1.What are STR advantages over RFLP and PMDQa? 2.list 3 examples of direct transfer of DNA 3.describe a commonly used method for optimally collecting cellular material from an evidence item 4.Describe the best way to package and store a dried bloodstain. 5.Define presumptive testing and confirmatory testing and give an example of each Solution Ques-1.What are STR advantages over RFLP and PMDQa? Answer: Molecular diagnostics and Forensics: Single nucleotide polymorphism (SNPs): Forensic DNA fingerprinting is predominantly rely on the short tandem repeats (STRs) of DNA strand analysis of considerably 2 or more nucleotides for instance STRs (CA)n or (ACGT)n. In this “n” denoted as STRs of a finite numbers. These sequences of nucleic acids are unequal and different between individuals. STR analysis is easier and takes less time for genetic analysis to identify culprit than Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphisms (RFLPs) in which takes months to analyze DNA using Restriction enzymes. RFLPs and PMDQa are costlier and not accurate measurements and takes longer to finish where collected biological samples may degrader. Short tandem repeats (STRs): Normally nucleic acids of any 2 humans often shows disparity by 1 in 1000 nitrogen bases and usually the remaining 99.9% possess the similar bases. A similarity further enables the sequencing of the “reference” individual genome pertinent to every one of us. Some of our nucleic acid regions possess higher disparity compared to other individuals. Thereby STRs are the meticulous nucleic acid variations observed between individuals when observed with molecular diagnostics or forensics. Que-2.list 3 examples of direct transfer of DNA Answer: 1. Electrophoration of DNA into the cells The direct transfer of DNA in the Agrobacterium-to-plant cell DNA transfer 2. DNA Microinjection: Direct injection of DNA into the living host cell suing glass pipettes (hollow needles) 2. Viral-mediated direct DNA transfer: The basic mechanism of this technique is transduction of re-engineered genes (DNA) through viral vectors to the host DNA. Retroviral (RNA), adenoviral (DNA), adeno-associated viral (DNA) vectors are being used in haemophilia treatment. 3. Non-viral mediated gene transfer: In this method, \"transfection of genetic material\" i.e., direct transfer of naked DNA packed in non-viral vectors into the host genome is practiced. The vectors contain therapeutic gene and other genes that are essential for encoding proteins involved in gene integration into the target cell genome. The target cells are expected to take the genome and synthesize the deficient clotting factors. Two types of transfecting the genes into the animal cells including chemical methods and non- chemical methods. Chemical based method is the cheapest one “transfection” can be done by using liposome or nanoparticle delivery, or using cyclodextrin polymers..

1. 1.What are STR advantages over RFLP and PMDQa? 2.list 3 examples of direct transfer of DNA
3.describe a commonly used method for optimally collecting cellular material from an evidence
item 4.Describe the best way to package and store a dried bloodstain. 5.Define presumptive
testing and confirmatory testing and give an example of each
Solution
Ques-1.What are STR advantages over RFLP and PMDQa?
Answer:
Molecular diagnostics and Forensics:
Single nucleotide polymorphism (SNPs): Forensic DNA fingerprinting is predominantly rely on
the short tandem repeats (STRs) of DNA strand analysis of considerably 2 or more nucleotides
for instance STRs (CA)n or (ACGT)n. In this “n” denoted as STRs of a finite numbers. These
sequences of nucleic acids are unequal and different between individuals. STR analysis is easier
and takes less time for genetic analysis to identify culprit than Restriction Fragment Length
Polymorphisms (RFLPs) in which takes months to analyze DNA using Restriction enzymes.
RFLPs and PMDQa are costlier and not accurate measurements and takes longer to finish where
collected biological samples may degrader. Short tandem repeats (STRs): Normally nucleic acids
of any 2 humans often shows disparity by 1 in 1000 nitrogen bases and usually the remaining
99.9% possess the similar bases. A similarity further enables the sequencing of the “reference”
individual genome pertinent to every one of us. Some of our nucleic acid regions possess higher
disparity compared to other individuals. Thereby STRs are the meticulous nucleic acid variations
observed between individuals when observed with molecular diagnostics or forensics.
Que-2.list 3 examples of direct transfer of DNA
Answer:
1. Electrophoration of DNA into the cells
The direct transfer of DNA in the Agrobacterium-to-plant cell DNA transfer
2. DNA Microinjection:
Direct injection of DNA into the living host cell suing glass pipettes (hollow needles)
2. Viral-mediated direct DNA transfer:
The basic mechanism of this technique is transduction of re-engineered genes (DNA) through
viral vectors to the host DNA. Retroviral (RNA), adenoviral (DNA), adeno-associated viral
(DNA) vectors are being used in haemophilia treatment.

2. 3. Non-viral mediated gene transfer:
In this method, "transfection of genetic material" i.e., direct transfer of naked DNA packed in
non-viral vectors into the host genome is practiced. The vectors contain therapeutic gene and
other genes that are essential for encoding proteins involved in gene integration into the target
cell genome. The target cells are expected to take the genome and synthesize the deficient
clotting factors.
Two types of transfecting the genes into the animal cells including chemical methods and non-
chemical methods. Chemical based method is the cheapest one “transfection” can be done by
using liposome or nanoparticle delivery, or using cyclodextrin polymers.