezhnev's rule included consolidating power through cult of personality tactics while presenting a more cautious leadership style than his predecessor, Nikita Khrushchev. The Soviet economy stagnated under Brezhnev's policies of maintaining a command economy and central control over industries and agriculture, which led to inefficiencies. Production of consumer goods increased but could not keep up with demand.
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Gorbachev rose to power in 1985 as General Secretary with aims to reform the stagnating Soviet system through policies of perestroika (reconstruction), glasnost (openness), and uskorenie (acceleration). His first major challenge was responding to the Chernobyl nuclear disaster in April 1986, which occurred just one year after he took power and represented the failing Soviet infrastructure he sought to address.
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The document discusses key concepts related to human migration such as voluntary and involuntary migration, asylum seekers, economic migrants, and internally displaced persons. It asks the reader to watch videos about migration from Somalia and complete a task sheet, and for homework tasks the reader with producing a one page guide to the Somali conflict sourcing pictures from several websites.
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Acid Rain
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Urban Dynamics
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7, effects of gorbachev poland
- 1. Effects of Gorbachev: Poland EXAMINE THE FACTORS LEADING TO THE FALL OF COMMUNISM IN POLAND
- 2. Background Stalin, ’Imposing communism on Poland is like putting a saddle on a cow‘ Strong sense of national history Catholic Church 1978 election of Karol Wojtila (Pope John-Paul II) Poland heavily indebted
- 3. Loans from the West 1970s oil rich countries of Middle East benefitted Too much money and deposit in Western banks Eastern European economies doing very badly and fear that economic reform would lead to political reform Western banks agree to lend money as they think the loans are guaranteed by the Soviet Union
- 4. 1970s food prices rise – Polish agriculture not collectivized and mainly small holdings Gvt have little control on food supply December 1970 Black Thursday 1976 food prices rise by 60% leading to strikes Summer 1980 food price rises lead to workers occupy the Lenin Shipyard Gdansk Strike spreads and gvt agrees to wage increases, a trade union, reduced censorship & broadcasts of Catholic Church Services September Lech Walesa forms Solidarity By January 1981 8 million members
- 5. Martial Law Differences between Solidarity and Party came to a head as economic problems worsened in 1981 Gvt agreed to economic reforms but Solidarity wanted these tied to political reforms Leadership of the party changed several times until in October 1981 General Jaruzelski appointed Formed the Military Committee for National Salvation, declared martial law, banned Solidarity and arrested its leaders Justification?
- 6. Martial Law to Multi-Party State 1983 Stable. Walesa released and awarded Nobel Prize for Peace. Pope made an official visit 1984 kidnap and murder of Father Jerzy Popieluszko 350,000 mourners turn out at his funeral 1988 food prices go up by 48% - widespread strikes November Thatcher visits and says that economic aid will be given if Solidarity legalised April 1989 General Jaruzelski held talks with Solidarity Free elections to Polish Senate Free elections for 35% of Polish Parliament (Sejm) Office of president established with power over army and foreign policy
- 7. Central Committee of CP agreed to legalize Solidarity, negotiate economic reforms and draw up new constitution Glasnost and Katyn Forest Massacre 1940 1989 Gorbachev’s Sinatra Doctrine
- 8. Free Elections and Collapse of Communism June 1989 Solidarity took 160/161 Sejm and 99/100 Senate Deal made already by Jaruzelski PM/Pres Tadeusz Mazowiecki forms cabinet